IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Investigation of molecular interaction of amino acids in aqueous n propanol s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The physical properties that has been investigated are, density (ρ),viscosity (η), and ultrasonic velocity (U) of L-valine, L- leucine and L-glutamine in aqueous n-propanol solution (0%-30%) in steps of 10% at 308.15K have been measured. The derived acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (β), apparent molal compressibility (ϕK), apparent molal volume (ϕV), limiting apparent molal compressibility(ϕ°K), limiting apparent molal volume(ϕ°V) and their constants (sk, sv), transfer adiabatic compressibility (Δϕ°K), transfer volume(Δϕ°V) , and viscosity B-coefficient are calculated using the experimental data. The change that has been observed in the parameter with respect to molality of the solute has been interpreted in terms of ion-ion and ion- solvent interactions.
Key words: Molecular interaction, solute-solvent interaction, ion-ion interaction, ion-solvent interaction.
Kinetics and Solvent Effect on Hydrolysis of Ethyl Cinnamate in Water-Methano...IJEACS
This document summarizes a study on the kinetics and solvent effect of hydrolysis of ethyl cinnamate in water-methanol mixtures. Specific rate constants for the base-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction decreased with increasing methanol concentration and temperature in the reaction media. Iso-composition and iso-dielectric activation energies increased with methanol concentration, indicating that the transition state was solvated more than the initial state. The number of water molecules associated with the activated complex decreased with increasing methanol content, suggesting a change in reaction mechanism from bimolecular to unimolecular. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy of activation increased while entropy and enthalpy of activation decreased with methanol content, showing that methanol acts as an entropy inhibitor but
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of a novel glycerol-based non-ionic gemini surfactant. Glycerol was first esterified with cotton seed oil, then reacted with 1,2,7,8-diepoxideoctane to form the gemini surfactant. The surfactant was characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and SEM. Testing showed the surfactant had good solubilization and wetting properties.
Structural and Spectroscopical Studies for a Complex Macromolecule (hGH)IOSR Journals
This document describes a study examining the effects of various environmental factors on the tertiary structure of human growth hormone (hGH) using UV spectroscopy. The factors investigated include pH, ionic strength using halides and divalent cations, temperature, and denaturants like urea. The results show that tryptophan residues are buried inside the hGH structure while tyrosine residues are on the surface. Changes in pH, salts, and other conditions cause shifts in the UV absorption peaks, indicating alterations in hGH structure. The study provides insights into how hGH conformation responds to biochemical changes in the body.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the preparation and properties of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified early indica rice starch. The researchers prepared OSA starch from early indica rice starch through esterification reactions in aqueous slurry systems. They systematically studied factors that affected the esterification, including starch concentration, reaction time, pH, temperature, and amount of OSA. Analysis showed that OSA groups attached to the starch surface and pores formed, but crystallinity was unchanged. The OSA starch had improved viscosity and gelatinization properties. Optimal esterification parameters were identified.
1) Tapioca and potato starches were analyzed to investigate the effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) at varying holding times and iterations.
2) Tapioca starch had a higher amylopectin short/long chain ratio and narrower gelatinization temperature range after HMT, while potato starch exhibited a widened range.
3) Decreases in properties like swelling power and solubility were less for tapioca starch than potato starch after HMT, indicating tapioca starch was less affected by HMT conditions.
This research article studied the coiling and uncoiling behavior of sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS) in mixed solvent systems of water and 2-ethoxyethanol at varying temperatures through viscosity measurements. Precise viscosity measurements were taken of NaPSS solutions in water and 2-ethoxyethanol-water mixtures containing different amounts of 2-ethoxyethanol at temperatures from 308.15K to 323.15K. The intramolecular contributions to reduced viscosity and Huggins constants were determined using isoionic dilution to interpret the effects of solvent and temperature on polyelectrolyte conformation and interactions. The results showed that NaPSS chains coiled upon addition of 2-
Investigation of molecular interaction of amino acids in aqueous n propanol s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The physical properties that has been investigated are, density (ρ),viscosity (η), and ultrasonic velocity (U) of L-valine, L- leucine and L-glutamine in aqueous n-propanol solution (0%-30%) in steps of 10% at 308.15K have been measured. The derived acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (β), apparent molal compressibility (ϕK), apparent molal volume (ϕV), limiting apparent molal compressibility(ϕ°K), limiting apparent molal volume(ϕ°V) and their constants (sk, sv), transfer adiabatic compressibility (Δϕ°K), transfer volume(Δϕ°V) , and viscosity B-coefficient are calculated using the experimental data. The change that has been observed in the parameter with respect to molality of the solute has been interpreted in terms of ion-ion and ion- solvent interactions.
Key words: Molecular interaction, solute-solvent interaction, ion-ion interaction, ion-solvent interaction.
Kinetics and Solvent Effect on Hydrolysis of Ethyl Cinnamate in Water-Methano...IJEACS
This document summarizes a study on the kinetics and solvent effect of hydrolysis of ethyl cinnamate in water-methanol mixtures. Specific rate constants for the base-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction decreased with increasing methanol concentration and temperature in the reaction media. Iso-composition and iso-dielectric activation energies increased with methanol concentration, indicating that the transition state was solvated more than the initial state. The number of water molecules associated with the activated complex decreased with increasing methanol content, suggesting a change in reaction mechanism from bimolecular to unimolecular. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy of activation increased while entropy and enthalpy of activation decreased with methanol content, showing that methanol acts as an entropy inhibitor but
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of a novel glycerol-based non-ionic gemini surfactant. Glycerol was first esterified with cotton seed oil, then reacted with 1,2,7,8-diepoxideoctane to form the gemini surfactant. The surfactant was characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and SEM. Testing showed the surfactant had good solubilization and wetting properties.
Structural and Spectroscopical Studies for a Complex Macromolecule (hGH)IOSR Journals
This document describes a study examining the effects of various environmental factors on the tertiary structure of human growth hormone (hGH) using UV spectroscopy. The factors investigated include pH, ionic strength using halides and divalent cations, temperature, and denaturants like urea. The results show that tryptophan residues are buried inside the hGH structure while tyrosine residues are on the surface. Changes in pH, salts, and other conditions cause shifts in the UV absorption peaks, indicating alterations in hGH structure. The study provides insights into how hGH conformation responds to biochemical changes in the body.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the preparation and properties of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified early indica rice starch. The researchers prepared OSA starch from early indica rice starch through esterification reactions in aqueous slurry systems. They systematically studied factors that affected the esterification, including starch concentration, reaction time, pH, temperature, and amount of OSA. Analysis showed that OSA groups attached to the starch surface and pores formed, but crystallinity was unchanged. The OSA starch had improved viscosity and gelatinization properties. Optimal esterification parameters were identified.
1) Tapioca and potato starches were analyzed to investigate the effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) at varying holding times and iterations.
2) Tapioca starch had a higher amylopectin short/long chain ratio and narrower gelatinization temperature range after HMT, while potato starch exhibited a widened range.
3) Decreases in properties like swelling power and solubility were less for tapioca starch than potato starch after HMT, indicating tapioca starch was less affected by HMT conditions.
This research article studied the coiling and uncoiling behavior of sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS) in mixed solvent systems of water and 2-ethoxyethanol at varying temperatures through viscosity measurements. Precise viscosity measurements were taken of NaPSS solutions in water and 2-ethoxyethanol-water mixtures containing different amounts of 2-ethoxyethanol at temperatures from 308.15K to 323.15K. The intramolecular contributions to reduced viscosity and Huggins constants were determined using isoionic dilution to interpret the effects of solvent and temperature on polyelectrolyte conformation and interactions. The results showed that NaPSS chains coiled upon addition of 2-
The synthesis of polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters by esterification of polyoxychloropropylenetriepoxide by methacrylic acid has been carried out. It has been established that by varying the conditions of carrying out of the reaction, one can prepare, mainly, the mono-, di- and trimethacrylic oligoesters. On the basis of epoxy diane ED-20 and synthesized polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters as modifiers there have been prepared the self-extinction compositions, which after curing by N, N1–diaminodiphenylsulfone possess higher physical-mechanical, adhesion and heat-physical properties.
This document summarizes a study that investigated how modifying the molecular architecture of amorphous shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) affects their isothermal time-dependent response near the glass transition temperature (Tg). The study found that adjusting properties like the crosslink density, molar mass between crosslinks, and inclusion of chain extenders can broaden the distribution of relaxation times in the material. This reduced the temperature sensitivity of the shape recovery rate, which is important for applications. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to characterize the materials and showed correlations between shape recovery performance and features of the loss tangent peak near Tg, providing a simple way to assess materials.
Evaluation of Uptake of Methylene blue dye by Sulphonated biomass of Cicer ar...IOSR Journals
The document evaluates the uptake of methylene blue dye by sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum in a batch study. The effect of contact time, sorbent dose, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on dye uptake was examined. Equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes, and uptake increased with contact time before leveling off. Uptake capacity decreased with increasing sorbent dose, while percentage removal increased. Uptake also increased with increasing initial dye concentration and pH between 4-6, beyond which it declined. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm analyses indicated the sorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and favorable via physical adsorption mechanisms.
1. Researchers prepared crosslinked poly(aspartic acid) nanofibers using electrospinning for applications in tissue engineering and as hernia meshes. Electrospinning produced non-woven fibers from a polymer solution of poly(succinimide) modified with cysteamine. Crosslinking occurred during spinning via disulfide bond formation between thiol groups.
2. Fiber characterization with light microscopy and atomic force microscopy found uniform, beadless fibers with an average diameter of 88±30 nm, similar to collagen fibers. This nanofiber structure mimics the extracellular matrix and could support cell growth as a biodegradable scaffold.
3. The fibers have properties required for biomedical applications
Studies on some economic and effective Ion exchange Resin used as catalyst in...IOSR Journals
Terrenes are the abundant group of natural compounds that can be transformed into products of higher commercial value by organic reaction under the influence of suitable catalyst. Isolongifoline ketone was synthesized by Isolongifoline with the application of ion exchange catalyst viz. Tulsion T-421, Tulsion T-521, Indion 225, Indion 770.It is evident that Tulsion T-421 & T-521 shows higher yield of Isolongifoline ketone due to its characteristics. Characterization of resin was done by determine the elemental analysis, ion exchange capacity, FTIR analysis, TGA and SEM analysis. The significance of the ion exchange resin is revealed by the conversion of Isolongifoline to Isolongifoline ketone.Thermax T-421was finding to possess the higher selectivity for isolongifoline ketone and high thermal stability.
The document summarizes the synthesis and applications of tetrazoles and triazoles. It discusses the introduction, synthesis, reactivity, and applications of these heterocyclic compounds. Tetrazoles are synthesized via various methods like Ugi reactions and have applications in medicinal chemistry, agrochemicals, and as fluorescent materials. Similarly, triazoles are also synthesized using Ugi and copper-catalyzed reactions and have uses in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fluorescent dyes and polymers.
The document summarizes a study on the thermal degradation of three natural polymers: sodium hyaluronate, xanthan, and methylcellulose. Thermogravimetric analysis showed sodium hyaluronate and xanthan had lower thermal stability than methylcellulose. Kinetic parameters like activation energy were determined using the Ozawa and Freeman-Carroll methods, which suggested changes in degradation mechanism with mass loss. Activation energies from Freeman-Carroll were higher, accounting for thermal history effects. Infrared spectroscopy observed scission of side groups at low temperatures and backbone links at high temperatures, agreeing with kinetic parameters.
This document summarizes research on the effects of gamma irradiation on the viscoelastic properties of sodium alginate polysaccharides. The researchers found that:
1) Irradiating sodium alginate solutions decreased their apparent viscosity and consistency, suggesting the gamma rays broke down the macromolecular structure.
2) Higher irradiation doses and lower polysaccharide concentrations led to greater decreases in viscosity.
3) The non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic behavior of the solutions was maintained after irradiation, though trends moved toward Newtonian behavior at higher doses.
This document summarizes a study that used group contribution methods to predict the solubility of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in biodiesel. The study used three versions of the Universal Functional Activity Coefficient (UNIFAC) model to predict infinite dilution activity coefficients for VOCs in fatty acid methyl ester solvents that make up biodiesel. The results showed that activity coefficients decreased with increasing molecular weight for alkanes, amines, alkenes, organic acids, and alcohols. Shorter esters with lower carbon counts had higher activity coefficients than longer esters with higher carbon counts. Solubility of VOCs in biodiesel also decreased with increasing ester hydrocarbon unsaturation.
Synthesis of substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives by Microwave irradiationIOSR Journals
Various substituted Triazole-Thiol containing different functional group have been synthesized by microwave method. The title product 1-[(3H-indol-2-ylamino) methyl]-4-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol is synthesized by using amino benzothiazole. The final structures have been established on the basis of their chemical analysis and spectral data. All micro-wave synthesized compounds results into good yield as compared to conventional method of which fluoro substituted compound shows maximum yield.
— The biosorption of Malathion from aqueous solution by green algal biomass was investigated. The green algae used were of the species Spirogyra and was collected from Neugal river near Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh. Batch biosorption experiments were performed to examine the effect of contact time, pH, biomass concentration and initial Malathion concentration. The concentration of residual Malathion concentration after biosorption was determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 309 nm. The maximum adsorption was found to be at pH 7 after a contact time of 5 hours with initial Malathion concentration of 100 mg/L and biomass of weight 75 mg. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Freundlich isotherm was found to be more favorable than Langmuir isotherm.
Studies on Aminobenzothiazole and Derivatives: Part-1. Synthesis of Intermedi...BRNSS Publication Hub
1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea is used as intermediate in different reactions because they play an important role in synthesizing the different heterocyclic compounds. These reactions involve the synthesis of an intermediate, substituted-phenylammonium chloride which is converted to 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea using ammonium thiocyanate. The final product formed, 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea has potential to use as an intermediate in the synthesis of a building block for the heterocyclic compound, 2-aminobenzothiazole.
Mirabilis Jalapa flowers extract as corrosion inhibitor for the mild steel co...IOSR Journals
- Mirabilis Jalapa flowers extract was studied as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1M hydrochloric acid.
- Weight loss and electrochemical methods were used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency at different inhibitor concentrations, temperatures, and immersion periods.
- The inhibition efficiency generally increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and immersion period, up to an optimum temperature of 323K.
- Adsorption of the inhibitor was found to follow the Temkin isotherm model, indicating physical adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters suggested the adsorption process was exothermic.
This document discusses an experimental and theoretical study on the anti-corrosive properties of two benzothiazine derivatives, P1 and P2, on mild steel corrosion in 1M HCl solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Tafel polarization curves, and weight loss measurements were used to study the inhibition efficiency of P1 and P2 at various concentrations. Both inhibitors showed increased inhibition efficiency with increasing concentration, with P1 and P2 achieving 93% and 96% efficiency, respectively, at 10-3M and 308K. Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory were also performed to correlate inhibition efficiency with the molecular structure and properties of the inhibitors.
Determination of temperature regions in thermal degradation of ligninMichal Jablonsky
In this paper, industrial lignins were characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetry (TG). The aim was to find the main intervals of lignin degradation and maximum rate of their degradation. The results obtained can be helpful in finding the applicability of the materials at their thermal decomposition. The differences between individual lignins have been confirmed by EA and TG.
This document describes a method for determining the presence of icing inhibitors ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME) in groundwater contaminated with jet fuel JP-8 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 100mL groundwater samples were extracted twice with methylene chloride after adding sodium chloride and internal standards. The extracts were analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. The method achieved detection limits of 0.8ng/mL and 0.5ng/mL for EGME and DEGME, respectively, and recoveries of about 50% from spiked samples. The presence of these icing inhibitors can be used
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and kinetics of weight loss of polypropylene waste plastic under isothermal conditions at low temperatures (80-140°C). The study found that even very low weight loss (0.3% by mass) significantly affected tensile strength, breaking strength, strain and yield strength due to evaporation of volatile substances. Kinetic parameters like activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order were calculated at different temperature ranges and weight loss levels. The activation energies were low, indicating a physical rather than chemical degradation process at these temperatures. The order of reaction changed from 1 to 2 as weight loss increased from 0 to 0.9, in line with literature. Mechanical properties
This document discusses two analytical chemistry methods: colorimetry and Kjeldahl. It provides details on:
- The principles, workings, and applications of colorimetry, which involves comparing color changes to determine small quantities of substances.
- The step-by-step process, reactions, and calculations involved in the Kjeldahl method to determine the nitrogen and protein content of samples. This includes destruction, distillation, and titration stages to convert organic nitrogen to ammonium sulfate then ammonia gas for analysis.
- References that provide further information on both methods and their uses in food and chemical analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses using biometric watermarking for information security. It proposes a method of securing biometric information like face images with watermarking and a secret key. The biometric information is watermarked with an iris image and secret key. This allows secure transmission of information that can only be recovered by the receiver if they know the secret key and watermarked image. It concludes biometric-based identification combined with watermarking and steganography improves security against unauthorized access. Future work could use multiple biometrics and codes together to further enhance security.
Performance analysis of cmos comparator and cntfet comparator designeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study comparing the performance of CNTFET and CMOS comparator designs. CNTFET comparators were simulated using CADENCE showing faster propagation delays, lower power consumption, and improved transient response compared to CMOS comparators. Specifically, the CNTFET comparator had a rise time of 142.1ns versus 1.03ns for CMOS, and fall time of 164.18ns versus 821.476ns for CMOS. Average power was also lower at 118mW for CNTFET versus 910mW for CMOS. Due to these advantages, CNTFETs may replace silicon transistors as the performance of silicon MOSFETs reaches scaling limitations.
The synthesis of polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters by esterification of polyoxychloropropylenetriepoxide by methacrylic acid has been carried out. It has been established that by varying the conditions of carrying out of the reaction, one can prepare, mainly, the mono-, di- and trimethacrylic oligoesters. On the basis of epoxy diane ED-20 and synthesized polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters as modifiers there have been prepared the self-extinction compositions, which after curing by N, N1–diaminodiphenylsulfone possess higher physical-mechanical, adhesion and heat-physical properties.
This document summarizes a study that investigated how modifying the molecular architecture of amorphous shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) affects their isothermal time-dependent response near the glass transition temperature (Tg). The study found that adjusting properties like the crosslink density, molar mass between crosslinks, and inclusion of chain extenders can broaden the distribution of relaxation times in the material. This reduced the temperature sensitivity of the shape recovery rate, which is important for applications. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to characterize the materials and showed correlations between shape recovery performance and features of the loss tangent peak near Tg, providing a simple way to assess materials.
Evaluation of Uptake of Methylene blue dye by Sulphonated biomass of Cicer ar...IOSR Journals
The document evaluates the uptake of methylene blue dye by sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum in a batch study. The effect of contact time, sorbent dose, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on dye uptake was examined. Equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes, and uptake increased with contact time before leveling off. Uptake capacity decreased with increasing sorbent dose, while percentage removal increased. Uptake also increased with increasing initial dye concentration and pH between 4-6, beyond which it declined. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm analyses indicated the sorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and favorable via physical adsorption mechanisms.
1. Researchers prepared crosslinked poly(aspartic acid) nanofibers using electrospinning for applications in tissue engineering and as hernia meshes. Electrospinning produced non-woven fibers from a polymer solution of poly(succinimide) modified with cysteamine. Crosslinking occurred during spinning via disulfide bond formation between thiol groups.
2. Fiber characterization with light microscopy and atomic force microscopy found uniform, beadless fibers with an average diameter of 88±30 nm, similar to collagen fibers. This nanofiber structure mimics the extracellular matrix and could support cell growth as a biodegradable scaffold.
3. The fibers have properties required for biomedical applications
Studies on some economic and effective Ion exchange Resin used as catalyst in...IOSR Journals
Terrenes are the abundant group of natural compounds that can be transformed into products of higher commercial value by organic reaction under the influence of suitable catalyst. Isolongifoline ketone was synthesized by Isolongifoline with the application of ion exchange catalyst viz. Tulsion T-421, Tulsion T-521, Indion 225, Indion 770.It is evident that Tulsion T-421 & T-521 shows higher yield of Isolongifoline ketone due to its characteristics. Characterization of resin was done by determine the elemental analysis, ion exchange capacity, FTIR analysis, TGA and SEM analysis. The significance of the ion exchange resin is revealed by the conversion of Isolongifoline to Isolongifoline ketone.Thermax T-421was finding to possess the higher selectivity for isolongifoline ketone and high thermal stability.
The document summarizes the synthesis and applications of tetrazoles and triazoles. It discusses the introduction, synthesis, reactivity, and applications of these heterocyclic compounds. Tetrazoles are synthesized via various methods like Ugi reactions and have applications in medicinal chemistry, agrochemicals, and as fluorescent materials. Similarly, triazoles are also synthesized using Ugi and copper-catalyzed reactions and have uses in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fluorescent dyes and polymers.
The document summarizes a study on the thermal degradation of three natural polymers: sodium hyaluronate, xanthan, and methylcellulose. Thermogravimetric analysis showed sodium hyaluronate and xanthan had lower thermal stability than methylcellulose. Kinetic parameters like activation energy were determined using the Ozawa and Freeman-Carroll methods, which suggested changes in degradation mechanism with mass loss. Activation energies from Freeman-Carroll were higher, accounting for thermal history effects. Infrared spectroscopy observed scission of side groups at low temperatures and backbone links at high temperatures, agreeing with kinetic parameters.
This document summarizes research on the effects of gamma irradiation on the viscoelastic properties of sodium alginate polysaccharides. The researchers found that:
1) Irradiating sodium alginate solutions decreased their apparent viscosity and consistency, suggesting the gamma rays broke down the macromolecular structure.
2) Higher irradiation doses and lower polysaccharide concentrations led to greater decreases in viscosity.
3) The non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic behavior of the solutions was maintained after irradiation, though trends moved toward Newtonian behavior at higher doses.
This document summarizes a study that used group contribution methods to predict the solubility of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in biodiesel. The study used three versions of the Universal Functional Activity Coefficient (UNIFAC) model to predict infinite dilution activity coefficients for VOCs in fatty acid methyl ester solvents that make up biodiesel. The results showed that activity coefficients decreased with increasing molecular weight for alkanes, amines, alkenes, organic acids, and alcohols. Shorter esters with lower carbon counts had higher activity coefficients than longer esters with higher carbon counts. Solubility of VOCs in biodiesel also decreased with increasing ester hydrocarbon unsaturation.
Synthesis of substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives by Microwave irradiationIOSR Journals
Various substituted Triazole-Thiol containing different functional group have been synthesized by microwave method. The title product 1-[(3H-indol-2-ylamino) methyl]-4-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol is synthesized by using amino benzothiazole. The final structures have been established on the basis of their chemical analysis and spectral data. All micro-wave synthesized compounds results into good yield as compared to conventional method of which fluoro substituted compound shows maximum yield.
— The biosorption of Malathion from aqueous solution by green algal biomass was investigated. The green algae used were of the species Spirogyra and was collected from Neugal river near Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh. Batch biosorption experiments were performed to examine the effect of contact time, pH, biomass concentration and initial Malathion concentration. The concentration of residual Malathion concentration after biosorption was determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 309 nm. The maximum adsorption was found to be at pH 7 after a contact time of 5 hours with initial Malathion concentration of 100 mg/L and biomass of weight 75 mg. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Freundlich isotherm was found to be more favorable than Langmuir isotherm.
Studies on Aminobenzothiazole and Derivatives: Part-1. Synthesis of Intermedi...BRNSS Publication Hub
1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea is used as intermediate in different reactions because they play an important role in synthesizing the different heterocyclic compounds. These reactions involve the synthesis of an intermediate, substituted-phenylammonium chloride which is converted to 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea using ammonium thiocyanate. The final product formed, 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea has potential to use as an intermediate in the synthesis of a building block for the heterocyclic compound, 2-aminobenzothiazole.
Mirabilis Jalapa flowers extract as corrosion inhibitor for the mild steel co...IOSR Journals
- Mirabilis Jalapa flowers extract was studied as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1M hydrochloric acid.
- Weight loss and electrochemical methods were used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency at different inhibitor concentrations, temperatures, and immersion periods.
- The inhibition efficiency generally increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and immersion period, up to an optimum temperature of 323K.
- Adsorption of the inhibitor was found to follow the Temkin isotherm model, indicating physical adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters suggested the adsorption process was exothermic.
This document discusses an experimental and theoretical study on the anti-corrosive properties of two benzothiazine derivatives, P1 and P2, on mild steel corrosion in 1M HCl solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Tafel polarization curves, and weight loss measurements were used to study the inhibition efficiency of P1 and P2 at various concentrations. Both inhibitors showed increased inhibition efficiency with increasing concentration, with P1 and P2 achieving 93% and 96% efficiency, respectively, at 10-3M and 308K. Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory were also performed to correlate inhibition efficiency with the molecular structure and properties of the inhibitors.
Determination of temperature regions in thermal degradation of ligninMichal Jablonsky
In this paper, industrial lignins were characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetry (TG). The aim was to find the main intervals of lignin degradation and maximum rate of their degradation. The results obtained can be helpful in finding the applicability of the materials at their thermal decomposition. The differences between individual lignins have been confirmed by EA and TG.
This document describes a method for determining the presence of icing inhibitors ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME) in groundwater contaminated with jet fuel JP-8 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 100mL groundwater samples were extracted twice with methylene chloride after adding sodium chloride and internal standards. The extracts were analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. The method achieved detection limits of 0.8ng/mL and 0.5ng/mL for EGME and DEGME, respectively, and recoveries of about 50% from spiked samples. The presence of these icing inhibitors can be used
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and kinetics of weight loss of polypropylene waste plastic under isothermal conditions at low temperatures (80-140°C). The study found that even very low weight loss (0.3% by mass) significantly affected tensile strength, breaking strength, strain and yield strength due to evaporation of volatile substances. Kinetic parameters like activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order were calculated at different temperature ranges and weight loss levels. The activation energies were low, indicating a physical rather than chemical degradation process at these temperatures. The order of reaction changed from 1 to 2 as weight loss increased from 0 to 0.9, in line with literature. Mechanical properties
This document discusses two analytical chemistry methods: colorimetry and Kjeldahl. It provides details on:
- The principles, workings, and applications of colorimetry, which involves comparing color changes to determine small quantities of substances.
- The step-by-step process, reactions, and calculations involved in the Kjeldahl method to determine the nitrogen and protein content of samples. This includes destruction, distillation, and titration stages to convert organic nitrogen to ammonium sulfate then ammonia gas for analysis.
- References that provide further information on both methods and their uses in food and chemical analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses using biometric watermarking for information security. It proposes a method of securing biometric information like face images with watermarking and a secret key. The biometric information is watermarked with an iris image and secret key. This allows secure transmission of information that can only be recovered by the receiver if they know the secret key and watermarked image. It concludes biometric-based identification combined with watermarking and steganography improves security against unauthorized access. Future work could use multiple biometrics and codes together to further enhance security.
Performance analysis of cmos comparator and cntfet comparator designeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study comparing the performance of CNTFET and CMOS comparator designs. CNTFET comparators were simulated using CADENCE showing faster propagation delays, lower power consumption, and improved transient response compared to CMOS comparators. Specifically, the CNTFET comparator had a rise time of 142.1ns versus 1.03ns for CMOS, and fall time of 164.18ns versus 821.476ns for CMOS. Average power was also lower at 118mW for CNTFET versus 910mW for CMOS. Due to these advantages, CNTFETs may replace silicon transistors as the performance of silicon MOSFETs reaches scaling limitations.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of water-to-cement ratio on sulfate corrosion of fine-grained concrete. Concrete samples with water-to-cement ratios of 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5 were exposed to 0.5% sulfuric acid or a solution simulating wastewater for periods of 1, 3, and 6 months. The pH and sulfate content of layers cut from the samples were measured. After 1 month of exposure, a small decrease in pH was observed only in surface layers, and sulfate penetration was limited to 5 mm. Longer exposure times showed slightly deeper sulfate penetration but did not significantly reduce pH or compromise reinforcement protection. Higher water-to-
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study and comparison of various communication based protective relaying schem...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A heuristic approach for optimizing travel planning using genetics algorithmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sentence level sentiment polarity calculation for customer reviews by conside...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation the affects of mimo based rayleigh network cascaded with unstable ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes the design and development of embedded application software for an Interface Processing Unit (IPU) subsystem. The IPU subsystem interfaces various onboard systems like radars, gyroscopes, and GPS with an electronic support measure (ESM) system. It consists of two modules: a Gyro Interface Module (GIM) and a Blanking Interface Module (BIM). The GIM corrects gyroscope data and outputs it. The BIM generates blanking cover pulses from radar pre-trigger pulses to protect receivers during radar transmission. Both modules were designed, simulated, and integrated using VHDL on a Virtex-4 FPGA platform. The integrated system was able to correctly process gyroscope and radar inputs and generate the
Fourier Transform Infrared and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopic Characteriza...albertdivis
Ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride are the white crystalline solid inorganic compounds having wide application in synthesis and analytical chemistry. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of inorganic salt like ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride.
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In vitro antioxidant activities of salazinic acid and its derivative hexaacet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The stress generated upon oxidation can lead to the production of free radicals which may cause many degenerative diseases. In order to eliminate the free radicals antioxidants have been used. The present study was to estimate the antioxidant activity of salazinic acid and its derivative hexaacetyl salazinic acid. The antioxidant property were studied under the categories DPPH, FRAP, Metal chelating activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Superoxide dismutase activity. We have isolated salazinic acid from the lichen Parmotrema reticulatum collected from Kodaikanal hills. The Derivative hexaacetyl salazinic acid was also prepared. Both the compounds were subjected to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity and their IC50 value are also calculated. The Lichen metabolite and its derivative have shown better antioxidant efficiency.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Salazinic acid, Hexaacetyl salazinic acid, Tannic acid.
Isothermal, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of the Adsorption of Erythrosin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Isothermal, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of erythrosine dye onto activated carbon from Periwinkle shell was carried out. The Periwinkle shell were washed, dried, carbonized at 400oC, crushed, sieved, chemically activated at 800oC, cooled, washed and dried at 110oC. Variable influencing factors, such as contact time, temperature and concentration were studied through single-factor experiment, while other factors are kept constant (at 30min, 30oC and 50mg/L) in each adsorption experiment. From the adsorption isotherms, the correlation coefficient for Redlich-Peterson is closer to unity than others used in the adsorption. The adsorption kinetic followed pseudo-second order reaction, while the thermodynamic parameters, (∆H) = 13.49KJ/mol, (∆S) = 43.48J/mol.K and (∆G) = 0.4, 0.06, -0.15, -0.27, -0.54, -7.30KJ/mol. These results obtained show that activated carbon from Periwinkle shell will be a good low-cost adsorbent for the removal of erythrosine from aqueous solution.
Chemical and Electrochemical Study on the Effectively of Melilotus Officinali...paperpublications3
Abstract: Melilotus officinalis Extract (M.O.E.) was investigated as a green corrosion inhibitor for Aluminium alloy in 1 M HCl solution using weight loss, hydrogen evolution, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques. Surface morphology was tested using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect of temperature on corrosion behavior with addition of different concentrations was studied in the temperature range of 25-45 ºC by weight loss. Polarization curves reveal that the investigated extract is a mixed inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increase the investigated extract concentration and increase with increasing solution temperature. The adsorption of the inhibitor on Aluminium alloy surface was found to obey the Tenkin’s adsorption isotherm. The activation and adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. The results obtained from chemical and electrochemical techniques are in good agreement.
The ethanol extract of Kola nitida seeds was investigated for its ability to inhibit corrosion of aluminum alloy AA3003 in hydrochloric acid. Gravimetric experiments showed that the extract reduced the corrosion rate in a concentration-dependent manner, with inhibition efficiency increasing with higher extract concentrations but decreasing over time. Electrochemical tests confirmed that organic constituents in the extract adsorbed on the aluminum surface, decreasing anodic and cathodic currents in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm. Computational modeling visualized the adsorption of extract constituents on the aluminum surface. The extract provided effective corrosion protection of aluminum in acidic conditions.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Study of abiotic factors across the brahmaputra belt in relation to its suita...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A healthy ecosystem is a result of balanced interaction between biotic and abiotic factors. Water temperature, pH, DO, FCO2, TA, TH etc are the most important abiotic factors influencing the physico-chemical and biological events of water body (Rahman et al., 2008). All species have their own optimal range for these abiotic parameters. In relation to aquatic life, there maturation time is also dependent on these parameters. These factors have great influence on aquatic life (DuttaMunshi and DuttaMunshi, 1995). This paper deals with the observation of fluctuation of these abiotic factors across the Brahmaputra Belt and its relation with aquatic life, mostly fishes.
Keywords: Water temperature, pH, DO, FCO2, TA, TH etc…
Ntioxidant study of usnic acid and its derivative usnic acid diacetateeSAT Journals
Abstract
Currently interest towards the study of antioxidant efficiency of the lichen metabolites was given prior attention in the field of research. As the free radical accumulation in human cells causes several chronic diseases which can be eliminated with the help of antioxidants. In our present study we have isolated the lichen secondary metabolite Usnic acid from Usnea luridorufa and also prepared the acetyl derivative of Usnic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Usnic acid and Usnic acid diacetate under DPPH free radical scavenging, FRAP, Superoxide dismutase activity, Metal chelating activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity were studied. The antioxidant potential of the Usnic acid and its derivative Usnic acid diacetate were compared. The IC50 value are also determined. Both the test compounds possesses significant antioxidant activity under the studies.
Keywords: Antioxidant efficiency, Usnic acid, diacetate, Tannic acid.
Uv radiation assisted photocatalytic transformation of azo dye direct yellow 9eSAT Journals
1. The document summarizes research on using a methylene blue immobilized resin (MBIR) Dowex-11 photocatalyst to transform the azo dye Direct Yellow-9 via UV-assisted photocatalysis.
2. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for dye transformation, which achieved 94.60% transformation within 160 minutes. The process followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.43*10-2 min-1.
3. The research concludes that MBIR Dowex-11 is a low-cost, highly active photocatalyst that can efficiently catalyze the decolorization of azo dyes like Direct Yellow-9 via generation of reactive oxygen species
Abstract The study of dielectric liquid behaviour under different exposure is one of the most fascinating frontiers in solid state physics. It has undoubtedly render considerable service to every physicist doing research in this field. The increasing desire to understand the molecular interactions have led to conduct the present study, which deals with a certain group of polar compounds such as (i) Acetonitrile (AN), (ii) Acetophenone (AP) and (iii) 2-Propanol (2-P) with a non-polar compound benzene. The dielectric behaviour of individual compound, binary mixtures and their ratios have been studied at microwave frequency of 21.68GHz in non-polar solvent (benzene) at constant temperature 300K. Different dielectric parameters like dielectric constant ε’ and dielectric loss ε” at microwave frequency, static dielectric constant εs at 1 KHz frequency, dielectric constant ε∞ at optical frequency have been determined. Using these dielectric data, dipole moment μ, various relaxation time viz (i) molecular relaxation time τ(1) (ii) overall relaxation time of a molecule τ(2) and (iii) average relaxation time τ(υ), distribution parameter (α) of individual compound, binary mixtures and their ratios in dilute solutions of benzene also have been determined experimentally. Weight fraction method is used for changing the concentration of solute in solvent. The observed results are discussed on the basis of various types if relaxation processes, which change with the size, shape and type of interaction. Key Words: Molecular Iteraction, Relaxation Time and Dielectric Constant
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Acoustics Thermodynamic and Solvation Study of Protein Salt Solutions using U...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an ultrasonic study of protein-salt solutions using amino acids like L-Arginine and its derivatives. Key findings include:
1. Parameters like velocity, density, viscosity, internal pressure, free volume, and adiabatic compressibility were calculated from ultrasonic measurements to study molecular interactions in the solutions.
2. For L-NBA solutions, internal pressure increased with concentration and temperature, indicating an associating tendency. But for L-TAME solutions, internal pressure increased steadily, suggesting strong solute-solvent interactions.
3. Free volume decreased with concentration for both solutions, showing a structure-promoting nature. Adiabatic compressibility also provided insights into
Acoustical and Thermodynamical Studies in Ternary Mixtures of Ethylene Glycol...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the acoustical and thermodynamic properties of ternary mixtures of ethylene glycol, glycerol, and octanol at 303.15K. The ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity were measured for mixtures with varying compositions. These measurements were used to calculate various thermodynamic parameters, including adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relaxation time, acoustic impedance, and bulk modulus. The values of these parameters were found to vary with composition, indicating the nature of molecular interactions present in the ternary mixtures. Tables of the measured properties and calculated parameters are provided.
1) The study examines the molecular interactions in binary mixtures of sardine fish oil and aniline using ultrasonic velocity measurements at varying concentrations and temperatures.
2) Density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity were measured for mixtures at 0.2-1.0% concentrations and 303-313K. Acoustic parameters like adiabatic compressibility and free length were calculated.
3) Ultrasonic velocity decreased with increasing concentration and temperature, suggesting weaker intermolecular forces. Adiabatic compressibility and free length increased with concentration, consistent with stronger solute-solute interactions weakening sound propagation.
Adsorption studies of some dyes on acacia concinna powdereSAT Journals
Abstract
The low cost activated carbon from Acacia Concinna was processed by treating with 2% HCl and 2% NaOH. The treated Acacia Concinna (Shikakai powder) was then roasted to get activated carbon. The influence of parameters like pH, concentration, dose and contact time were studied on adsorption of activated carbon for Congo red, Rhodamine-B, Crysoidine, Bismark brown and Titan yellow. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon was found to be 97, 98, 95, 98 and 96% respectively at pH 2 and contact time 24-48 hrs for all the dyes. The effect of concentration indicated that, as concentration increases adsorption decreases, hence increase in dose amount increases the adsorption. The data obtained through batch adsorption study was applied for Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) isotherms. The curve was linear for all the three isotherms and correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.92, 0.970 and 0.977 respectively indicating that the developed model was favourable.
Keywords: Adsorption, Acacia Concinna, dyes, isotherms, XRD.
Ultrasonic and Volumetric Investigations of -Butyrolactone with Aliphatic Al...IJERA Editor
Densities () and speeds of sound (u) have been determined for the binary liquid mixtures of -butyrolactone (GBL) with 1-propanol (1-Pro), 2-propanol (2-Pro), 1-butanol (1-But) and 2-butanol (2-But) at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and entire composition range. From the experimental results, the excess molar volume (VE), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (s) were calculated. The computed properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and standard deviations.
This document summarizes a study on the aggregation behavior of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C10MeImCl), a surface active ionic liquid, in aqueous solutions both in the absence and presence of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC). The aggregation was investigated using techniques like surface tension, conductivity, vapor pressure osmometry and fluorescence measurements. Two characteristic concentrations were identified - critical aggregation concentration and polymer saturation concentration, below which free C10MeImCl micelles do not appear in C10MeImCl-NaCMC solutions. The effects of temperature, NaCMC concentration and bulk solution properties on C10MeImCl self-aggregation were discussed to understand C10MeIm
Design of Algal Photo Bioreactor Using Recycled PET BottlesIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designed an algal photo bioreactor using recycled PET bottles to cultivate algae. The bioreactor was used to determine the algae's specific growth rate using different nutrient media and sodium bicarbonate concentrations. Algae were grown in PET bottles containing nutrient solutions. The study found that algae grew best with a nutrient media containing ammonium sulfate and urea and a sodium bicarbonate concentration of 50mM, reaching highest growth by the 6th day. For a minimum salt media, algae grew until the 8th day with 40mM or 50mM sodium bicarbonate concentrations. The bioreactor demonstrated the potential to cultivate algae for carbon
Similar to Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303.15 k (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
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represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
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1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
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- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
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11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303.15 k
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 312
ULTRASONIC STUDY OF SOME AMINO ACIDS IN AQUEOUS SALT
SOLUTION OF KNO3 AT 303.15K
M.Sathish1
, G.Meenakshi2
1
Research Scholar, Dept. of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Associate Professor, Dept. of Physics, KanchiMamunivar Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Lawspet, Puducherry, India.
Abstract
Apparent molar compressibilities (φk) and apparent molar volume (φv) of L-valine, L-leucine andL-phenylalanine in aqueous solution
of KNO3 at different concentrations have been determined at the temperature 303.15K using a standard ultrasonic frequency of 2
MHz. The above parameters can be evaluated from precise density, ultrasonic velocity and time flow measurements using a specific
gravity bottle, ultrasonic single frequency interferometer and Ostwald type capillary viscometer respectively. With the help of these
results various ultrasonic derived parameters such as limiting apparent molar compressibilities (φk
o
), limiting apparent molar
volumes (φv
o
), and their constants (Sk, Sv), viscosity A & B-coefficients and the corresponding transfer parameters (Δφk
o
, Δφv
o
and ΔB),
have been evaluated. The results have been interpreted in the light of intermolecular interactions between solute and solvent.
Keywords: Amino acid, apparent molar compressibility, apparent molar volume, transfer parameter, viscosity B-
coefficients.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Interaction of proteins with their surrounding environment
plays an important role in their conformational characteristics.
These interactions are mainly those between the protein
molecules and the solvent ions. Most of these interactions,
such as hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, have
non-covalent nature. The study of these interactions provides
important insight into the conformational stability and folding
/ unfolding behavior of globular proteins [1].To get a better
understanding of these interactions, various low molecular
weight model compounds, such as amino acids and peptides,
have been studied because of the complexities of proteins and
infeasibility of direct thermodynamic studies.
Amino acids are among the simplest biomolecules that contain
intramolecular hydrogen bonds. They serve as building blocks
on more complex peptides and proteins. In aqueous medium
amino acids exist as dipolar ions manifesting a unique
hydration behaviour which is linked to the vital biological
phenomenon. Due to this linkage, the study of amino acids is
considerably important in unfolding the role of dipolar ions in
the biological system[2-3]. Amino acids also play a significant
role in metabolism and in many neurochemical response
mechanism such as, memory, appetite control, and pain
transmission. They are also used as food additives and have
many applications in the pharmaceutical industries. Studies of
the effect of concentration of salt and temperature on the
thermodynamical properties of the aqueous amino acids
solutions have been proven to be very useful in elucidating the
various interactions that occur in these solutions. The
volumetric and compressibility studies of amino acids in
aqueous salt solution have been employed to understand the
nature of interactions operative in solution[4-6]. It has been
established that metal ions play crucial role in various
biological processes. They are generally involved in enzyme
regulation, stabilization of structure of reactive molecules,
transportations to transmembrane channels and so forth[7].
Potassium nitrate is used as a diuretic in medicine. It also
include as an ingredient in tooth paste. It makes the teeth less
sensitive to pain, by interfering with the transmission of pain
signalsinthe nerves of teeth. It is also added to drugs for back
pain and joint pain. Potassium nitrate affects nuclei acid
synthesis is in the greening cucumber cotyledons[8] and the
stability of tropomyosin[9]. Phenylalanine is found naturally
in the breast milk of mammals. It is used in the manufacture of
food and drink products and sold as a nutritional supplement
for its reputed analgesic and antidepressant effects. Valine is
an essential amino acid, hence it must be ingested, usually as a
component of proteins. It is synthesized in plants via several
steps starting from pyruvic acid. Leucine is the only dietary
amino acid that has the capacity to stimulate muscle protein
synthesis. As a dietary supplement, leucine has been found to
slow the degradation of muscle tissue by increasing the
synthesis of muscle proteins in aged rats[10].
This study mainly focuses on the measurement of density,
viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity values of some amino acids
such as L-valine, L-leucine and L-phenylalanine in aqueous
KNO3 solutions as functions of molar concentration at
303.15K. The measured density and ultrasonic velocity data
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 313
have been used to compute the apparent molar compressibility
(φk), limiting apparent molar compressibility (φo
k), apparent
molar volume (φv),limiting apparent molar volume (φo
v),
transfer adiabatic compressibility (Δφo
k) and transfer volume
(Δφo
v) values with the view to understand the zwitterion-ion,
zwitterion-water dipole, ion-ion, and ion-water diploe
interactions operative in the solutions.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The amino acids L-valine, L-leucine and L-phenylalanine and
the salt potassium nitrate of high purity has been used in the
present studies, are purchased from E-Merck and SD fine
chemicals (India). These chemicals were dried in a vacuum
desiccator over P2O5 for 72 h before use. The triplicate
distilled water (with specific conductivity of 1.29 X 10-6 Ω-1
cm-1
) was used for preparing all the amino acids and the stock
solutions. All the solutions were stored in special airtight
bottles to avoid exposure of solutions to air and evaporation.
Densities of the mixed solvent (salt + water) and amino acids
solutions were measured using a specific gravity bottle by
relative measurement method with an accuracy of ± 0.01kgm-
3
. The specific gravity bottle was kept for about 30 minutes in
a thermo – stated water bath for minimizing the thermal
fluctuation in density. The ultrasonic velocities in mixed
solvent and amino acids solutions were measured by using a
single-crystal variable-path multi-frequency ultrasonic
interferometer (Model: M-84, Mittal Enterprises, Delhi, India)
with stainless steel sample cell operating at 2 MHz with an
accuracy of ± 0.01 has been used for velocity measurements.
The temperature of test solution during the measurement was
maintained to an accuracy of ± 0.02K in an electrically
controlled thermostatic water bath obtained from Raaga
Industries. Viscosities were measured by Ostwald type
capillary Viscometer, which was placed in a water thermostat
having temperature stability. Flow time measurements were
performed using digital chronometer within± 0.01s (Model:
CASIO HS -10W).The average of at least six readings was
used as the final efflux time. The measured viscosity values
have an uncertainty of ± 0.001m.Pa.s.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experimentally calculated values of density (ρ), viscosity
(η), ultrasonic velocity (U), adiabatic compressibility (β),
apparent molar compressibility (φk), apparent molar volume
(φv), limiting apparent molar compressibility (φk
ₒ
), limiting
apparent molar volume (φv
ₒ
), transfer adiabatic compressibility
(∆φk
ₒ
), transfer volume (∆φv
ₒ
), and viscosity coefficient of
Jones-Dole equation for different molar concentration of the
three amino acids such as L-leucine, L-valine and L-
phenylalanine in aqueous potassium nitrate solutions are given
in Tables 1, 2 and 3 Further, the Figs.1 & 2 show the variation
of transfer adiabatic compressibility and transfer volume at
303.15 K.
Adiabatic compressibility
β =
1
U2ρ
(1)
The apparent molar compressibility has been calculated from
relation,
φk =
1000
Mρ0
(ρo β - ρβo ) +
βoMw
ρo
(2)
Where, β, ρ and βo, ρo
are the adiabatic compressibility and
density of solution and solvent respectively, Mis the molar
concentration of the solute and Mw the molecular weight of the
solute. φk is the function of Mas obtained by Gucker
(1993)[11] from Debye Huckel[12] and is given by
φk = φo
k + Sk M 1/2
(3)
Where, φo
k is the limiting apparent molar compressibility at
infinite dilution and Sk is a constant. φo
kand Sk of equation 3
have been evaluated by least square method.
The apparent molar volume φv has been calculated using the
relation:
φv =
Mw
ρ
-
1000(ρ−ρ0
Mρρ0
(4)
The apparent molar volume φv has been found to differ with
concentration according to empirical relation as:
φv =φo
v + Sv M 1/2
(5)
Where, φo
vis the limiting apparent molar volume at infinite
dilution and Sv is a constant and these values were determined
by least square method.
The viscosity A and B coefficients for the amino acids in
aqueous cadmium chloride solutions were calculated from the
Jones - Dole equation[13].
η
η0
= 1+ AM 1/2
+BM (6)
Where, η and ηo are the viscosities of the solution and solvent
respectively and M are the molar concentration of the solute.
A is determined by the ionic attraction theory of Falkenhagen
– Vernon[14] and therefore also called Falkenhagen
coefficient B or Jones-Dole coefficient is an empirical
constant determined by ion - solvent interactions.
Transfer adiabatic compressibility (Δφo
k) and transfer volume
(Δφo
v) of each amino acid from water to aqueous cadmium
chloride solutions have been calculated as:
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 314
Δφo
y = φo
y (in aqueous cadmium chloride solution) - φo
y(in
water) (7)
Where, φo
y denotes limiting apparent molar compressibility
φo
k, limiting apparent molar volume φo
v and viscosity
coefficient B.
The values of density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity are
found to increase with increase in molar concentration of
amino acids as well as potassium nitrate (KNO3) content
(Table 1). This increasing trend suggests a moderate strong
electrolytic nature in which the solutes (amino acids) tend to
attract the solvent (aqueous potassium nitrate) molecules.
Thus molecular interaction is responsible for the observed
increase in density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity in these
mixtures. The factors apparently responsible for such behavior
may be due to the presence of interactions caused by the
proton transfer reactions of amino acids in aqueous potassium
nitrate mixtures. The increasing trend of viscosity indicates the
existence of ion-solvent interaction occurring in these systems.
The increase in the ultrasonic velocity may be attributed to the
cohesion brought about by the ionic hydration[15].
Table - 1: Values of density (ρ), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic velocity (U) of amino acids in aqueous potassium
nitrate solutions at 303.15K
M/(mol.dm-
3
)
ρ / ( kgm-3
) η / (x 10-3
Nsm-2
) U / (m.s-1
)
Water + potassium nitrate (KNO3)
0.0 M 0.5M 1.0 M 0.0M 0.5M 1.0M 0.0M 0.5M 1.0M
water + potassium nitrate + L-valine
0.00 994.8 1011.7 1027.6 0.7210 0.7468 0.7723 1516.2 1520.9 1524.1
0.02 997.1 1016.2 1031.7 0.7319 0.7636 0.7898 1517.4 1522.6 1525.9
0.04 999.6 1020.6 1035.6 0.7428 0.7789 0.8013 1518.5 1524.3 1527.7
0.06 1002.3 1025.4 1039.5 0.7546 0.7914 0.8175 1519.6 1526.1 1529.5
0.08 1004.9 1030.2 1043.4 0.7661 0.8065 0.8351 1520.9 1527.4 1531.3
0.10 1007.6 1034.9 1047.5 0.7773 0.8231 0.8496 1522.2 1529.1 1533.1
Water + potassium nitrate + L-leucine
0.00 994.5 1011.7 1027.6 0.7210 0.7468 0.7723 1516.2 1520.9 1524.1
0.02 998.1 1017.6 1033.1 0.7388 0.7712 0.7978 1512.6 1524.1 1527.3
0.04 1001.3 1021.3 1037.2 0.7516 0.7916 0.8213 1522.4 1527.3 1530.3
0.06 1004.1 1026.7 1040.9 0.7674 0.8161 0.8437 1524.9 1530.4 1533.6
0.08 1006.9 1031.5 1044.8 0.7832 0.8388 0.8632 1527.1 1533.3 1536.5
0.10 1009.8 1036.1 1049.1 0.8012 0.8611 0.8867 1530.4 1533.7 1539.3
Water + potassium nitrate + L-phenylalanine
0.00 994.5 1011.7 1027.6 0.7210 0.7468 0.7723 1516.2 1520.9 1524.1
0.02 998.9 1019.1 1032.4 0.7423 0.7816 0.8086 1520.9 1526.3 1529.1
0.04 1002.7 1022.9 1038.7 0.7615 0.8154 0.8436 1525.1 1529.1 1532.4
0.06 1006.5 1028.1 1042.1 0.7807 0.8463 0.8759 1528.7 1532.1 1535.3
0.08 1009.3 1032.9 1045.9 0.7989 0.8776 0.9088 1531.1 1535.6 1538.1
0.10 1012.6 1037.6 1050.7 0.8181 0.9084 0.9416 1533.6 1537.6 1514.6
The values of adiabatic compressibility from Table-2
decreases with increase in concentration of solute (amino
acids) as well as increase in concentration of aqueous KNO3.
The decrease in adiabatic compressibility is attributed to the
influence of the electrostatic field of ions (NH3
+
and COO-
) on
the surrounding solvent molecules (K+
, NO3
-
) called
electrostriction. The magnitudes of β values are larger in L-
valine than in other two amino acids. The larger β value shows
molecular interactions are greater in L- valine than the other
two amino acids. Amino acids molecules in the neutral
solution exist in the dipolar form and thus have stronger
interaction with the surrounding water molecules. The
increasing electrostrictive compression of water around the
molecules results in a large decrease in the compressibility of
the solutions.
The sensitive tool for understanding the molecular interactions
in solution is the volumetric properties such as apparent molar
compressibility (φk) and apparent molar volume (φv).
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 315
Table - 2 : Values of adiabatic compressibility ( β ), apparent molar compressibility ( φk ) and apparent molar
volume ( φv) of amino acids in aqueous potassium nitrate solutions at 303.15 K.
M/
(mol.dm-3
)
β / ( x 10-10
m2
N-1
) -φk / (x 10-7
m2
N-1
) - φv / ( x 10-3
m3
mol-1
)
Water + potassium nitrate
0.0M 0.5M 1.0M 0.0M 0.5M 1.0M 0.0M 0.5M 1.0M
Water + potassium nitrate + L-valine
0.00 4.3727 4.2731 4.1894 -- -- -- -- -- --
0.02 4.3557 4.2447 4.1629 1.4577 2.0626 2.3423 127.57 215.36 184.08
0.04 4.3385 4.2170 4.1374 1.4375 2.0883 2.3703 126.17 218.73 185.55
0.06 4.3206 4.1874 4.1122 1.4178 2.0952 2.3805 125.24 219.98 187.81
0.08 4.3021 4.1608 4.0872 1.3825 2.1154 2.3839 120.55 221.75 189.75
0.10 4.2832 4.1327 4.0617 1.3555 2.1608 2.3927 115.81 224.46 193.24
Water + potassium nitrate + L-leucine
0.00 4.3727 4.2731 4.1894 -- -- -- -- -- --
0.02 4.3388 4.2305 4.1496 2.0899 2.5415 2.8365 166.03 286.41 258.87
0.04 4.3094 4.1976 4.1170 2.1043 2.5665 2.8986 160.50 240.47 224.97
0.06 4.2829 4.1586 4.0848 2.1780 2.6470 2.9140 155.03 236.97 207.07
0.08 4.2587 4.1236 4.0542 2.2858 2.7884 2.9625 150.85 232.20 200.07
0.10 4.2282 4.0925 4.0229 2.4203 3.111 3.3759 149.19 230.57 199.27
Water + potassium nitrate + L-phenylalanine
0.00 4.3727 4.2731 4.1894 -- -- -- -- -- --
0.02 4.3279 4.2121 4.1427 3.1410 4.0814 4.6127 206.03 358.63 259.74
0.04 4.2878 4.1811 4.0998 2.9905 3.4826 4.0713 197.73 270.33 226.04
0.06 4.2515 4.1437 4.0710 2.8771 3.3111 3.9585 194.53 262.53 225.44
0.08 4.2264 4.1057 4.0415 2.6254 3.2117 3.4813 180.33 253.34 213.74
0.10 4.1989 4.0765 4.0048 2.5204 3.1134 3.1877 176.70 246.54 212.64
The following observations have been made on φk and φvfrom
Table-2 of the three amino acids in aqueous potassium nitrate
solutions at 303.15 K.
(i) The values of φk and φv are negative over the entire range
of the molarity.
(ii) The negative values of φk and φv increase with the
increase in concentration of amino acids, but it is
(iii) Found to decrease with increasing the contents of KNO3.
(iv) The magnitude of φk is in the order: L-valine > L-
leucine > L-phenylalanine.
The negative values of φk and φv in all systems indicate the
presence of ion-solvent interactions. Since more number of
water molecules is available at lower concentration of
potassium nitrate, the chances for the penetration of solute
molecules into the solvent molecules are highly favored. The
decrease in φv may be due to strong ion-ion interaction and
vice-versa. The negative values of φv indicate electrostrictive
solvation of ions [16]. From the magnitude of φk, it can be
concluded that stronger molecular association is found in L-
valine than in other two amino acids. Hence L- valine can be
considered as an effective structure making in compared to the
other two amino acids.
The limiting apparent molar compressibility φk
ₒ
provides
information regarding ion-solvent interaction and Sk to that of
ion-ion interactions in the solution. From Table-3 it is
observed that φk
ₒ
values are negative and they increase with
increasing the concentration of potassium nitrate in all systems
studied. The negative values of φk
ₒ
(loss of compressibility of
the medium) indicate that the water molecules surrounding the
amino acids molecules present a greater resistance to
compression that the bulk [17]. The values of Sk exhibit
positive value and they decrease with increasing the
concentration of potassium nitrate in all the three amino acids.
This behavior indicates the existence of ion-ion interaction
with increase in potassium nitrate content. It is well known
fact that solutes causing electrostriction lead to decrease in the
compressibility of the solution. This is reflected by the
negative values of φk of the amino acids.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 316
Table - 3: Values of limiting apparent molar compressibility (φo
k), limiting apparent molar volume (φo
v) and their
constants Sk and Sv, transfer adiabatic compressibility (Δφo
k), transfer volumes (Δφo
v) , and A and B co- efficient of
Jones-Dole equation of amino acids in aqueous potassium nitrate solution at 303.15 K.
Amino
acids
Molarity
(M)
(mol.dm–3
)
-φo
k
(×10–7
m2
N–1
)
-φo
v
(×10-3
m3
mol–1
)
Sk (×10–
7
N–1
m–1
mol-1
)
Sv (×10–3
m3
L½
mol-3/2
)
Δφo
k
(×10–7
m2
N–1
)
Δφo
v
(×10-3
m3
mol–1
)
A
(dm3/2
mol-1/2
)
B
(dm3
mol-1
)
L-valine
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.32
2.21
1.97
106.82
213.36
158.93
0.5885
0.1298
0.4333
168.52
149.97
125.71
--
0.11
0.35
--
54.43
106.54
0.0075
0.0302
0.0158
0.8053
0.9052
0.9382
L-leucine
0.0
0.5
1.0
3.62
3.50
3.08
180.11
306.48
264.93
1.9629
2.6054
3.2523
344.83
256.33
172.49
--
0.12
0.42
--
43.55
126.36
0.0209
0.0180
0.0529
1.0141
1.4674
1.3062
L-
phenylalani
ne
0.0
0.5
1.0
4.67
4.24
3.99
231.95
417.52
297.93
3.6471
3.9291
3.7398
587.39
149.39
272.49
--
0.43
0.68
--
119.59
185.57
0.0343
0.0508
0.0467
1.2357
2.0099
2.0471
The volume behavior of a solute at infinite dilution is
satisfactorily represented by φv
ₒ
which is independent of the
ion-ion interactions and provides information concerning ion-
solvent interactions. Similarly it is also observed from the
Table-3 that the values of φv
ₒ
are negative in all the three
amino acids. The values of φv
ₒ
increase with the addition of
potassium nitrate contents in all the systems The increase in
φv
ₒ
may be attributed to the increased hydrophilicity / polar
character of the side chain of the amino acids. It is evident
from the Table 3 that Sv is positive in all the three systems
suggesting the presence of strong ion-ion interactions.
The values of transfer adiabatic compressibility ∆φk
ₒ
and
transfer volume ∆φv
ₒ
(Table 3) are positive and they increase
with increase in the concentration ofpotassium nitrate in all the
three amino acid systems which suggest the existence of
strong ion-solvent interactions in the mixtures.
Generally, the interaction between amino acids and potassium
nitrate can be classified as:
(i) ion-ion interaction among the K+
, and NO3
-
ions and (COO-
, NH3
+
) Zwitter ionic end groups,
(ii) ion-hydrophilic interactions between ions and hydrophilic
groups (-CONH2,-CONH) of amino acids,
(iii) ion-nonpolar group interaction occurring between ions
and the nonpolar groups (-CH2 / -CH3) of amino acids.
The Δφk
ₒ
and Δφv
ₒ
values can also be explained on the basis of
co-sphere overlap model [18] in terms of solute-co-solute
interactions. According to this model, ion-ion and ion-
hydrophilic group interactions contribute positively, whereas
ion-non-polar group interactions contribute negatively to the
Δφk
ₒ
and Δφv
ₒ
values.
Therefore, from Figs.1-2, the positive Δφk
ₒ
and Δφv
ₒ
values
observed in all the three amino acids suggest that the
interaction contribution of type (i) and (ii) is much stronger
than that of type (iii). The magnitude of Δφv
ₒ
is in order: L-
valine < L-valine < L-phenylalanine.
From the Table.3 it is observed that the values of A-coefficient
are positive for all the systems indicating the presence of ion-
ion interactions [19]. Further, the values of the B-coefficient
are positive in all systems. B-coefficient is also known as
measure of order and disorder introduced by the solute into the
solvent. It is also a measure of ion-solvent interaction and
relative size of the ion and solvent molecules. The behavior of
B-coefficient in all the three systems suggests the existence of
strong ion-solvent interaction. The magnitude of B values is in
the order L-valine > L-leucine >L-phenylalanine. This
conclusion is in excellent agreement with that drawn from φk
and Δφv
ₒ
.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 317
Fig.1 Variation of transfer adiabatic compressibility(Δφo
k) of
some amino acids with molarity ofaqueous potassium nitrate
solutions at 303.15 K
Fig.2 Variation of transfer volume (Δφo
v) of some amino acids
with molarity of aqueous potassium nitrate solutions at
303.15K
4. CONCLUSIONS
In the present work volumetric, compressibility and transport
parameters of L-valine, L-leucine and L-phenylalanine in
aqueous potassium nitrate solutions at 303.15 K has been
obtained using density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity data
and the results have been used to study the existence of ion-
solvent interactions. From the magnitude of φk, Δφv
ₒ
and the
values of B-coefficient, it can be concluded that L-valine
possesses strong ion-solvent interaction than the other two
amino acids. The transfer adiabatic compressibility Δφk
ₒ
and
transfer volume Δφv
ₒ
data suggest that ion-ion and ion-
hydrophilic group interactions are dominating over the ion-
non polar group interactions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
One of the author wish to thank the HOD of Physics, St.
Joseph’s College of Arts and Science, Cuddalore for providing
the necessary experimental facilities for compilation of the
research work
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.5 1
L-valine L-leucine L-phenylalanine
Δφ°k/(x10-7m2
N-1)
( M / mol.dm-3 )
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 0.5 1
L-valine L-leucine L-phenylalanine
( M / mol.dm-3 )
Δφ°v/(x10-3m3mol-
1)