This document describes a study examining the effects of various environmental factors on the tertiary structure of human growth hormone (hGH) using UV spectroscopy. The factors investigated include pH, ionic strength using halides and divalent cations, temperature, and denaturants like urea. The results show that tryptophan residues are buried inside the hGH structure while tyrosine residues are on the surface. Changes in pH, salts, and other conditions cause shifts in the UV absorption peaks, indicating alterations in hGH structure. The study provides insights into how hGH conformation responds to biochemical changes in the body.
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IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Oxidative Coupling: A Tranquil Approach for Determination of Selexipag by Vis...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
The present study is a first report on development of a spectrophotometric method for determination of selexipag (used to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension) in bulk and tablet formulation and its validation. The basis of the proposed method is formation of a chromophore (of λ max 600 nm) in presence of acidic ferric chloride by oxidative coupling reaction between selexipag and MBTH (3-methylbenzo-thiazolin-2-one hydrazone) solution. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (5 – 30 μg mL-1). As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Oxidative Coupling: A Tranquil Approach for Determination of Selexipag by Vis...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
The present study is a first report on development of a spectrophotometric method for determination of selexipag (used to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension) in bulk and tablet formulation and its validation. The basis of the proposed method is formation of a chromophore (of λ max 600 nm) in presence of acidic ferric chloride by oxidative coupling reaction between selexipag and MBTH (3-methylbenzo-thiazolin-2-one hydrazone) solution. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (5 – 30 μg mL-1). As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Vibrational Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Newly Synthesized Ga...peertechzpublication
The gallium(III) complex of orotic acid (HOA) was synthesized and its structure was determined
by means of analytical and spectral analyses. Detailed vibrational analysis of HOA, sodium salt of HOA
(NaOA) and Ga(III)-OA systems based on both the calculated and experimental spectra confi rmed the
suggested metal-ligand binding mode. Signifi cant differences in the IR and Raman spectra of the complex
were observed as compared to the spectra of the ligand and confi rmed the suggested metal-ligand
binding mode.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
An Efficient Synthetic Approach Towards 4-Cyano-3-(Methylthio)-5-Oxo-2H-Pyraz...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Synthesis of novel heterocyclic 4-cyano -3-(methylthio)-5-oxo-2H-pyrazole-1(5H)- carbothioamide (3) was prepared by condensing ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-bis (methylthio)acrylate (1) with thiosemicarbazide (2) in DMF and catalytic amount of potassium carbonate. Compound (3) has methylthio group at third position, which is replaced by different nucleophiles such as substituted anilines| phenols| hetryl amines| compounds containing active methylene group to afford 3-substituted derivatives of compound (3). All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Role of mixed ligand Pd(II) and Pt(II)complexes in photooxygenation reactionIOSR Journals
Mixed ligand complexes of the formula [M (phen) bdt] where M= Pd (II) or Pt(II), phen =1,10-phenanthroline and bdt =1,2-benzenedithiolate have been synthesized and studied as photosensitizers of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) production. It was observed that, Pt (II) complex shows a better photosensitizing ability as compared to its Pd (II) analogue. However, both Pd (II) and Pt (II) complexes act as chemical quenchers of 1O2, resulting in their photooxidation shown by decay of the respective complex. ThusPt (II) complex undergoes selfsensitizedphotooxidation by 1O2. The solvent dependence of this reaction is undertaken by performing the experiment using pure DMF(dimethyl formamide)and 10% H2O in DMF as solvent. The comparison of rate of decay of the Pt(II)and Pd(II) complexes show enhancement of the reaction in presence of water. The decay of the complex was monitored by recording the difference absorption spectra of the complex in the visible region after definite irradiation times. Involvement of 1O2 is further supported by quenching studies of this reaction using NaN3 as physical quencher of 1O2.
Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation
(y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
Simple Synthesis of Some Novel Polyfunctionally Derivatives of 2H-Coumarin-2-...IOSRJAC
Compound (2) was prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with ethylcyanoacetate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine as catalyst. Compound (2) is the key intermediate for the synthesis of several series of new compounds such as ((pyrimidine, tetrazine, piperidine, oxazepine)-2H-coumarin-2-one derivatives by reaction with selected reagents such as urea, cyanoacetamide, cyanoacetohydrazide, orthoaminophenol and 5-aminotriazole.
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 0 0 0 (2016) 1–20Al Baha University
Quantum chemical calculations, molecular dynamics simulation and experimental studies of using some azo dyes as corrosion inhibitors for iron. Part 1: Mono-azo dye derivatives
Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic and conductimetric studies on some 7-hydroxy...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methylphenylazo)coumarin (L1) and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methoxyphenylazo)coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn divalent metal ions with the investigated ligands 1:1 and 1:2 complexes and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis of substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives by Microwave irradiationIOSR Journals
Various substituted Triazole-Thiol containing different functional group have been synthesized by microwave method. The title product 1-[(3H-indol-2-ylamino) methyl]-4-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol is synthesized by using amino benzothiazole. The final structures have been established on the basis of their chemical analysis and spectral data. All micro-wave synthesized compounds results into good yield as compared to conventional method of which fluoro substituted compound shows maximum yield.
Cfd Simulation and Experimentalverification of Air Flow through Heated PipeIOSR Journals
The aim of this work is to validate the Dittus-Boelter equation by experimental,correlation and Simulation method. It used to find the value of heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ for turbulent flow in many fluid transfer systems. This work discusses how the Dittus-Boelter equation is applied to the problem of circular pipe. In CFD simulation ICEM CFD for modeling and CFX13 for analysis are used. Results of CFD simulation will be obtained by CFD-POST. Here heat transfer coefficient value is compared by correlations,experiment and CFD simulations, finally the aim of this work is to validate Dittus-Boelter equation.
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...IOSR Journals
The aim of this research are examines the influence of Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior on Emotional Intelligence with intervening variables: Value CongruenceandTrust of the teachers and employees at MuhammadiyahPrimary Schools forward Bass &Avolio Theory. Quantitative approach used on this research. The samples in this study were 55 employees and 110 teachers. The finding indicate that Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior have significant direct effect on Emotional Intelligence. The significant influence was also shown by intervening variables: Value Congruence (positive), andTrust (negative). For further studies there is recommended to conduct similar studies in high school Muhammadiyah, considering there are differences in the curriculum and the emotional maturity of students and teachers
Performance of Crusher Dust in High Plastic Gravel Soils As Road Construction...IOSR Journals
The performance of Flexible Pavement depends on the functions of the component layers especially Sub-base layers. Generally Sub-base layers are made up of natural soils like Gravels. Frequently gravel soils composed of high amount of fines which causes plasticity characteristics with adsorption of moisture under heavy loads and repeated traffic. Excess deformation leading several failure which require huge investment of money for their repairs. To reduce the excess deformation of the gravel soils and to increase the life period of the pavement there is a need to arrest their plastic characteristics and stabilization is one such techniques to improve the gravel soils by addition of industrial wastes. In this connection Crusher Dust has been selected as a Stabilizer to improve their qualities. Various percentage of Crusher Dust was added to gravel soil and tests like Plasticity, Compaction and Strength tests were conducted. By the addition of Crusher Dust Plasticity Characteristics were reduced and CBR values were improved. Addition of 25% of Crusher Dust make the mixes low-plastic and 35% of Crusher Dust make the mixes non-plastic, where high CBR values attained. Hence from the test results it is identified that addition of 25%-35% of Crusher Dust make the gravel soils meet the specification of MORTH as a sub-base material.
Investigating and Classifying the Applications of Flexible Manufacturing Syst...IOSR Journals
The recent manufacturing environment is characterized as having diverse products due to mass
customization, short production lead-time, and unstable customer demand. Today, the need for flexibility, quick
responsiveness, and robustness to system uncertainties in production scheduling decisions has increased
significantly. In traditional job shops, tooling is usually assumed as a fixed resource. However, when tooling
resource is shared among different machines, a greater product variety, routing flexibility with a smaller tool
inventory can be realized. Such a strategy is usually enabled by an automatic tool changing mechanism and tool
delivery system to reduce the time for tooling setup, hence allows parts to be processed in small batches. In this
research, a dynamic scheduling problem under flexible tooling resource constraints is studied. An integrated
approach is proposed to allow two levels of hierarchical, dynamic decision making for job scheduling and tool
flow control in Automated Manufacturing Systems. It decomposes the overall problem into a series of static subproblems
for each scheduling window, handles random disruptions by updating job ready time, completion
time, and machine status on a rolling horizon basis, and considers the machine availability explicitly in
generating schedules. Two types of manufacturing system models are used in simulation studies to test the
effectiveness of the proposed dynamic scheduling approach. First, hypothetical models are generated using
some generic shop flow structures (e.g. flexible flow shops, job shops, and single-stage systems) and
configurations(Insup,Um.,et al.,2009).They are tested to provide the empirical evidence about how well the
proposed approach performs for the general automated manufacturing systems where parts have alternative
routings. Second, a model based on a real industrial flexible manufacturing system was used to test the
effectiveness of the proposed approach when machine types, part routing, tooling, and other production
parameters closely mimic to the real flexible manufacturing operations.
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Vibrational Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Newly Synthesized Ga...peertechzpublication
The gallium(III) complex of orotic acid (HOA) was synthesized and its structure was determined
by means of analytical and spectral analyses. Detailed vibrational analysis of HOA, sodium salt of HOA
(NaOA) and Ga(III)-OA systems based on both the calculated and experimental spectra confi rmed the
suggested metal-ligand binding mode. Signifi cant differences in the IR and Raman spectra of the complex
were observed as compared to the spectra of the ligand and confi rmed the suggested metal-ligand
binding mode.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
An Efficient Synthetic Approach Towards 4-Cyano-3-(Methylthio)-5-Oxo-2H-Pyraz...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Synthesis of novel heterocyclic 4-cyano -3-(methylthio)-5-oxo-2H-pyrazole-1(5H)- carbothioamide (3) was prepared by condensing ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-bis (methylthio)acrylate (1) with thiosemicarbazide (2) in DMF and catalytic amount of potassium carbonate. Compound (3) has methylthio group at third position, which is replaced by different nucleophiles such as substituted anilines| phenols| hetryl amines| compounds containing active methylene group to afford 3-substituted derivatives of compound (3). All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Role of mixed ligand Pd(II) and Pt(II)complexes in photooxygenation reactionIOSR Journals
Mixed ligand complexes of the formula [M (phen) bdt] where M= Pd (II) or Pt(II), phen =1,10-phenanthroline and bdt =1,2-benzenedithiolate have been synthesized and studied as photosensitizers of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) production. It was observed that, Pt (II) complex shows a better photosensitizing ability as compared to its Pd (II) analogue. However, both Pd (II) and Pt (II) complexes act as chemical quenchers of 1O2, resulting in their photooxidation shown by decay of the respective complex. ThusPt (II) complex undergoes selfsensitizedphotooxidation by 1O2. The solvent dependence of this reaction is undertaken by performing the experiment using pure DMF(dimethyl formamide)and 10% H2O in DMF as solvent. The comparison of rate of decay of the Pt(II)and Pd(II) complexes show enhancement of the reaction in presence of water. The decay of the complex was monitored by recording the difference absorption spectra of the complex in the visible region after definite irradiation times. Involvement of 1O2 is further supported by quenching studies of this reaction using NaN3 as physical quencher of 1O2.
Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation
(y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
Simple Synthesis of Some Novel Polyfunctionally Derivatives of 2H-Coumarin-2-...IOSRJAC
Compound (2) was prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with ethylcyanoacetate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine as catalyst. Compound (2) is the key intermediate for the synthesis of several series of new compounds such as ((pyrimidine, tetrazine, piperidine, oxazepine)-2H-coumarin-2-one derivatives by reaction with selected reagents such as urea, cyanoacetamide, cyanoacetohydrazide, orthoaminophenol and 5-aminotriazole.
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 0 0 0 (2016) 1–20Al Baha University
Quantum chemical calculations, molecular dynamics simulation and experimental studies of using some azo dyes as corrosion inhibitors for iron. Part 1: Mono-azo dye derivatives
Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic and conductimetric studies on some 7-hydroxy...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methylphenylazo)coumarin (L1) and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methoxyphenylazo)coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn divalent metal ions with the investigated ligands 1:1 and 1:2 complexes and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis of substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives by Microwave irradiationIOSR Journals
Various substituted Triazole-Thiol containing different functional group have been synthesized by microwave method. The title product 1-[(3H-indol-2-ylamino) methyl]-4-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol is synthesized by using amino benzothiazole. The final structures have been established on the basis of their chemical analysis and spectral data. All micro-wave synthesized compounds results into good yield as compared to conventional method of which fluoro substituted compound shows maximum yield.
Cfd Simulation and Experimentalverification of Air Flow through Heated PipeIOSR Journals
The aim of this work is to validate the Dittus-Boelter equation by experimental,correlation and Simulation method. It used to find the value of heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ for turbulent flow in many fluid transfer systems. This work discusses how the Dittus-Boelter equation is applied to the problem of circular pipe. In CFD simulation ICEM CFD for modeling and CFX13 for analysis are used. Results of CFD simulation will be obtained by CFD-POST. Here heat transfer coefficient value is compared by correlations,experiment and CFD simulations, finally the aim of this work is to validate Dittus-Boelter equation.
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...IOSR Journals
The aim of this research are examines the influence of Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior on Emotional Intelligence with intervening variables: Value CongruenceandTrust of the teachers and employees at MuhammadiyahPrimary Schools forward Bass &Avolio Theory. Quantitative approach used on this research. The samples in this study were 55 employees and 110 teachers. The finding indicate that Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior have significant direct effect on Emotional Intelligence. The significant influence was also shown by intervening variables: Value Congruence (positive), andTrust (negative). For further studies there is recommended to conduct similar studies in high school Muhammadiyah, considering there are differences in the curriculum and the emotional maturity of students and teachers
Performance of Crusher Dust in High Plastic Gravel Soils As Road Construction...IOSR Journals
The performance of Flexible Pavement depends on the functions of the component layers especially Sub-base layers. Generally Sub-base layers are made up of natural soils like Gravels. Frequently gravel soils composed of high amount of fines which causes plasticity characteristics with adsorption of moisture under heavy loads and repeated traffic. Excess deformation leading several failure which require huge investment of money for their repairs. To reduce the excess deformation of the gravel soils and to increase the life period of the pavement there is a need to arrest their plastic characteristics and stabilization is one such techniques to improve the gravel soils by addition of industrial wastes. In this connection Crusher Dust has been selected as a Stabilizer to improve their qualities. Various percentage of Crusher Dust was added to gravel soil and tests like Plasticity, Compaction and Strength tests were conducted. By the addition of Crusher Dust Plasticity Characteristics were reduced and CBR values were improved. Addition of 25% of Crusher Dust make the mixes low-plastic and 35% of Crusher Dust make the mixes non-plastic, where high CBR values attained. Hence from the test results it is identified that addition of 25%-35% of Crusher Dust make the gravel soils meet the specification of MORTH as a sub-base material.
Investigating and Classifying the Applications of Flexible Manufacturing Syst...IOSR Journals
The recent manufacturing environment is characterized as having diverse products due to mass
customization, short production lead-time, and unstable customer demand. Today, the need for flexibility, quick
responsiveness, and robustness to system uncertainties in production scheduling decisions has increased
significantly. In traditional job shops, tooling is usually assumed as a fixed resource. However, when tooling
resource is shared among different machines, a greater product variety, routing flexibility with a smaller tool
inventory can be realized. Such a strategy is usually enabled by an automatic tool changing mechanism and tool
delivery system to reduce the time for tooling setup, hence allows parts to be processed in small batches. In this
research, a dynamic scheduling problem under flexible tooling resource constraints is studied. An integrated
approach is proposed to allow two levels of hierarchical, dynamic decision making for job scheduling and tool
flow control in Automated Manufacturing Systems. It decomposes the overall problem into a series of static subproblems
for each scheduling window, handles random disruptions by updating job ready time, completion
time, and machine status on a rolling horizon basis, and considers the machine availability explicitly in
generating schedules. Two types of manufacturing system models are used in simulation studies to test the
effectiveness of the proposed dynamic scheduling approach. First, hypothetical models are generated using
some generic shop flow structures (e.g. flexible flow shops, job shops, and single-stage systems) and
configurations(Insup,Um.,et al.,2009).They are tested to provide the empirical evidence about how well the
proposed approach performs for the general automated manufacturing systems where parts have alternative
routings. Second, a model based on a real industrial flexible manufacturing system was used to test the
effectiveness of the proposed approach when machine types, part routing, tooling, and other production
parameters closely mimic to the real flexible manufacturing operations.
Antibacterial Property of Essential Oil and its vibrational analysisIOSR Journals
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavoring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries. In our present work with the vibrational spectroscopy of quantum chemical calculations of Eugenol,Geronial have been carried out. The compounds are responsible for most of the characteristic aroma .DFT analysis is performed before and after application of clove oil on Asbergillus fungi..Vibrational analysis on Eugenol( 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol is also carried out.The fluorescent property of the material was also discussed.
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Biomimetic Materials in Our World: A Review.IOSR Journals
The study of biomineralization offers valuable and incredible insights into the scope and nature of material chemistry at the inorganic and organic surfaces. Biological systems (architecture) are replete with examples of organic supramolecular assemblies (double and triplet helices, multisubunit proteins, membrane-bound reaction centres, vesicle, tubules e. t. c.), some of which (collagen, cellulose and chitin) extend to microscopic dimensions in the form of hierarchical structure, There are ample opportunities of lessons from the biological (on growth and functional adaptation), and physical (properties and compositions) world. This review explores the field of biomimetic material chemistry as it relates to fibres with respect to their historical perspective, the use of the products of biomimetic material, the progressive efforts and a general overview. Conclusively, biomimetic materials research is indeed a rapidly growing and enormously promising field that needs to be explored.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
Effect of Fermentation on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of ...IOSR Journals
The dehulled seeds of three varieties of Lagenaria siceraria were subjected to control fermentation process. The fermented and unfermented seeds were analysed for their nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions using AOAC 1998. The fermented seeds were found to contain high amount of crude protein (48.12%) and crude fibre (4.11%) compared to 27.42% and 0.67% for unfermented seeds respectively. Similarly, crude lipid content of the seeds decreased by about 75%. The process also results in decrease in phytate, oxalate, tannins and cyanide content with consequent increase in nitrate and Vitamin C. Hence fermenting the seeds is an important way of exposing its protein content and reducing the antinutritional content. The seeds were found to have good potentials for preparation of condiments which are commonly used in the preparation of soup.
Performance Comparison of Uncoded OFDM & Uncoded Adaptive OFDM System Over AW...IOSR Journals
Adaptive OFDM (AOFDM) is the important approach to fourth generation of mobile
communication. Adaptive modulating scheme is employed according to channel fading condition for improving
the performance of OFDM. This gives improved data rate, spectral efficiency & throughput. OFDM is flexible
to adapt modulation schemes on subcarriers according instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper,
we compare Bit Error Rate (BER),Mean Square Error(MSE), Spectral Efficiency, Throughput performance of
uncoded OFDM & uncoded adaptive OFDM with BPSK,QPSK & QAM modulation over AWGN channel.
Survey on Single image Super Resolution TechniquesIOSR Journals
Super-resolution is the process of recovering a high-resolution image from multiple lowresolutionimages
of the same scene. The key objective of super-resolution (SR) imaging is to reconstruct a
higher-resolution image based on a set of images, acquired from the same scene and denoted as ‘lowresolution’
images, to overcome the limitation and/or ill-posed conditions of the image acquisition process for
facilitating better content visualization and scene recognition. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review
of existing super-resolution techniques and highlight the future research challenges. This includes the
formulation of an observation model and coverage of the dominant algorithm – Iterative back projection.We
critique these methods and identify areas which promise performance improvements. In this paper, future
directions for super-resolution algorithms are discussed. Finally results of available methods are given.
Application of Artificial Neural Network (Ann) In Operation of ReservoirsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Reservoir operation is an important element in water resources planning and management. It consists
of several parameters like inflow, storage, evaporation and demands that define the operation strategies for
giving a sequence of releases to meet the demands. The operating policy is a set of rules for determining the
quantities of water to be stored or released or withdrawn from a reservoir or system of several reservoirs under
various conditions. Reservoir operation frequently follows a conventional policy based on Guide curves (Rule
curves) that prescribes reservoir releases based on limited criteria such as current storage levels, season and
demands. Operating policies can be derived using system techniques such as simulation, optimisation and
combination of these two. System analysis has proved to be a potential tool in the planning, operation and
management of the available resources. In recent years, artificial intelligence techniques like Artificial Neural
Networks (ANN) have arisen as an alternative to overcome some of the limitations of traditional methods. In
most of the studies, feed forward structure and the back propagation algorithm have been used to design and
train the ANN models respectively. Detail analysis will be carried out to develop an ANN model for reservoir
operation and assess the application potential of ANN in attaining the reservoir operation objectives compared
with the conventional rule curves.
Key words:Artificial Neural Network, Back propagation, Guide curves (Rule curves), optimisation,reservoir
operation, simulation.
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
Abstract: MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) . Keywords— Adaptive modulation ASTC code, Capacity, BER, Ergodic capacity, PAPR, Spectral Efficiency and SNR
Voice Recognition Wireless Home Automation System Based On ZigbeeIOSR Journals
Abstract : In the recent years, the Home Automation systems has seen a rapid changes due to introduction of various wireless technologies The explosion in the wireless technology has seen the emergence of many standards, especially in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band. ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for data communications with business and consumer devices. Zigbee is targeted at applications that requires low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. Zigbee has a defined rate of 250 kbits/s, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal transmission from a sensor or input device. The wireless home Automation systems is supposed to be implemented in existing home environments, without any changes in the infrastructure. The automation centers on recognition of voice commands and uses low-power ZigBee wireless communication modules along with microcontroller. This system is most suitable for the elderly and the disabled persons especially those who live alone and since recognize voice so it is secure. The home automation system is intended to control all lights and electrical appliances in a home or office using voice commands. So in this paperwork our aim is to designed a voice recognition wireless ZigBee based home automation system. Keywords - Home automation, Microcontroller , Voice Recognition, ZigBee, Power Supply.
A Digital Pen with a Trajectory Recognition AlgorithmIOSR Journals
Abstract : Now a days, the development of miniaturization technologies in electronic circuits and components has seriously decreased the dimension and weight of consumer electronic products, those are smart phones and handheld computers, and thus prepared them more handy and convenient. This paper contains an accelerometer-based digital pen for handwritten digit and gesture trajectory recognition applications. The digital pen consists of a triaxial accelerometer, a microcontroller, and an Zigbee wireless transmission module for sensing and collecting accelerations of handwriting and gesture trajectories. with this project we can do human computer interaction. Users can utilize this pen to write digits or make hand gestures, and the accelerations of hand motions calculated by the accelerometer are wirelessly transmitted to a computer for online trajectory recognition. So, by varying the position of mems (micro electro mechanical systems) we can capable to show the alphabetical characters in the PC. The acceleration signals calculated from the triaxial accelerometer are transmitted to a computer via the wireless module. Keywords - ARM, Zigbee, Sensors module
Smartdust Network for Tactical Border Surveillance Using Multiple SignaturesIOSR Journals
The paper aims at designing a system for border surveillance using the concept of smartdust
technology. Smartdusts are small dust like wireless sensor motes with multiple on-board sensors and
microcontroller. In real time, thousands of such smartdust motes must be deployed in a large area. The motes
can form a network among them and has wireless connection to outside world. Onboard hardware include a
variety of sensors for vibration/seismic, magnetic, acoustic and thermal signature recognition, a
microcontroller for processing these sensor values and a radio transceiver for communication over a wireless
network. In this experimental project, we have designed one central monitoring mote and two smartdust motes
using ARM controller, IEEE radio transceiver and sensors.The central monitoring mote also displays the
tracking history of intrusion on enabling a switch
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo Stat...IOSR Journals
The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
"Study of Java Access Control Mechanism”IOSR Journals
Abstract: a class as "a collection of data and methods." One of the important object-oriented techniques is
hiding the data within the class and making it available only through the methods. This technique is known as
encapsulation because it seals the data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class, where it
can be accessed only by trusted users.
Another reason for encapsulation is to protect your class against accidental or willful stupidity. A class
often contains a number of interdependent fields that must be in a consistent state. If you allow a users to
manipulate those fields directly, he may change one field without changing important related fields, thus leaving
the class in an inconsistent state. If, instead, he has to call a method to change the field, that method can be sure
to do everything necessary to keep the state consistent. Similarly, if a class defines certain methods for internal
use only, hiding these methods prevents users of the class from calling them.
The goal is : All the fields and methods of a class can always be used within the body of the class itself. Java
defines access control rules that restrict members of a class from being used outside the class that is done
through keeping the data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class, where it can be
accessed only by trusted users.
Keywords: Encapsulation, Access Control, Classes, Constructors, Methods.
Cost Effectiveness of Replacing Sand with Crushed Granite Fine (CGF) In the M...IOSR Journals
The economic gain of replacing sand with Crushed Granite Fines in the production of concrete was investigated. Compressive strength and slump tests were performed on fresh and hardened concrete using two nominal mixes of 1:1:2 and 1:1½: 3 with the sand component being partially replaced with Crushed Granite Fines. Compressive strength values above 30 N/mm² and 35 N/mm² were obtained for nominal mixes of 1:1:2 and 1:1½: 3 respectively when sand was partially replaced with 25 – 37.5% Crushed Granite Fines. Based on the economic analysis of the test results, replacement of sand with 25 – 37.5% Crushed Granite Fines is recommended for use in concrete production.
Visible light assisted photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using a graphene oxide...Pawan Kumar
A new heteroleptic ruthenium complex containing 2-thiophenyl benzimidazole ligands was synthesized using a microwave technique and was immobilized to graphene oxide via covalent attachment. The synthesized catalyst was used for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation without using a sacrificial agent, which gave 2050 μmol g−1 cat methanol after 24 h of irradiation
Micellar Effect On Dephosphorylation Of Bis-4-Chloro-3,5-Dimethylphenylphosph...IOSR Journals
The rate enhancement depends on the hydrophobicity of the nucleophile. The micellar catalyzed reaction between bis-4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenylphosphate ester and hydroxide or hydroperoxide anions has been examined in buffered medium (pH 8-10). First order rate constant (Kψ) for the reaction of hydroxide ion with bis-4-CDMPP go through maxima with the increasing concentration of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTABr). Micelles of CTABr very effective catalyst to the reactions of phosphate diesters. Rate constants measured with OH2- ions are approximately twice and thrice than that of OH- ions in presence of CTABr.
Micellar Effect On Dephosphorylation Of Bis-4-Chloro-3,5-Dimethylphenylphosph...IOSR Journals
The rate enhancement depends on the hydrophobicity of the nucleophile. The micellar catalyzed reaction between bis-4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenylphosphate ester and hydroxide or hydroperoxide anions has been examined in buffered medium (pH 8-10). First order rate constant (Kψ) for the reaction of hydroxide ion with bis-4-CDMPP go through maxima with the increasing concentration of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTABr). Micelles of CTABr very effective catalyst to the reactions of phosphate diesters. Rate constants measured with OH2- ions are approximately twice and thrice than that of OH- ions in presence of CTABr.
Oxidative Coupling: A Tranquil Approach for Determination of Selexipag by Vis...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
The present study is a first report on development of a spectrophotometric method for determination of selexipag (used to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension) in bulk and tablet formulation and its validation. The basis of the proposed method is formation of a chromophore (of λ max 600 nm) in presence of acidic ferric chloride by oxidative coupling reaction between selexipag and MBTH (3-methylbenzo-thiazolin-2-one hydrazone) solution. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (5 – 30 μg mL-1). As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise.
New Method for Spectrophotometric Determination of Furosemide in Pure Form an...AI Publications
An accurate, simple, fast and cheap spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Furosemide (FUR) in pharmaceutical pure and dosage forms. The method is based on the reaction of 2,4- Di hydroxyl Benz aldehyde (DHBA) with Furosemide in the presence of Ethyl alcohol. This reaction produces a complex yellow colored product which absorbs maximally at 430 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 3.3 – 82.69 μg/mL with molar absorptivity of 1.749×103 L mole-1 cm-1 Sandell’s sensitivity 0.11 μg.cm-2. The effects of variables such as temperature, concentration of color producing reagent, and stability of color were investigated to optimize the procedure. The results are validated statistically. The proposed method was applied to commercially available tablets, and the results were Pharmaceutical formulations.
Detailed characterization of saponins isolated from Zygophyllum Propinqueem D...Open Access Research Paper
Zygophyllum propinquum Decne (syn. Z. coccineum, family: Zygophyllaceae) is a low shrub, perennial herb, or desert succulent undershrub and has several important biological activities. The major secondary metabolites of this plant are a class of ursane-type triterpene saponins. Saponins derive their name from stable foam formation in water. These saponins have peculiar properties like, bitterness, fish poisoning, haemolysis, complex formation with cholesterol. Saponins are consisting of two main parts, one is the aglycone part while the other one is the glycone part. The glycone part is further consisting of sugar moieties. Current studies were conducted to isolate specifically biologically important saponins. Saponins were isolated successfully using standard procedures and characterized successfully using different spectroscopic techniques including Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Two saponins were isolated from the whole plant of Zygophyllum propinquum Decne with the help of repeated column chromatography and HPLC. The purified saponins were hydrolyzed with H2SO4-dioxane resulting in lactone formation. All the compounds (saponins and lactone) were characterized with the help of FAB-MS and 1D and 2D-NMR techniques. Their structures were confirmed to be 3-O–β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)- β-D-2-O-sulfo-glucuronopyranosylurs-20(21)-en28 oic acid 28-O-[β-D-glucuronopyranosyl] ester (1), (3β–O-2-O-sulfo-β-D-glucuronopyranosylurs-20(21)-en28 oic acid 28-O-[β-D-2-O-sulfonylglucuronopyranosyl] ester (2), and 3β-Hydroxy urs-28,20 β-olide (3).
Reaction of aniline with ammonium persulphate and concentrated hydrochloric a...Maciej Przybyłek
In this paper, the reaction of aniline with ammonium persulphate and concentrated HCl was studied. As a result of our experimental studies, 2,4,6-trichlorophenylamine was identified as the main product. This shows that a high concentration of HCl does not favour oxidative polymerisation of phenylamine, even though the ammonium persulphate/HCl system is widely used in polyaniline synthesis. On the basis of the experimental data and density functional theory for reaction path modelling, we proposed a mechanism for oxidative chlorination of aniline. We assumed that this reaction proceeded in three cyclically repeated steps; protonation of aniline, formation of singlet ground state phenylnitrenium cation, and nucleophilic substitution. In order to confirm this mechanism, kinetic, thermochemical, and natural bond orbital population analyses were performed.
Experimental and theoretical studies on the photodegradation of 2-ethylhexyl ...Maciej Przybyłek
2-Ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is one of the most commonly used sunscreen ingredient. In this study we investigated photodegradation of EHMC in the presence of such common oxidizing and chlorinating systems as H2O2, H2O2/HCl, H2O2/UV, and H2O2/HCl/UV. Reaction products were detected by gas chromatography with a mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS). As a result of experimental studies chloro-substituted 4-methoxycinnamic acid (4-MCA), 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-MBA) and 4-methoxyphenol (4-MP) were identified. Experimental studies were enriched with DFT and MP2 calculations. We found that reactions of 4-MCA, 4-MBA and 4-MP with Cl2 and HOCl were in all cases thermodynamically favorable. However, reactivity indices provide a better explanation of the formation of particular chloroorganic compounds. Generally, those isomeric forms of mono- and dichlorinated compounds which exhibits the highest hardness were identified. Nucleophilicity of the chloroorganic compounds precursors were examined by means of the Fukui function.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH A NEW ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
A new monodentate phosphorus yield Ph3P=CHC(O)C6H4-m-Br (L),was synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis as
well as various spectroscopic techniques. The reactions of the title ylide with mercury(II) halides in equimolar ratios using dry
methanol as solvent have yielded [L.HgX2]2 (X= Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)). The reaction of 1 equiv. this ylide with Cd(NO3)2.4H2O in the
same solvent give a polynuclear complex [Cd (L)(NO3)(μ-NO3)]n (4), followed by treatment with 2 equiv. AgNO3 and AgOTf led to
monomeric chelate complexes 5 and 6, respectively. Characterization of the obtained compounds was also performed by
elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 31P and 13C NMR. All DMSO-solved synthesized compounds were subjected to biological evaluation for
their antibacterial against 6 Gram positive and negative bacteria effects by disc diffusion method. Results showed antibacterial
activity for studied metal complexes and suggested their possible application as antibacterial agents.
Keywords: Phosphorus yields, mercury(II) complexes, silver(I) complexes, cadmium(II) complexes, antibacterial activity.
The project will focus on synthesis of hexagonal structured pure phases of compositions: BaM1/3Ti2/3O3-δ and BaM1/6Ti5/6O3-δ, where M= Sc, In and Fe via different methods such as Solid state sintering and wet chemical route. The ultimate goal is to finding structure – functionality relationships within these proton and mixed conducting systems. A substantial effort will focus on search for and fabrication of new materials although the main part of the work will concentrate on detailed structural characterisation (rietveld refinement), impedance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Structural and Spectroscopical Studies for a Complex Macromolecule (hGH)
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 4, Issue 6 (May. – Jun. 2013), PP 68-73
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
Structural and Spectroscopical Studies for a Complex
Macromolecule (hGH)
Perry Habib S. Ali1
Nazk Mohammed Aziz2
1
Assis.Prof. Biochemistry, College of Science for women, University of Baghdad.
2
lecturer inorganic chemistry. University of Sulaimani, faculty of science and science education, school of
science, dept. of chemistry
Abstract: This paper tries to find the effect of the different environmental changes of ( pH, ionic strength, and
temperature) on their tertiary structure of hGH by using UV sepctoscopy. We found that the hormone affected
by chemical reagents change its conformation and folding. The present study is an attempt to discover what
could happen to GH molecule when the biochemistry of body is changed. The results reveal that tryptophyl
residues are inside the hormone, whereas tyrosyl residues are on the surface.
Key words: hGH, UV spectroscopy, Urea, divalent cation, halides
I. Introduction
Complex molecules like protein that do most of the work in the cell have both structural and regulatory
functions which are required for body`s tissues and organs. Each protein in the cell contain up to 20 different
amino acid that bond to each another to make a define and stable three dimensional structure. Many
environmental changes could lead to unstable tertiary structure and finally loss of protein function.
Growth hormone (GH) is a single polypeptide hormone with 191 amino acid with a molecular mass of
about 22 KDa(1, 2)
. In this research we will try to study the effect of the environmental changes( pH, ionic
strength, and temperature ) on the tertiary structure of the GH by using UV. Spectroscopy.
II. Material and Methods
Material:
All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade unless mentioned other wise, and were
obtained from companies mentioned below:-hGH : from immunoradiometric assay kit-Immunotech. (France),
HCl, CaCl2.2H2O, MgCl2.6H2O, ZnSO4.7H2O, CuSO4.5H2O, Urea, , Acetone, Acetic acid, B.D.H
(UK).TrisHCl, Glycine, NaOH, KCl, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI- Redial, Hnoffa (Germany).
Methods:
1. hGH spectrum: hGH molecule was scanned in the range( 200-350 nm) to determine the λ max of the
macromolecule. In brief , (50µl) of hGH (10mIU/L) were completed to (3ml) with phosphate buffer of pH (7.4).
UV.-Visible Rco. And spectrophotometer, UV-160.
2. Factors Affecting the Absorption of hGH:
1 - PH Effect:
pH effect on hGH was examined by using different buffer with different pH KCl / HCl buffer of pH (2.2),Tris
buffer HCl of pH (3.8), Tris buffer HCl of pH (6.3), Na2HPO4 / NaH2PO4 buffer of pH (9.2), and glycine / NaCl
buffer of pH (12.6).In brief , (50µl) of hGH (10mIU/L) were completed to (3ml) with each of the previous
buffers and scanned in the range (200-350 nm).
2 - Effect of Different Halides:
Different halides effect were examined on hGH spectrum. In brief, (50µl) of hGH (10mIU/L) were
completed to (3ml) with phosphate buffer of pH (7.4) containing (0.01M) of NaF and scanned in the range (200-
350). The experiment was repeated by using phosphate buffer of pH (7.4) containing (0.01 M) of different
halides which were NaCl, NaBr, and NaI respectively.
3 - Effect of Divalent Cations:
Effect of different divalent salts on hGH spectrum was examined . In brief Fifty (50µl) of hGH
(10mIU/L) were completed to (3ml) with phosphate buffer of pH (7.4) containing (25 mM) of CaCl2.2H2O.
scanned in the range (200-350). The experiment was repeated by using phosphate buffer of pH (7.4) containing
different divalent cations which were MgCl2.6H2O, ZnSO4. 7H2O, and CuSO4.5H2O respectively.
2. Structural and Spectroscopical Studies for a Complex Macromolecule (hGH)
www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
4- Effect of 8M Urea, 0.03 M KCl on the hGH UV. spectrum:
Fifty (50µl) of hGH (10mIU/L) were completed to (3 ml) with phosphate buffer of pH (7.4) in the
presence of (8M) Urea and scanned I the range (200-350). The The experiment was repeated in the presence of
(0.03 M) KCl, and mixture (50:50) of (8 M) Urea and (0.03 M) KCl.
5- Observation of the Helix-Coil Transition of hGH Denaturation:
Denaturation of hGH due to the effect of increasing temperature was studied. Fifty (50µl) of hGH (10mIU/L)
were completed to (3ml) with 20 % ethyleneglycol buffer containing (0.01 M) NaCl. The solution was placed in
1 cm cuvette in the sample beam and the buffer at the adjusted pH in the reference beam. The absorption was
measured at the wavelength of (292 and 295 nm) at different temperature (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 c°). The experiment
was repeated by using 20% ethylene glycol buffer containing (0.1M) NaCl
III. Results and Discussion
3.3 UV. Spectrum of hGH macromolecule
The UV. Spectrum of hGH was measured at pH (7.4) in spectrum region (200 – 350 nm) to determine
the maximum wavelength (λ max). hGH UV. spectrum is illustrated in figure (1), as shown in this figure the
hormone spectrum consists of two maximum wavelengths, λ max1 at 280 nm and λ max2 at 210 nm with
absorbance of 0.030 and 0.390 respectively. The absorption at 280 nm is characteristic of tryptophyl residues
while absorption at 210 nm is due to tyrosyl residues (3)
or histidyl residue.
Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of protein solutions in the region (200 – 310 nm) are contributed
mainly from tryptophyl, tyrosyl, phenylalanyl, histidyl residues and the peptide bound (152)
.
Fig (1) The UV. Spectrum of hGH in buffer of pH (7.4)
3.3.1 Factors affecting the absorption properties of hGH macromolecule:
The absorption spectrum of chromophores (unsaturated groups like aromatic amino acids) are
determined by the chemical structure of the molecule. Changes in the environment of these chromophores can
lead to alterations in the absorption spectrum, these changes (e.g. pH, temperature, etc.) can affect the
absorption spectrum if the interaction between the chromophore and the perturbing agent affects on the ground
and excited states of the group which is responsible for absorption.
The altered spectrum can be shifted to a longer wave length (this is called red shift) or to a shorter wave
length (which is called blue shift). The shift may or may not be accompanied by a change in intensity of the
spectrum, although in many cases, a change in intensity of the spectrum occurs simultaneously with wave length
shift (4)
.
1 - pH Effects:
The solvents pH determines the ionization state of ionisable chromophores(3)
. The UV.spectrum of
hGH was determined at five different pH (2.2, 3.8, 6.3, 9.2, 12.6). As shown in table (3.9) in the acidic region
there is no shifting in λ max1 whereas λ max2 shifts to a shorter wavelengths (blue shift) at (209.6, 209.2, 205.0
nm) with an absorbance of (0.298, 1.498, 1.118 respectively). This blue shift is due to the protonation, because
when non bonding electrons (n) of oxygen atom in the carboxylic group of tyrosyl residues bond with a proton
(H+
) the energy level of these non bonding electrons decreases, therefore it needs more energy (blue shift) (5)
. As
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shown in table (3.9) the blue shift increases with pH decrement because of increasing protonation of carboxylic
group according to the following order: 6.3 < 3.8 < 2.2. The intensity of absorption increases because tyrosyl
residues localized on the outer surface of hormone which increases the probability of interaction between the
radiation energy and the electronic system of tyrosyl residues (6)
. When the pH increases to (9.2, 12.6) there is a
significantblue shift in λ max1 (277.2, 271.6 nm respectively) this could be due to the deprotonation effect of the
solution.
ontryptophyl and it became buried inside the hormone structure so it needs more energy (blue shift) whereas
λmax2 has a significant red shift to (212.0, 215.4 nm respectively) with an increment in absorption intensity
(1.319, 1.484 respectively). This red shift is due to deprotonation which makes tyrosyl residues more exposes to
solvent so it needs lower energy (red shift) and increases the absorption intensity because the probability of
interaction between the radiation energy and the electronic system increases. λmax2 red shift increases in the
following pH order: 12.6 > 9.2 because of deprotonation increment (3,6)
.
2 - Effects of Different Halids:
The effects of (0.01M) of different sodium halids on hGH spectrum were examined.
As shown in table (3.12) for λmax1 (for tryptophyl residues) there was an increment in the blue shift
while the intensity decreased, on the other hand there was an increment in the red shift for λ max2 (for tyroyl
residues) with a decrement in the absorption intensity in the salt solution according to the following order:
Decrement in absorption intensity for both λmax1, λ max2
Table (2) pH effects on UV. spectrum of hGH
pH λmax1 λmax2 (nm) Abs1 Abs2
2.2
3.8
6.3
7.4
9.2
12.6
280 205.0
280 209.2
280 209.6
280 210.0
277.2 212.0
271.6 215.4
0.060 1.118
0.150 1.498
0.035 0.298
0.030 0.390
0.036 1.319
0.048 1.484
The blue shift in λmax1 occurs because the diffusion of double layer of charged particales (like salts)
will tend to shield the charged species that is localized on the hormones surface, therefore n П* transition in
tryptophyl residues need more energy to occur (blue shift). This blue shift increases according to previous order
because of ionic radius of halid ions increase as in the following order: I-
> Br -
>Cl-
> F-
,so when ionic radius
increases the shield of charged species increases which makes them need more energy (increment in blue shift),
and the absorption intensity decreases because the interaction between radiation energy and electron system
decreases because of the ionic
The red shift in λmax2 occurs because in aqueous solutions containing added salts the polarity increases
which makes the polar groups (tyrosyl residues) become on the hormone surface and in contact with polar
solvent so the energy level of П* orbital decreases therefore П П* transition in tyrosine needs lower energy
(red shift). This red shift increases when polarity increases according to the previous order. Also red shift
increment associated with absorption intensity decrement because of ionic radius increment (6, 7)
.
These results revealed that the tryptophyl residues were buried inside the hormone molecule while
tyrosyl residues were on the surface.
Table (3) Effects of Halides on hGH UV. Spectrum.
salts λmax1 λmax2 Abs1 Abs2
hGH in buffer of
pH (7.4)
280.0 210.0 0.953 1.984
NaF
Nacl
NaBr
NaI
278.2 229.8
277.8 231.4
276.4 239.8
275.6 241.4
0.912 1.824
0.884 1.681
0.822 0.698
0.920 0.685
NaI>NaBr>NaCl>Naf
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3 - Effects of Divalent Cations:
Several divalent cations had been used to study their action on hGH spectrum, these cations include Ca+2
,
Mg+2
, Zn+2
and Cu+2
in a concentration of (25 mM). hGH spectrums are shown in figures (3.43 – 3.46).As
shown in table (3.13) there were a blue shift and absorbance decrement in λmax1 for tryptophenyl residues
(except in CuSo4 there is a significant red shift) whereas λmax2 for tyrosyl residues shifts to a longer wave
length (red shift) (exception CuSo4 λmax2 disappears). The red and blue shifts with their absorbance decreases
in divalent salts solutions according to the following order: CaCl2> Mg Cl2> ZnSO4. The blue shift of λmax1 is
due to hydration and little destabilization of a few weak interactions of hGH which makes tryptophenyl residues
buried more inside the hormone (in the non polar region) because of hydrophopic effects of solution which
forcing them inside therefore it needs more energy (blue shift) and the absorbance decreases because of the
same effect. The hydration and destabilization of hGH which causes this λmax1 blue shift increases according to
the previous order because these two effects are higher in CaCl2 than in MgCl2 than in ZnSO4
(8, 9)
. The shifts of
λmax1 to a longer wavelength (red shift) in CuSO4 solution is due to denaturation of hGH because Cu+2
ions
form a coordination complex with the nitrogen atoms of four peptide bonds, see figure (3.47) (10)
, therefore the
tryptophenyl residues appear on the hormone surface which make them expose to solvent and need much lower
energy (red shift ) and absorbance increment whereas λmax2 disappears in CuSo4also because of changing in the
tertiary structure of hGH which makes tyrosyl residues buried inside the hormone and do not expose to solvents
therefore λmax2 disappears (10)
.
Figure (1) Cu+2
– protein Complex.
The significant red shift in λmax2 is due to hydration which makes tyrosyl residues more expose to
solvents therefore λmax2 shifts to a longer wavelength (red shift) this red shift and the absorbance decreases
when hydration decreases according to the previous order (11)
.
Table (4) Effects of Divalent Cations on hGH UV. Spectrum.
salts λmax1 λmax2 Abs1 Abs2
hGH in buffer
of pH (7.4)
280.0 210.0 0.030 0.390
CaCl2
MgCl2
ZnSO2
CuSO4
277.0 230.8
277.8 230.2
278.0 230.0
310.4
1.157 1.884
1.036 1.867
0.888 1.794
2.596
4- Effects of Urea and KCl:
The effects of urea 8M and KCL 0.03 M and a mix of (50:50) of urea 8 M and KCl 0.03 M at pH
(7.4) on hGH spectrum were examined in this experiment. Figures (3.48 – 3.50) show hGH spectrums. As
shown in table (3.14) in urea there is a blue shift in λmax1 for tryptophyl residues to (276.2 nm) because urea is
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 20 40 60 80
a chaotropic agent that causes hGH denaturation by solvating the non polar groups in the interior of the
hormone. The urea molecules disrupt the hydrophobic interactions that normally stabilize the native
conformation and form a random coil. In this denature conformation the tryptophyl were more buried inside
hGH therefore it needs more energy (blue shift) whereas λmax2 for tyrosyl residues shifts to a longer
wavelength (red shift) because tyrosyl residues become on the outer surface of hormone and more expose to
solvents therefore it needs lower energy (red shift), this red shift accompanied by increment in absorption
intensity as compared to λmax2 absorbance in phosphate buffer of pH = 7.4, this increment is due to increase
interaction between radiation energy and electron system of tyrosyl residues because they localized on the outer
surface of hGH(5, 6)
. In KCl solution as shown in table (3.14) there was an increment in blue shift for λmax1 to
(275.2 nm) as compared to that in urea, because there was no conformational change in hGH structure in KCl
solution but the blue shift in λmax1 was due to hydrophobic effect of solution which buried the non polar groups
(tryptophenyl residues) inside the hormone so they need higher energy (blue shift) whereas the polar groups
(tyrosyl residues) become more reveal on the outer surface and surround by positive (K+
) or negative (Cl-
)
charges near the amide group of the chromophore (tyrosyl residues) which might interact with П electron
system of amide group, this interaction increases the stability of П* electrons therefore it needs so lower energy
and this causes a significant red shift in λmax2 to (243.0 nm) accompanied by absorbance increment as
compared to that in phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) (7, 12)
.
In the mixed solution of urea and KCl (50:50) there was a blue shift in λmax1 to (277.6 nm) with
absorbance increment and red shift in λmax2 to (239.0 nm) with absorbance increment. The blue shift and red
shift were due to changes in tertiary structure of the hormone because of hydrophobic effect which was buried
the tryptophyl residues so the blue shift in λmax1 occurs and revealed the tyrosyl residues so the red shift in
λmax2 occurs accompanied by significant absorbance increment (2.211)(5,6)
.
The results of this experiment show that changes in absorption near 230 nm were larger than those near
280 nm. This agreed with Glazer (1978) who noted that solvent perturbation or denaturation of protein produces
much larger changes in absorption near 230 nm than 280 nm. Some of these changes in absorption may be
produced by changes in n П* absorption or because of changing in the protein geometrical arrangement or
because of environmental changes (12)
.
5 - Effect of different temperature on helix – coil transition of hGH:
The effect of different concentrations of NaCl on thermal stability of hGH macromolecule was
examined in this experiment. The value of absorbance (A) at λ max (292,295 nm) for tryptophyl and tyrosyl
residues respectively in NaCl (0.1 M and 0.01 M)in 20 % ethylenglycol buffer at different temperatures (30, 40,
50, 60, 70 c˚) are shown in figures (3.51, 3.52).
As shown in these figures the absorbance of both tryptophyl (λ max = 292 nm) and tyrosyl (λ max =
295 nm) increase with temperature increment for both concentrations of NaCl reaching the highest absorbance
at 70c˚. The high temperature disrupts the chemical links that hold hormones three – dimensional shape this
causes unfolding of hGH and loss of its shape (13)
. In this unfolding shape the buried chromophores in the native
hGH become exposed to the solvent which leads to increment in the absorbance of both tryptophyl and tyrosyl
residues at 70c˚ in both concentrations (14)
. The decrement in absorbance occurs because the unfold hormone
will refold in NaCl / Ethylen glycol buffer and then unfold again till the hydrogen bonds that responsible for
holding the helical conformation of hGH degrade and hGH becomes insoluble at more than 80c˚ (15,16,17)
. As
shown in figures (3.51, 3.52) the absorbance in. 0.1 M NaCl is lower than in 0.01 M of NaCl this could due to
the shielding effect of NaCl which may causes this decrement (18)
.
Figure (3.51) Different temperature effects on: hGH absorbance at (292, 295 nm) in 0.01 M NaCl.
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
6. Structural and Spectroscopical Studies for a Complex Macromolecule (hGH)
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Figure (3.52) Different temperature effects on: hGH absorbance at (292, 295 nm) in 0.1 M NaCl.
IV. Conclusions
The UV. studies on hGH macromolecules revealed that the hormone affected by chemical reagents
which changed its conformation and folding. These studies helped in discovering what could happen to GH
molecule when the biochemistry of body changed because of diabetes. The results revealed that tryptophyl
residues were inside the hormone and tyrosyl residues were on the surface.
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