The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of a novel glycerol-based non-ionic gemini surfactant. Glycerol was first esterified with cotton seed oil, then reacted with 1,2,7,8-diepoxideoctane to form the gemini surfactant. The surfactant was characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and SEM. Testing showed the surfactant had good solubilization and wetting properties.
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Uv radiation assisted photocatalytic transformation of azo dye direct yellow 9eSAT Journals
1. The document summarizes research on using a methylene blue immobilized resin (MBIR) Dowex-11 photocatalyst to transform the azo dye Direct Yellow-9 via UV-assisted photocatalysis.
2. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for dye transformation, which achieved 94.60% transformation within 160 minutes. The process followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.43*10-2 min-1.
3. The research concludes that MBIR Dowex-11 is a low-cost, highly active photocatalyst that can efficiently catalyze the decolorization of azo dyes like Direct Yellow-9 via generation of reactive oxygen species
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
This document summarizes research on using magnetic nanoparticle-impregnated wheat straw (Fe3O4-MWS) for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
- Fe3O4-MWS was synthesized and characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR. SEM showed nano-Fe3O4 well dispersed on wheat straw. XRD and FTIR confirmed nano-Fe3O4 loading.
- Adsorption tests examined the effects of parameters like contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH. Pseudo-second order kinetics and Sips isotherm model best fit the data.
- Maximum adsorption capacity was
Physical and Magnetic Properties of Manganese Ferrite NanoparticlesIJERA Editor
In this paper, manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method and characterized by XRD and TEM to determine different properties of nanoparticles. The results obtained showed the formation of manganese ferrite nanoparticles with an average particle size are in good agreement with previous reported experimental results and displayed good magnetic properties. Magnetic properties was determined using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM). Due to simplicity and low cost of this process, it could be used for synthesis of ferrites nanoparticles. These materials may be used in drug delivery systems, electronic devices and water remediation.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study investigating the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The palm kernel shell was carbonized and activated to produce porous activated carbon. Testing showed the activated carbon had a surface area of 127 m2/g and micropore volume of 0.11 cm3/g. Adsorption experiments were conducted with methylene blue solutions and found that 94-80% of the dye was adsorbed within 10 minutes, with maximum adsorption reached at 50 minutes. Equilibrium adsorption data fit well to the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.22 mg/g predicted by the model
This document describes a method for determining the presence of icing inhibitors ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME) in groundwater contaminated with jet fuel JP-8 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 100mL groundwater samples were extracted twice with methylene chloride after adding sodium chloride and internal standards. The extracts were analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. The method achieved detection limits of 0.8ng/mL and 0.5ng/mL for EGME and DEGME, respectively, and recoveries of about 50% from spiked samples. The presence of these icing inhibitors can be used
Kocuria marina DAGII, a carotenoid producing bacterium, was able to decolorize the toxic triphenyl methane dye malachite green (MG). Experiments showed that MG decolorization decreased with higher initial MG concentrations and increased with higher inoculum sizes of K. marina. Statistical analysis indicated the initial MG concentration had a more significant effect on decolorization than inoculum size. The bacterium's carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin may be involved in the decolorization process.
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Uv radiation assisted photocatalytic transformation of azo dye direct yellow 9eSAT Journals
1. The document summarizes research on using a methylene blue immobilized resin (MBIR) Dowex-11 photocatalyst to transform the azo dye Direct Yellow-9 via UV-assisted photocatalysis.
2. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for dye transformation, which achieved 94.60% transformation within 160 minutes. The process followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.43*10-2 min-1.
3. The research concludes that MBIR Dowex-11 is a low-cost, highly active photocatalyst that can efficiently catalyze the decolorization of azo dyes like Direct Yellow-9 via generation of reactive oxygen species
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
This document summarizes research on using magnetic nanoparticle-impregnated wheat straw (Fe3O4-MWS) for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
- Fe3O4-MWS was synthesized and characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR. SEM showed nano-Fe3O4 well dispersed on wheat straw. XRD and FTIR confirmed nano-Fe3O4 loading.
- Adsorption tests examined the effects of parameters like contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH. Pseudo-second order kinetics and Sips isotherm model best fit the data.
- Maximum adsorption capacity was
Physical and Magnetic Properties of Manganese Ferrite NanoparticlesIJERA Editor
In this paper, manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method and characterized by XRD and TEM to determine different properties of nanoparticles. The results obtained showed the formation of manganese ferrite nanoparticles with an average particle size are in good agreement with previous reported experimental results and displayed good magnetic properties. Magnetic properties was determined using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM). Due to simplicity and low cost of this process, it could be used for synthesis of ferrites nanoparticles. These materials may be used in drug delivery systems, electronic devices and water remediation.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study investigating the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The palm kernel shell was carbonized and activated to produce porous activated carbon. Testing showed the activated carbon had a surface area of 127 m2/g and micropore volume of 0.11 cm3/g. Adsorption experiments were conducted with methylene blue solutions and found that 94-80% of the dye was adsorbed within 10 minutes, with maximum adsorption reached at 50 minutes. Equilibrium adsorption data fit well to the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.22 mg/g predicted by the model
This document describes a method for determining the presence of icing inhibitors ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME) in groundwater contaminated with jet fuel JP-8 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 100mL groundwater samples were extracted twice with methylene chloride after adding sodium chloride and internal standards. The extracts were analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. The method achieved detection limits of 0.8ng/mL and 0.5ng/mL for EGME and DEGME, respectively, and recoveries of about 50% from spiked samples. The presence of these icing inhibitors can be used
Kocuria marina DAGII, a carotenoid producing bacterium, was able to decolorize the toxic triphenyl methane dye malachite green (MG). Experiments showed that MG decolorization decreased with higher initial MG concentrations and increased with higher inoculum sizes of K. marina. Statistical analysis indicated the initial MG concentration had a more significant effect on decolorization than inoculum size. The bacterium's carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin may be involved in the decolorization process.
Polypyrrole/PZT Thermistor: An Effective pre-cursor towards sensor designIJERA Editor
Pristine Polypyrrole was prepared by employing inverse emulsion polymerization technique using
Methanesulfonic acid as a dopant and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant. Oxidizing agent used was
Potassium Persulfate. An attempt was made to formulate a Polypyrrole device by blending Polypyrrole with
Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) piezoceramic powder which showed characteristics akin to a Thermistor thereby
formulating its use as a pre-cursor to a temperature sensor upon Current vs. Voltage as well as Temperature vs.
Conductivity studies. Characterization studies of Polypyrrole/PZT blends using Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectra, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies yielded satisfactory and confirmatory
results. Extensive conductivity studies were carried out from 298 K - 383 K and Conductivity as high as 3.97
S•cm-1 was obtained at a surfactant and dopant concentration of 9.0 g and 11.0 g respectively. Liquid Phase
Sintering of Ppy/PZT blends with Tin (Sn) metal powder offers exciting opportunity towards formulation of a
temperature sensor, the diffusivity studies of which are still underway.
Zinc oxide nanoparticle embedded in activated silica (ZnO-NPs-AS-Ai) as adsorbent
with nano cube shape were synthesized from leaf extract of Acalypha indica via green
method. Adsorbent were characterized using SEM, XRD EDAX and FT-IR. Exploration
shows that the adsorbent is nano cube shape with an average size of 80 nm with elemental
composition of zinc, oxygen and silica with Secondary amine at 2357 cm-1 and Olefinic
compound at 1600-1450 cm-1. The percentage of As (III) removal was very significant at
0.03ppm with arsenic removal of 79.47 to 96.19% with 2g adsorbent dosage at a pH of 6
with a contact time of 60 min and at an agitation speed of 300rpm. Results showed that
the adsorption process by ZnO-NPs-AS-Ai is monolayer chemisorptions. This research
uses existing principles of green chemistry to combat agricultural land contaminated with
arsenic (III) by bioremediation of water to prevent biological magnification.
Role of mixed ligand Pd(II) and Pt(II)complexes in photooxygenation reactionIOSR Journals
Mixed ligand complexes of the formula [M (phen) bdt] where M= Pd (II) or Pt(II), phen =1,10-phenanthroline and bdt =1,2-benzenedithiolate have been synthesized and studied as photosensitizers of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) production. It was observed that, Pt (II) complex shows a better photosensitizing ability as compared to its Pd (II) analogue. However, both Pd (II) and Pt (II) complexes act as chemical quenchers of 1O2, resulting in their photooxidation shown by decay of the respective complex. ThusPt (II) complex undergoes selfsensitizedphotooxidation by 1O2. The solvent dependence of this reaction is undertaken by performing the experiment using pure DMF(dimethyl formamide)and 10% H2O in DMF as solvent. The comparison of rate of decay of the Pt(II)and Pd(II) complexes show enhancement of the reaction in presence of water. The decay of the complex was monitored by recording the difference absorption spectra of the complex in the visible region after definite irradiation times. Involvement of 1O2 is further supported by quenching studies of this reaction using NaN3 as physical quencher of 1O2.
This document describes a study that used the organic reagent 4-[N-(5-methyl isoxazol-3-yl)benzene sulfonamide azo]-1- Naphthol to extract cerium(III) ions (Ce3+) from an aqueous solution through solvent extraction. Extraction experiments determined the optimal conditions were a pH of 9, a shaking time of 10 minutes, and a Ce3+ ion concentration of 100 micrograms in the aqueous phase. Organic solvent studies showed chloroform gave the highest distribution ratio values for Ce3+ extraction, though dielectric constant did not linearly correlate with extraction among solvents tested. Stoichiometric studies indicated the extracted ion pair complex had a probable 1:
Isotopic Abundance Analysis of Biofield Treated Benzene, Toluene and p-Xylene...wilhelm mendel
Benzene, toluene and p-xylene are derivatives of benzene, generally produced from crude petroleum and have numerous applications in industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on isotopic abundance of these benzene derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Benzene, toluene and p-xylene samples were divided into two parts: control and treatment. Control part was remained as untreated and treatment part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment. Control and treated samples were characterized using GC-MS. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of 13C/12C or 2H/1H (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were significantly increased from un-substituted to substituted benzene rings (where, PM- primary molecule, PM+1- isotopic molecule either for 13C/12C and/or 2H/1H). The isotopic abundance ratio of 13C/12C or 2H/1H (PM+1/PM) in benzene was decreased significantly by 42.14% as compared to control. However, the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) in treated toluene and p-xylene was significantly increased up to 531.61% and 134.34% respectively as compared to their respective control. Thus, overall data suggest that biofield treatment has significantly altered the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) in a different way for un-substituted and substituted benzenes.
This document describes the preparation and characterization of Fe3+-doped ZnO nanoparticles for use in decolorizing the azo dye Acid Red 14. Fe3+-doped ZnO was prepared using an ultrasound-assisted impregnation method, doping ZnO with 2 wt% Fe(III) over 1 hour of sonication. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, particle size analysis, BET surface area, FE-SEM, and VSM showed the Fe3+ ions were successfully doped into the ZnO lattice without changing its wurtzite crystal structure. Decolorization experiments using the Fe-doped ZnO showed it had higher reaction rates than pure ZnO for decolorizing Ac
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
IRJET - Factorial Optimization and Peri-Kinetics of Pharmaceutical Effluent C...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization and kinetics of coag-flocculation of pharmaceutical industry effluent using Pleurotus tuberregium sclerotium tuber. Key findings include:
1) The optimal coag-flocculation conditions for maximum TDSS removal were determined to be pH 13, coagulant dosage of 0.3g/l, and settling time of 40 minutes, achieving 98.68% removal efficiency.
2) Kinetic models were developed and applied to experimental data to determine aggregation rate constant (K) and coagulation period (τ1/2), with maximum values of 2.491E-04 l/g.min and 7E-02 min respectively.
3
This document describes a study that developed a novel method for synthesizing 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives using solid silica-based sulfonic acid as a heterogeneous reusable catalyst. The method has advantages such as high yields, cleaner reactions, simple methodology, easy work-up, and greener conditions. The catalyst is easily prepared, stable up to 300°C, reusable, and efficient under reaction conditions. The study evaluated different catalysts and reaction temperatures to optimize the process. The optimized method uses dimedone, phthalhydrazide, an aromatic aldehyde, and solid silica-based sulfonic acid at 100°C to produce the desired products in
This document describes a study on using a solid silica-based sulfonic acid catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives. Key points:
1) A novel and efficient one-pot method is reported that uses a solid silica-based sulfonic acid heterogeneous and reusable catalyst under thermal and solvent-free conditions.
2) This method has advantages of high yields, a cleaner reaction, simple methodology, easy work-up and greener conditions.
3) The catalyst is easily prepared, stable up to 300°C, reusable and efficient under the reaction conditions studied.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
A facile and efficient synthesis of some odorant Schiff bases using microwave...Pawan Kumar
Three odorant Schiff bases of methylanthranilate, an aroma constituent of blossom essential oils, with naturally occurring
odorant aldehydes- anisaldehyde, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde employing microwave (MW) irradiation method were
synthesized. Elemental and spectral (FT-IR, 1H-NMR) analysis of these compounds supported their molecular structures.
Olfactory properties of these Schiff bases indicated their suitability for use in various fragrance compositions. These
compounds also showed varied antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli.
The document investigates how catalyst amount, reaction temperature, and methanol/oil molar ratio affect the yield of soybean oil transesterification assisted by ultrasonic mixing and closed microwave irradiation. The optimal levels were found to be 1.0 wt% catalyst, 333 K temperature, and a 6:1 molar ratio, achieving a 97.49% yield. Statistical analysis confirmed all three factors significantly impacted the yield.
Structural and Spectroscopical Studies for a Complex Macromolecule (hGH)IOSR Journals
This document describes a study examining the effects of various environmental factors on the tertiary structure of human growth hormone (hGH) using UV spectroscopy. The factors investigated include pH, ionic strength using halides and divalent cations, temperature, and denaturants like urea. The results show that tryptophan residues are buried inside the hGH structure while tyrosine residues are on the surface. Changes in pH, salts, and other conditions cause shifts in the UV absorption peaks, indicating alterations in hGH structure. The study provides insights into how hGH conformation responds to biochemical changes in the body.
This document describes the preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method by adding sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) to chitosan solution. Different concentrations of chitosan and TPP were tested to determine optimal conditions for nanoparticle formation. Nanoparticles with average sizes ranging from 168-682 nm were successfully produced. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. UV-Vis analysis showed an absorption peak at 226 nm. FTIR, DLS, and SEM confirmed the formation of stable, spherical chitosan nanoparticles in the 200 nm size range.
Degradation of Paracetamol by Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Processe...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu *, M.L.Veciana**, M.D.G. de Luna*** * Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan **Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Phi for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
chitosan nanoparticles synthesis and application in various fields i.e. biocompatible fruit preservatives, water treatment with non toxic substrate, cotton functionalization, etc.
This document describes a study comparing the acetylation of cellulose extracted from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehn wood using microwave irradiation versus conventional heating. Cellulose was acetylated using acetic anhydride with pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was performed using microwave irradiation for 6 hours and conventional heating for 7 hours. The acetylated products were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that microwave irradiation led to a faster and cleaner reaction compared to conventional heating. Microwave irradiation is proposed as a more efficient method for acetylating cellulose.
Obama vs. The Affordable Care Act? Social Media Explains Why W2O Group
- Over the past year there have been over 8.5 million mentions discussing the Affordable Care Act across various online platforms like Twitter, forums and news sites.
- More than half of the conversation about the Affordable Care Act is negative, reflecting conservative opposition and public perception, and conversation that includes mentions of "Obamacare" is almost twice as negative.
- Three-fourths of the conversation originates from Twitter, with the remaining conversation split between forums and news, and limited input from blogs.
The Loss Prevention Foundation has two online certification courses. The LPQ for first line LP supervisors and managers and the LPC for senior LP managers, directors and vice presidents. This presentation shows how easy it is to interact with our online course media.
Hunter hayes contest terms and conditions (updated)DeezerSG
The document outlines the terms and conditions of a competition hosted by Deezer to win concert tickets. Key details include:
- The competition is open to Singapore residents over 18 years old from July 9-15 2014.
- Entrants must register on Deezer.com during this period for a chance to win 1 of 5 pairs of tickets to a Hunter Hayes concert on July 17, 2014.
- Winners will be selected randomly and notified by email by June 15, 2014. They will have 24 hours to confirm acceptance of the prize.
Polypyrrole/PZT Thermistor: An Effective pre-cursor towards sensor designIJERA Editor
Pristine Polypyrrole was prepared by employing inverse emulsion polymerization technique using
Methanesulfonic acid as a dopant and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant. Oxidizing agent used was
Potassium Persulfate. An attempt was made to formulate a Polypyrrole device by blending Polypyrrole with
Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) piezoceramic powder which showed characteristics akin to a Thermistor thereby
formulating its use as a pre-cursor to a temperature sensor upon Current vs. Voltage as well as Temperature vs.
Conductivity studies. Characterization studies of Polypyrrole/PZT blends using Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectra, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies yielded satisfactory and confirmatory
results. Extensive conductivity studies were carried out from 298 K - 383 K and Conductivity as high as 3.97
S•cm-1 was obtained at a surfactant and dopant concentration of 9.0 g and 11.0 g respectively. Liquid Phase
Sintering of Ppy/PZT blends with Tin (Sn) metal powder offers exciting opportunity towards formulation of a
temperature sensor, the diffusivity studies of which are still underway.
Zinc oxide nanoparticle embedded in activated silica (ZnO-NPs-AS-Ai) as adsorbent
with nano cube shape were synthesized from leaf extract of Acalypha indica via green
method. Adsorbent were characterized using SEM, XRD EDAX and FT-IR. Exploration
shows that the adsorbent is nano cube shape with an average size of 80 nm with elemental
composition of zinc, oxygen and silica with Secondary amine at 2357 cm-1 and Olefinic
compound at 1600-1450 cm-1. The percentage of As (III) removal was very significant at
0.03ppm with arsenic removal of 79.47 to 96.19% with 2g adsorbent dosage at a pH of 6
with a contact time of 60 min and at an agitation speed of 300rpm. Results showed that
the adsorption process by ZnO-NPs-AS-Ai is monolayer chemisorptions. This research
uses existing principles of green chemistry to combat agricultural land contaminated with
arsenic (III) by bioremediation of water to prevent biological magnification.
Role of mixed ligand Pd(II) and Pt(II)complexes in photooxygenation reactionIOSR Journals
Mixed ligand complexes of the formula [M (phen) bdt] where M= Pd (II) or Pt(II), phen =1,10-phenanthroline and bdt =1,2-benzenedithiolate have been synthesized and studied as photosensitizers of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) production. It was observed that, Pt (II) complex shows a better photosensitizing ability as compared to its Pd (II) analogue. However, both Pd (II) and Pt (II) complexes act as chemical quenchers of 1O2, resulting in their photooxidation shown by decay of the respective complex. ThusPt (II) complex undergoes selfsensitizedphotooxidation by 1O2. The solvent dependence of this reaction is undertaken by performing the experiment using pure DMF(dimethyl formamide)and 10% H2O in DMF as solvent. The comparison of rate of decay of the Pt(II)and Pd(II) complexes show enhancement of the reaction in presence of water. The decay of the complex was monitored by recording the difference absorption spectra of the complex in the visible region after definite irradiation times. Involvement of 1O2 is further supported by quenching studies of this reaction using NaN3 as physical quencher of 1O2.
This document describes a study that used the organic reagent 4-[N-(5-methyl isoxazol-3-yl)benzene sulfonamide azo]-1- Naphthol to extract cerium(III) ions (Ce3+) from an aqueous solution through solvent extraction. Extraction experiments determined the optimal conditions were a pH of 9, a shaking time of 10 minutes, and a Ce3+ ion concentration of 100 micrograms in the aqueous phase. Organic solvent studies showed chloroform gave the highest distribution ratio values for Ce3+ extraction, though dielectric constant did not linearly correlate with extraction among solvents tested. Stoichiometric studies indicated the extracted ion pair complex had a probable 1:
Isotopic Abundance Analysis of Biofield Treated Benzene, Toluene and p-Xylene...wilhelm mendel
Benzene, toluene and p-xylene are derivatives of benzene, generally produced from crude petroleum and have numerous applications in industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on isotopic abundance of these benzene derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Benzene, toluene and p-xylene samples were divided into two parts: control and treatment. Control part was remained as untreated and treatment part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment. Control and treated samples were characterized using GC-MS. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of 13C/12C or 2H/1H (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were significantly increased from un-substituted to substituted benzene rings (where, PM- primary molecule, PM+1- isotopic molecule either for 13C/12C and/or 2H/1H). The isotopic abundance ratio of 13C/12C or 2H/1H (PM+1/PM) in benzene was decreased significantly by 42.14% as compared to control. However, the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) in treated toluene and p-xylene was significantly increased up to 531.61% and 134.34% respectively as compared to their respective control. Thus, overall data suggest that biofield treatment has significantly altered the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) in a different way for un-substituted and substituted benzenes.
This document describes the preparation and characterization of Fe3+-doped ZnO nanoparticles for use in decolorizing the azo dye Acid Red 14. Fe3+-doped ZnO was prepared using an ultrasound-assisted impregnation method, doping ZnO with 2 wt% Fe(III) over 1 hour of sonication. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, particle size analysis, BET surface area, FE-SEM, and VSM showed the Fe3+ ions were successfully doped into the ZnO lattice without changing its wurtzite crystal structure. Decolorization experiments using the Fe-doped ZnO showed it had higher reaction rates than pure ZnO for decolorizing Ac
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
IRJET - Factorial Optimization and Peri-Kinetics of Pharmaceutical Effluent C...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization and kinetics of coag-flocculation of pharmaceutical industry effluent using Pleurotus tuberregium sclerotium tuber. Key findings include:
1) The optimal coag-flocculation conditions for maximum TDSS removal were determined to be pH 13, coagulant dosage of 0.3g/l, and settling time of 40 minutes, achieving 98.68% removal efficiency.
2) Kinetic models were developed and applied to experimental data to determine aggregation rate constant (K) and coagulation period (τ1/2), with maximum values of 2.491E-04 l/g.min and 7E-02 min respectively.
3
This document describes a study that developed a novel method for synthesizing 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives using solid silica-based sulfonic acid as a heterogeneous reusable catalyst. The method has advantages such as high yields, cleaner reactions, simple methodology, easy work-up, and greener conditions. The catalyst is easily prepared, stable up to 300°C, reusable, and efficient under reaction conditions. The study evaluated different catalysts and reaction temperatures to optimize the process. The optimized method uses dimedone, phthalhydrazide, an aromatic aldehyde, and solid silica-based sulfonic acid at 100°C to produce the desired products in
This document describes a study on using a solid silica-based sulfonic acid catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives. Key points:
1) A novel and efficient one-pot method is reported that uses a solid silica-based sulfonic acid heterogeneous and reusable catalyst under thermal and solvent-free conditions.
2) This method has advantages of high yields, a cleaner reaction, simple methodology, easy work-up and greener conditions.
3) The catalyst is easily prepared, stable up to 300°C, reusable and efficient under the reaction conditions studied.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
A facile and efficient synthesis of some odorant Schiff bases using microwave...Pawan Kumar
Three odorant Schiff bases of methylanthranilate, an aroma constituent of blossom essential oils, with naturally occurring
odorant aldehydes- anisaldehyde, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde employing microwave (MW) irradiation method were
synthesized. Elemental and spectral (FT-IR, 1H-NMR) analysis of these compounds supported their molecular structures.
Olfactory properties of these Schiff bases indicated their suitability for use in various fragrance compositions. These
compounds also showed varied antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli.
The document investigates how catalyst amount, reaction temperature, and methanol/oil molar ratio affect the yield of soybean oil transesterification assisted by ultrasonic mixing and closed microwave irradiation. The optimal levels were found to be 1.0 wt% catalyst, 333 K temperature, and a 6:1 molar ratio, achieving a 97.49% yield. Statistical analysis confirmed all three factors significantly impacted the yield.
Structural and Spectroscopical Studies for a Complex Macromolecule (hGH)IOSR Journals
This document describes a study examining the effects of various environmental factors on the tertiary structure of human growth hormone (hGH) using UV spectroscopy. The factors investigated include pH, ionic strength using halides and divalent cations, temperature, and denaturants like urea. The results show that tryptophan residues are buried inside the hGH structure while tyrosine residues are on the surface. Changes in pH, salts, and other conditions cause shifts in the UV absorption peaks, indicating alterations in hGH structure. The study provides insights into how hGH conformation responds to biochemical changes in the body.
This document describes the preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method by adding sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) to chitosan solution. Different concentrations of chitosan and TPP were tested to determine optimal conditions for nanoparticle formation. Nanoparticles with average sizes ranging from 168-682 nm were successfully produced. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. UV-Vis analysis showed an absorption peak at 226 nm. FTIR, DLS, and SEM confirmed the formation of stable, spherical chitosan nanoparticles in the 200 nm size range.
Degradation of Paracetamol by Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Processe...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu *, M.L.Veciana**, M.D.G. de Luna*** * Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan **Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Phi for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
chitosan nanoparticles synthesis and application in various fields i.e. biocompatible fruit preservatives, water treatment with non toxic substrate, cotton functionalization, etc.
This document describes a study comparing the acetylation of cellulose extracted from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehn wood using microwave irradiation versus conventional heating. Cellulose was acetylated using acetic anhydride with pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was performed using microwave irradiation for 6 hours and conventional heating for 7 hours. The acetylated products were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that microwave irradiation led to a faster and cleaner reaction compared to conventional heating. Microwave irradiation is proposed as a more efficient method for acetylating cellulose.
Obama vs. The Affordable Care Act? Social Media Explains Why W2O Group
- Over the past year there have been over 8.5 million mentions discussing the Affordable Care Act across various online platforms like Twitter, forums and news sites.
- More than half of the conversation about the Affordable Care Act is negative, reflecting conservative opposition and public perception, and conversation that includes mentions of "Obamacare" is almost twice as negative.
- Three-fourths of the conversation originates from Twitter, with the remaining conversation split between forums and news, and limited input from blogs.
The Loss Prevention Foundation has two online certification courses. The LPQ for first line LP supervisors and managers and the LPC for senior LP managers, directors and vice presidents. This presentation shows how easy it is to interact with our online course media.
Hunter hayes contest terms and conditions (updated)DeezerSG
The document outlines the terms and conditions of a competition hosted by Deezer to win concert tickets. Key details include:
- The competition is open to Singapore residents over 18 years old from July 9-15 2014.
- Entrants must register on Deezer.com during this period for a chance to win 1 of 5 pairs of tickets to a Hunter Hayes concert on July 17, 2014.
- Winners will be selected randomly and notified by email by June 15, 2014. They will have 24 hours to confirm acceptance of the prize.
Local directional number pattern for face analysis face and expression recogn...IEEEFINALYEARPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of two routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) - AODV and TORA - under distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The paper simulates DDoS attacks on networks using the AODV and TORA protocols and compares their performance based on metrics like throughput, delay, network load, and packet delivery ratio. The simulation results indicate that while both protocols are affected by DDoS attacks, AODV experiences less severe performance degradation and is therefore more resilient to such attacks compared to TORA.
This document discusses calculating the minimum distance of a linear Q-ary code of length N. It proposes an algorithm that partitions the codewords based on their leftmost coordinate position. The set of codewords with a 0 in the leftmost position forms a subcode Co. Co is shown to be a Q-ary code of dimensions K-1. The cosets of C/Co then allow computing the minimum distance without using a parity check matrix. The method provides a way to construct a Q-ary code of length 2N and dimensions K with a computable minimum distance.
This document analyzes the issue of state creation in Nigeria and whether it has effectively resolved ethnic conflicts. It discusses how agitation for new states has occurred since the colonial period due to minority ethnic groups feeling marginalized. While many new states have been created since independence, the document aims to evaluate whether this has actually reduced conflicts or increased fractionalization of ethnic groups. The authors conducted a secondary source literature review and analysis to examine the mythology and reality of state creation in conflict resolution in Nigeria. They found that state creation has not resolved ethnic conflicts and has instead led to further division of ethnic groups. The government is suggested to promote true democracy and unity among Nigeria's diverse ethnicities.
This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Srinagar Kashmir. A total of 120 Kashmiri Type 2 diabetic patients and 30 normal controls were randomly selected. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by raised triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein and raised low density lipoprotein. Determination of serum lipid levels in people with diabetes is considered a standard of care because detection and treatment of dyslipidaemia is one means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk. The lipid profiles and lipoprotein levels of 120 known diabetic patients were studied. Total cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol’s (TG) Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were assayed for each group using standard biochemical methods. Dyslipidaemia was defined using the national cholesterol education programme – adult treatment panel III (NCEP-AT III) criteria. BMI and waist and hip circumferences were measured.
Security issues have become a major issue in recent years due to the advancement of technology in networking and its use in a destructive way. A number of Defence strategies have been devised to overcome the flooding attack which is prominent in the networking industry due to which depletion of resources Takes place. But these mechanism are not designed in an optimally and effectively and some of the issues have been unresolved. Hence in this paper we suggest a Game theory based strategy to create a series of Defence mechanisms using puzzles. Here the concept of Nash equilibrium is used to handle sophisticated flooding attack to defend distributed attacks from unknown number of sources
This study evaluated the frequency and distribution of HIV/AIDS cases in Vlora, Albania from September 2012 to 2013. A total of 28 HIV/AIDS cases were reported from 1994 to 2013 in Vlora, with the highest frequency (7 cases) occurring in 2012. In 2012, 6 of the 7 cases were male and 5 were infected through heterosexual transmission. From 2012-2013, 10 total cases were reported with the majority (71%) transmitting through heterosexual contact and 29% transmitting vertically. The study concluded HIV infection rates have increased in the Balkan region and surveillance and prevention programs need strengthening, especially for at-risk groups.
This summary analyzes the association between the BDNF gene variant (rs6265) and overweight/obesity in Malaysian adolescents. The study genotyped 564 adolescents of different ethnicities for the rs6265 variant. Carriage of the minor A allele was significantly associated with overweight/obesity and overfatness compared to the GG genotype. Physical activity levels were also significantly associated with the minor allele. This is the first study to find an association between this BDNF variant, physical activity, and obesity in a multi-ethnic Malaysian adolescent population.
This document summarizes a research study on the effects of Pakistan's 2006 Women Protection Bill on female higher education prospects. The bill aimed to strengthen women's rights in accordance with Islamic principles. Researchers interviewed 50 university teachers to understand the social, religious and legal contexts around women's rights in Pakistan and implications of the amended bill. They found that while the bill aimed to empower women, prevailing patriarchal attitudes still hindered women's development and equal treatment. Proper orientation was needed for both students and teachers on women's legal and religious rights.
This study examined the motives of 150 physical education students in India for choosing physical education as a career. The students were divided into three groups: 50 C.P.Ed. students, 50 B.P.Ed. students, and 50 M.P.Ed. students. The study found that M.P.Ed. students had higher intrinsic motives (such as self-realization and talent) and extrinsic motives (such as economic factors and status) for choosing physical education compared to B.P.Ed. and C.P.Ed. students. B.P.Ed. students also had higher intrinsic and extrinsic motives than C.P.Ed. students. However, the intrinsic and extrinsic motives
This research paper is on a study of how Zimbabwe can produce a democratic people-driven constitution as a permanent solution to the country's problems of poor governance, violent political conflicts, economic collapse, social disintegration, and international isolation. The purpose of the study was to explore a people-driven democratic constitution-making process that Zimbabweans want. Two groups of research units comprised of 1 120 individuals and 67 institutions were used. The inquiry discovered contextual meaning of six phenomena associated with a people-driven democratic constitution-making process. The study recommends a constitution-making process model that Zimbabwe should adopt to produce a people-driven constitution democratically.
This document discusses using machine learning clustering algorithms to analyze stock market data. It compares the K-means, COBWEB, DBSCAN, EM and OPTICS clustering algorithms in the WEKA tool on a stock market dataset containing 420 instances and 6 attributes. The K-means algorithm had the best performance with the lowest error and fastest runtime. It clustered the data into 4 groups in 0.16 seconds. The COBWEB algorithm clustered the data into 107 groups in 27.88 seconds. The DBSCAN algorithm found 21 clusters in 3.97 seconds. The paper concludes that K-means is best suited for stock market data mining applications due to its simplicity and speed compared to other algorithms.
This paper proposed a new sparce matrix converter with Z-source network to provide unity voltage transfer ratio. It is an ac-to-ac converter with diode-IGBT bidirectional switches. The limitations of existing matrix converter like higher current THD and less voltage transfer ratio issues are overcome by this proposed matrix converter by inserting a Z-source. Due to this Z-source current harmonics are totally removed. The simulation is performed for different frequencies. The simulation results are presented to verify the THD and voltage transfer ratio and compared with the existing virtual AC/DC/AC matrix converter. The experimental output voltage amplitude can be varied with the variable frequencies.
This document analyzes the implementation of UEFA's Financial Fair Play regulations using Manchester United as a case study. It examines Manchester United's financial statements from 2010-2013 and finds that the club was able to meet UEFA's standards. However, the club's high salaries and debt in relation to profitability and solvency need to be considered. UEFA introduced Financial Fair Play rules in 2011-2012 to reduce unreasonable club spending and prevent huge debt levels, ensuring funding comes from the club's own financial resources.
This document summarizes a study that used multivariate statistical analysis to assess water quality in the Chamera-I reservoir in India over a two-year period from 2010-2012. Water quality parameters were measured seasonally and subjected to cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and correlation and regression analysis. Cluster analysis identified two major clusters separating the rainy season from the other three seasons. Principal component analysis selected three variables accounting for 100% of the total variance in water quality over time. Correlation analysis identified significant linear relationships between various water quality parameters.
In this research paper, we have conducted work on modeling of local broker policy based on workload profile in Network cloud. For this we are using workload based applications. To handle workload based applications, two Scheduling Policies Random Non-overlap and Workload profile based be used. We compare these two scheduling policies based on three parameters Execution (mean) time, Response (mean) time and Waiting (mean) time. Workload based profile policy gave better results than Random-Non overlap policy in terms of time performance parameter.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Surfactant Derived from 5-Ch...IJERA Editor
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of a new cationic surfactant derived from 5-Chloro-1H-indole-2,3-dione. The surfactant was synthesized in two steps: first, 5-Chloroisatin was alkylated with 1,6-dibromohexane under phase transfer catalysis conditions. Second, the product was quaternized with trimethylamine in acetone solution. The structures were confirmed using NMR spectroscopy. The critical micelle concentration of the surfactant in water was determined to be 5.10-3 M using conductivity measurements at room temperature. In conclusion, a new cationic surfactant was successfully synthesized and its micell
Synthesis characterization and performance properties of glycerol based non i...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of a novel glycerol-based non-ionic gemini surfactant. Cotton seed oil and glycerol were reacted to form a glycerol ester, which was then reacted with 1,6-dibromohexane to form the gemini surfactant. The surfactant was characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Its properties, including surface tension, critical micelle concentration, foaming ability, emulsification, wetting, dispersion, contact angle and solubilization, were then evaluated.
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
The synthesis of polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters by esterification of polyoxychloropropylenetriepoxide by methacrylic acid has been carried out. It has been established that by varying the conditions of carrying out of the reaction, one can prepare, mainly, the mono-, di- and trimethacrylic oligoesters. On the basis of epoxy diane ED-20 and synthesized polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters as modifiers there have been prepared the self-extinction compositions, which after curing by N, N1–diaminodiphenylsulfone possess higher physical-mechanical, adhesion and heat-physical properties.
Visible light assisted photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using a graphene oxide...Pawan Kumar
A new heteroleptic ruthenium complex containing 2-thiophenyl benzimidazole ligands was synthesized using a microwave technique and was immobilized to graphene oxide via covalent attachment. The synthesized catalyst was used for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation without using a sacrificial agent, which gave 2050 μmol g−1 cat methanol after 24 h of irradiation
The document discusses improving the performance of photopolymer resins used in 3D printing through oxygen desensitization. It examines adding visco enhancers and antioxidants to photopolymer resins to protect the ruthenium catalyst from deactivating in the presence of oxygen. Testing found that increasing the resin viscosity by 30x improved its ambient lifespan by over 100x. Adding the antioxidant 4-methoxyphenol (MEHQ) at 0.1-0.2 wt.% also improved performance by 9x. Raman spectroscopy confirmed MEHQ was the most effective antioxidant at protecting the catalyst compared to others tested. The modifications aim to allow photopolymer resins to polymerize after longer exposures to ambient oxygen levels.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Biosorption of hg (ii) from aqueous solutions using butea monospermaeSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study investigating the use of Butea monosperma leaves powder (BMLP) for removing mercury from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to develop biosorption equilibrium isotherms and kinetics models. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherm models, with the Freundlich model providing the best fit. The maximum biosorption capacity from the Langmuir model was 62.235 mg/g. Kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second order model. The study shows that BMLP has potential for removing mercury from polluted waters.
Biosorption of hg (ii) from aqueous solutions using butea monospermaeSAT Journals
of using Butea monosperma leaves powder (BMLP) for the removal of
mercury from aqueous solution at the normal pH of the solution and at room temperature (30oC). Results show that BMLP has a good
biosorption capacity for mercury. The biosorption isotherms were analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin models. The
Freundlich model yielded the best fit for the experimental biosorption equilibrium data. The maximum monolayer biosorption
capacity as determined from the Langmuir model is 62.235 mg/g of biosorbent for initial concentration of 150 ppm mercury in the
solution. The biosorption energy, ΔQ indicates that the biosorption reaction was endothermic. The kinetic data fitted the Ho’s pseudosecond-
order model with correlation coefficient 0.9985 and 0.9620 for initial concentration of 100 ppm and 150 ppm mercury in the
solution. The studies suggest that the sorbent can be used for the removal of mercury from aqueous solutions.
Mixed Ligand, Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes of Tertiary Diphosphin...Karwan Omer
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized mixed ligand palladium(II), platinum(II) complexes with tertiary diphosphine and S-1H benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl benzothioate ligands. The complexes were synthesized in two steps, first forming metal complexes with tertiary diphosphines, then adding the S-1H benzimidazole ligand. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and X-ray crystallography. The results indicate the ligand bonds to the metal through the nitrogen atom and the complexes have square planar geometries.
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of a Schiff base ligand onto granulated initiated calcined Iraqi montmorillonite clay via columnar method. The ligand was synthesized from the condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. Adsorption experiments were conducted in columns packed with the clay at different pH levels, ligand concentrations, and contact times. The equilibrium adsorption data fit the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 5.7347 mg ligand per 1g clay. The highest removal rate of 75.7% occurred at pH 7. Kinetic data followed pseudo
Micellar Effect On Dephosphorylation Of Bis-4-Chloro-3,5-Dimethylphenylphosph...IOSR Journals
The rate enhancement depends on the hydrophobicity of the nucleophile. The micellar catalyzed reaction between bis-4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenylphosphate ester and hydroxide or hydroperoxide anions has been examined in buffered medium (pH 8-10). First order rate constant (Kψ) for the reaction of hydroxide ion with bis-4-CDMPP go through maxima with the increasing concentration of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTABr). Micelles of CTABr very effective catalyst to the reactions of phosphate diesters. Rate constants measured with OH2- ions are approximately twice and thrice than that of OH- ions in presence of CTABr.
Micellar Effect On Dephosphorylation Of Bis-4-Chloro-3,5-Dimethylphenylphosph...IOSR Journals
The rate enhancement depends on the hydrophobicity of the nucleophile. The micellar catalyzed reaction between bis-4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenylphosphate ester and hydroxide or hydroperoxide anions has been examined in buffered medium (pH 8-10). First order rate constant (Kψ) for the reaction of hydroxide ion with bis-4-CDMPP go through maxima with the increasing concentration of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTABr). Micelles of CTABr very effective catalyst to the reactions of phosphate diesters. Rate constants measured with OH2- ions are approximately twice and thrice than that of OH- ions in presence of CTABr.
SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite: A recoverable nano-catalyst for eco-friendly synth...Iranian Chemical Society
This document summarizes a study on the use of a SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite as a recoverable nano-catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of oximes from various carbonyl compounds. The nano composite was synthesized using a sol-gel method and characterized. It was found to efficiently promote the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding oximes within 10-15 minutes at 70-80°C. This protocol provides advantages such as short reaction times, high yields, applicability to various functional groups, and ability to selectively convert one carbonyl group in compounds containing multiple carbonyl groups. The nano composite could be recovered and reused multiple times without loss of activity.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
This document reviews recent developments in the diversity-oriented synthesis of heterocycles using multi-component reactions (MCRs). It provides examples of MCRs that construct 3 to 7-membered heterocyclic rings containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms of N, O, or S. The examples demonstrate how MCR conditions have improved over time, with reactions now occurring at room temperature rather than 360°C, in minutes rather than hours, and yielding products in nearly quantitative amounts. A variety of heterocycles can be synthesized through these efficient MCR approaches, including aziridines, azetidines, pyrroles, pyrrolidines, furans, indoles, pyrazoles, im
Equilibrium and Kinetics of Adsorption of Cationic Dyes by STISHOVITE Clay – ...IJMER
1. The study examines the adsorption of cationic dye methyl violet onto a stishovite-TiO2 nanocomposite adsorbent.
2. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of parameters like contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature.
3. Equilibrium data fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data followed pseudo-second order kinetics and the Elovich model, suggesting chemisorption.
Preparation characterization and conductivity studies of Nasicon systems Ag3-...iosrjce
Materials belonging to NASICON family of compositions Ag3-2xTaxIn2-x(PO4)3 ( x = 0.6,0.8 and 1.1)
are prepared by sol-gel method. Ethylene glycol is used as a gelating agent. All the compositions are
characterizedby powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy All these
phosphates are crystallized in rhombohedral lattice with space group R3c
. These compounds exhibit
characteristic PO4 vibrational modes in their FT-IR spectra. The dc conductivity of Ag3-2xTaxIn2-x(PO4)3 ( x =
0.6,0.8 and 1.1) was also investigated.
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2). Yellow nitrogen-doped TiO2 was prepared through a sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide and urea as precursors. Characterization with XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis showed the materials were crystalline anatase TiO2 with nitrogen doping extending light absorption into the visible range. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that nitrogen-doped TiO2 had higher activity for degrading the pesticide 2,4-D under visible light irradiation compared to undoped TiO2.
IRJET- Green Synthesis and Characterization of NanocompositesIRJET Journal
1) Researchers synthesized and characterized silver/zinc oxide nanocomposites using onion extract as a reducing agent.
2) The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized through various techniques including UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and XRD.
3) The results showed that the onion extract successfully reduced the metal ions and formed nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were confirmed to be on the nanoscale through characterization and were shown to have potential applications.
"Heart failure is a typical clinical accompanied by symptoms syndrome (e.g. shortness of breath, ankle swelling and fatigue) that lead to structural or functional abnormalities of the heart (e.g. high venous pressure, pulmonary edema and peripheral edema).
In recent years, the significant role of B-type natriuretic peptide has been revealed in the pathogenesis of heart disease and the use of the drug sacubitril/valsartan has started. It has a positive effect on the regulation of the level of B-type natriuretic peptide in the body. It is obviously seen from the the world literature that natriuretic peptides play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. For this reason, many studies suggest that the importance of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is recommended.
Due to this, we tried to investigate the effects of a comprehensive medication therapy with a combination of sacubitril/valsartan in the patients with chronic heart failure."
This document describes the design and implementation of a carrier-based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) bipolar inverter. It begins with an introduction to inverters that convert DC power to AC power. It then discusses SPWM techniques in detail, including bipolar and unipolar switching methods. The document presents simulation results for a single-phase inverter using SPWM strategies. It aims to simulate and analyze the output waveforms of a SPWM inverter model in MATLAB, and examine how the modulation index affects the simulated and implemented designs.
This document analyzes the polarization and transmission effects of antireflection coatings for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material systems using simulation software. Without a coating, transmission of transverse magnetic (TM) polarized light is slightly higher than transverse electric (TE) polarized light. A single-layer antireflection coating is designed and optimized to increase average transmission by 19%, reducing the polarization effect. However, multilayer coatings did not further increase transmission over the optimized single layer. In conclusion, antireflection coatings can effectively reduce polarization dependence for SOI materials while improving overall light transmission.
This document proposes a new method called multi-surface fitting for enhancing the resolution of digital images. The method fits multiple surfaces, with one surface fitted for each low-resolution pixel, and then fuses the multi-sampling values from these surfaces using maximum a posteriori estimation. This allows more low-resolution pixel information to be utilized to reconstruct the high-resolution image compared to other interpolation-based methods. The method is shown to effectively preserve image details without requiring assumptions about the image prior, as iterative techniques do. It provides error-free high resolution for test images.
The document discusses technical issues related to radio links, security, and quality of service (QoS) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). MANETs are self-organized, decentralized networks formed by wireless mobile nodes without a fixed infrastructure. Key challenges in MANETs include limited wireless transmission range, dynamic changes in network topology, interference, and energy constraints of battery-powered devices. The document outlines various characteristics of MANETs, including that they are self-configuring, infrastructureless networks that enable communication in situations where fixed networks are unavailable or inadequate.
This document summarizes a study that investigated applying a stainless steel spray coating called SS-II to an LM13 aluminum alloy used in engine applications. The study aimed to reduce surface roughness and friction of reciprocating engine parts. Key findings include:
1) Surface roughness and hardness tests found that applying the SS-II coating maintained surface roughness while increasing hardness.
2) Pin-on-disk friction tests found that the SS-II coating reduced the coefficient of friction at different speeds compared to uncoated LM13 alloy.
3) Scanning electron microscope images showed the SS-II coating had low porosity and good adhesion to the LM13 substrate, as well as evidence of wear on coated samples tested.
This document provides an overview of aluminum metal matrix composites with hybrid reinforcement. It discusses how aluminum alloys combine desirable properties of metals and ceramics when reinforced particles are added to the metal matrix. The document reviews the advantages of aluminum, such as its light weight, corrosion resistance, and recyclability. It also discusses aluminum alloy types and applications, as well as desirable mechanical properties for metal composites like tensile strength and yield point. The aim is to initiate new research on developing aluminum composites with hybrid reinforcements.
This document describes a study on using silver nanoparticles incorporated onto polyurethane foam to mineralize pesticides in water. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using trisodium citrate and characterized before being incorporated onto polyurethane foam. The foam was then used to mineralize chlorpyrifos and malathion in water solutions at different concentrations over time. Mineralization time was found to increase with higher initial pesticide concentration, with chlorpyrifos being fully mineralized faster than malathion at the same concentrations. The study evaluated silver nanoparticles on polyurethane foam as a potential method for removing pesticides from contaminated water.
This document provides a comparative study of computers operated by eyes and brain. It discusses the techniques used for eye tracking in computers operated by eyes, including electro-oculography and pupil tracking. Advantages include ability for disabled people to use computers, while disadvantages include need for head stability and training. Computers operated by brain use EEG to detect brain signals via electrodes on the scalp. Signals are interpreted as commands. Advantages are independence from movement and location, while disadvantages include risks of surgery and interference with signals. Key differences between the two methods are also summarized.
This document discusses T.S. Eliot's concept of literary tradition and the importance of allusions. Eliot believed that tradition is not just inheriting the past, but achieving a historical sense that perceives the past as both past and present. An artist must have a strong background in their cultural and literary history. Eliot argued that when a new work is allusive to past works, it positively affects the whole literature of a country. The use of allusions is an important way for authors to maintain literary tradition by referencing ideas from previous works. The document provides details on Eliot's views and analyzes how later critics interpreted and applied his concept of the historical sense.
This document discusses load balancing strategies for grid computing. It proposes a dynamic tree-based model to represent grid architecture in a hierarchical way that supports heterogeneity and scalability. It then develops a hierarchical load balancing strategy and algorithms based on neighborhood properties to decrease communication overhead. Conventional scheduling algorithms like Min-Min, Max-Min, and Sufferage are discussed but determined to ignore dynamic network status, which is important for load balancing. Genetic algorithms are also mentioned as a potential solution.
This document proposes a new zone-based bandwidth allocation protocol for wireless networks. The key points are:
1. It divides the network into zones based on hop count from the initial relay station, and allocates bandwidth to each zone to improve quality of service.
2. Within each zone, the bandwidth allocated is distributed to mobile users based on their visiting probability and required bandwidth. This aims to maximize the average user satisfaction rate.
3. The protocol is evaluated through simulations using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2) tool. Results show the protocol improves bandwidth allocation efficiency and reduces quality of service degradation compared to other approaches.
- The burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which acts as a greenhouse gas and traps heat. This is the main human activity contributing to global climate change.
- As carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere increase due to fossil fuel burning, more heat gets trapped leading to a rise in average global temperatures, a phenomenon known as global warming.
- Climate change has both natural and human-caused factors. Natural causes include changes in the Earth's orbit and solar activity, while the dominant human cause is burning fossil fuels which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
This document summarizes research assessing the performance of control loops using a minimum variance control algorithm (FCOR) and comparing it to an existing algorithm (PINDEX). The researchers implemented both algorithms in MATLAB to analyze simulated process data from MATLAB/Simulink models with and without valve stiction. They also analyzed process data from an Aspen HYSIS simulation of a distillation column. Across all the simulations and models, the FCOR and PINDEX algorithms produced generally similar results, indicating the control loops were performing poorly in cases where the performance index values were close to 0. The research thus validated that the developed FCOR algorithm worked effectively to evaluate control loop performance based on minimum variance.
This document provides an overview of the capital market in Bangladesh. It discusses how capital markets can contribute significantly to a country's GDP and economic strength. However, Bangladesh's capital market, especially its share market, has not played as large a role as expected compared to other regional countries. The document suggests that the government and regulatory authorities need to take a more active role in strengthening the capital market to boost investor and issuer confidence and participation. It analyzes issues currently hindering the effectiveness and growth of Bangladesh's capital market.
This document discusses techniques for improving the speed of web crawling through parallelization using multi-core processors. It provides background on how web crawlers work as part of search engines to index web pages. Traditional single-core crawlers can be improved by developing parallel crawlers that distribute the work of downloading, parsing, and indexing pages across multiple processor cores. This allows different parts of the crawling process to be performed simultaneously, improving overall speed. The document reviews several existing approaches for distributed and parallel web crawling and proposes using a multi-core approach to enhance crawling speed and CPU utilization.
This document describes an extended fuzzy c-means (EFCM) clustering algorithm for noisy image segmentation. The algorithm first preprocesses noisy pixels in an image by regenerating their values based on neighboring pixel intensities. It then applies the conventional fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm to segment the image. The EFCM approach is presented as being less sensitive to noise than other clustering algorithms and able to efficiently segment noisy images. The document provides background on image segmentation, fuzzy c-means clustering, types of image noise, and density-based clustering challenges. It also outlines the EFCM methodology and its computational advantages over other robust clustering methods for noisy image segmentation.
This document discusses parallel algorithms for generating pseudo-random numbers using classical congruent methods. Algebraic and matrix interpretations are presented for realizing the algorithms in parallel. The key congruent methods - formulas (1) through (4) - are expressed algebraically and transformed into parallel forms involving matrices or sequences of numbers. Examples are given applying the parallel forms to generate sequences of pseudo-random numbers modulo a large prime number. Ensuring reliable parallel generation through error control is the goal.
More from International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) (20)
Parallel generators of pseudo random numbers with control of calculation errors
U0 vqmtq3mde=
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
Synthesis, Characterization and Some Properties of
Glycerol Ester Based Non-Ionic Gemini Surfactant
with 1, 2, 7, 8 -Diepoxideoctane as Spacer
*Ishwar T. Gawali1, Ghayas. A. Usmani2
Department of Oil Technology, University Institute of Chemical Technology,
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425001, MS, India
Abstract: The synthesis of novel glycerol based non-ionic gemini surfactant was carried out in two stages in the present research work.
Initially glycerol was esterified using cotton seed oil at higher temperature followed by reaction with 1, 2, 7, 8-Diepoxideoctane to form
the non-ionic gemini surfactant. The new gemini surfactant was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of surfactant on Solubilization of polar and non-polar solute was studied. Contact angles with
respect to different solid probes were measured. It can be concluded that the new glycerol-based non-ionic gemini surfactant exhibit
generally good solubilizing and wetting behaviour.
Keywords: Gemini Surfactant, Characterization, SEM, Solubilization Behaviour, Contact angle.
1. Introduction
studied properties. Anno Wagennaar et al synthesized non-ionic
reduced-sugar based bola amphiphiles and gemini
Surfactants are well known materials generally described
as compounds bearing a hydrophobic and hydrophilic
group per molecule. They are well known to have
numerous uses such as emulsifier, detergents, dispersants
and solubilizing agents in the field of cosmetic, textile
treatment, industrial and personal cleaning operation. As
consequence of hydrophobic effect, the surfactants within
the aggregated assemblies are oriented with their polar
head groups to the aqueous phase and their hydrophobic
tail away from the aqueous phase [1]. Today, new
surfactants should be milder, safer, and efficient with a
minimal impact on the environment. Environmental
awareness and protection have led to the development of
more environmentally benign surfactant. There is trend
toward replacing petrochemicals by renewable raw
materials [2].
Gemini surfactants are newer type of surfactants capable
of forming self assemblies having two amphiphiles in
molecules, chemically bonded through a spacer group.
They are more surface active by order of magnitude than
conventional surfactants. They have good water solubility
and their ability to form micelles and lowering surface
tension characteristics are fairly good as compared to
conventional surfactants [1], [3]-[4]. Gemini surfactants
have a very high potential for practical applications
because of their excellent ability to reduce surface tension
of water and low Krafft temperatures. Due to their high
molecular weight, skin penetration of gemini surfactant is
expected to be low, which is one of the desirable
properties of a surfactant to be used in body care products
such as soaps, shampoos and cosmetics. However, the
main factor that has prevented the use of Gemini
surfactants in practical applications is their higher cost [5],
[4].
There are several research publications on Gemini
surfactants and their potential applications. Aratani et al
have synthesized Gemini surfactants from tartaric acid and
surfactants with an α, ω-diamino-(oxa) alkyl spacer.
Wenjian Zhang et al synthesized non-ionic gemini
surfactant Di-Glycerol 2, 9-Dihexyldecanedioate and
studied the physico-chemical and performance properties
[1], [6]-[7].
In order to make the use of gemini surfactant cost
effective, efficient and economically viable in wide variety
of applications, gemini surfactant are expected to be
produced via a low cost synthetic mechanism. One of the
keys of achieving this is by use of cheap and readily
available feed stock and simple reaction mechanism. In the
present research work, a new Gemini surfactant using
glycerol as hydrophilic head group and cotton seed oil as
source of hydrophobic tail has been synthesized. There is
industrial important for the use of glycerol due to its low
cost factor. Cotton seed oil contains linoleic acid as a
major component. Pure linoleic acid is not cost effective
and may not be economic for the industrial use. Synthesis
involved initial esterification of glycerol to form glycerol
ester which was dimerised using 1, 2,7, 8-Diepoxide. The
prepared non-ionic Gemini surfactant was thoroughly
characterized. Solubilization behaviour and contact angle
measurement were studied in detail.
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1 Materials and Equipment Setup
The cotton seed oil was procured from local market.
Glycerol with purity > 99%, Calcium oxide, 1, 2 7, 8-
diepoxideoctane, Methanol, Sodium hydroxide were
purchased from Merck. The Infrared (IR) spectrum was
obtained by SHIMADZU FTIR 8400 in the 400-4000 cm-1
range using KBr pellets. Proton nuclear magnetic
resonance (1H –NMR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance
(13C–NMR) spectra were obtained with Bruker advanced
400 MHz spectroscopy.
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2014
www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SEP14701 580
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
2. 2
.2 Experimen
tep1: The exp
ecked round b
hermometer a
.1 moles) was
y using calci
atalyst. Firstly
eaction mixtur
emperature wa
ontinued for t
resence of nitr
onstant tempe
nalyzed by us
Sn
e
th
0
by
ca
re
te
co
pr
co
an
Internatio
ntal Section
perimental set
bottom flask
and condenser
s reacted with
ium oxide (1
y, the catalyst
re was heated
as increased to
three hours in
rogen. The oi
erature. The fo
ing solubility
S
cheme 1: Syn
S
tep 2: Glycer
a
500 ml thre
te
emperature wa
the weight of
methanol was
a
aised to 1400C
mole (7.1 gm)
The reaction w
tmosphere und
hmr
mT at
onal Journa
up consisted
equipped wit
r. The cotton
h glycerol (23
% of total am
was disperse
d to 80OC for
o 210-230OC.
the inert atmo
l bath was use
formation of g
test in methan
nthesis of Gly
rol ester 0.1 m
ee necked ro
as raised to 85
f the glycerol
added into th
C. The spacer
was then add
was continued
der the presen
Scheme 2: Sy
3
3
3
IR
ab
1a
in
1
1
sk
al of Scienc
N (Online): 23
ct Factor (201
of a 250 ml th
th motor stirre
seed oil (90
3gm, 0.25 mo
mount of oil
ed in the oil. T
half an hour
The reaction
osphere under
ed to maintain
glycerol ester
nol [8].
cerol ester fro
mole (31.2 gm
ound bottom
50C and KOH
l ester) disso
he flask. The
1, 2, 7, 8-diep
ded drop wise
d for three h
nce of nitrogen
ynthesis of Ge
er and 1, 2, 7,
and Discus
ization
este
. Results a
.1 Characteri
.1.1 FTIR
R spectra of G
bsorption ban
and 2857 cm-1
n methylene a
109-1050cm-1
(OH- symm
keletal presen
hree
er, a
gm,
oles)
) as
Then
and
was
r the
n the
was
om cotton seed
m) was charge
flask. Then
(0.3% referre
olved in the
temperature
poxideoctane 0
e for half an h
hours in the i
n. [9].
emini surfacta
8-Diepoxideo
ssion
Gemini surfact
nds at 1734 cm
(C-H asymm
and methyl gro
(C-O stretch
metric stretchi
t in synthesize
d oil
ed in
the
ed to
dry
was
0.05
hour.
inert
ant from glyce
octane
tant is given i
m-1 (C=O stret
metric and sym
oup), 1459cm
hing in C-O of
ing), 715 cm
ed compound
erol
in fig. 1. It sh
tching), 2928
mmetric stretch
m-1 (O-H bendi
f ether), 3414
m-1 for -(CH
[10]
Licens
ISSN
Impac
hows
cm-hing
ing),
cm-
H2)n-
Volume 3
sed Under Cre
ce and Rese
19-7064
12): 3.358
3414.12
earch (IJSR
4000 3500 3
52.5
%T
45
37.5
30
22.5
15
7.5
0
2928.04
2857.64
2353.23
2126.59
3000 2500 2000
Figure 1: FT
R)
TIR spectra of
3.1.2 3
1H-NMR
The 1H-NMR
observed peak
1.3 ppm are
methylene (C
respectively. T
may be due to
n the synthes
1.5 ppm is du
proton with δ
attached to o
group (OH) in
2.1 ppm is as
[10]. Some ex
only from the
byproducts an
To1
mr
m in
1pa
g2[
ob
G
GSMGEP-6
10 9 8
5.0177
4.4900
3.1.3 3
13C-NMR
The 13C-NMR
observed peak
172 ppm may
synthesized co
To1s
Issue 10, O
www.ijsr.ne
eative Commo
Figure 2: 1
October 201
et
ons Attribution
3.3923
3.4431
3.4319
3.4589
3.4477
3.4698
3.4861
3.4747
3.5212
3.5146
3.5748
3.6132
3.5847
7 6 5
14
n CC BY
1734.06
1639.55
1568.18
1545.03
1459.20
1750 1500
1245.09
1181.44
1109.11
1050.28
922 .00
867 .03
715 .61
668 36
1250 1000 750
f synthesized n
rfactant
sur
R
R spectra of g
ks is shown in
due to the p
CH2) group
The multiplet
o the ether gro
sized compoun
ue to the CH-
δ-value at 5.
xygen atom
n the synthesi
ssigned to th
xtra peaks ar
synthesized
d unreacted co
3.3845
668.36
non-ionic Gem
gemini surfac
fig. 2. The sh
presence of m
in synthe
accruing at 3.
oup i.e. CH2-O
nd. The proto
- proton in th
.5 ppm is du
i.e. presence
ized compoun
he ester group
re obtained. T
compound bu
ompounds.
3.3757
3.3485
3.3377
1H-NMR spec
3.1556
3.1862
3.1727
3.1957
3.2273
3.2110
3.2565
3.2403
3.2727
3.2908
3.2817
3.3192
3.3085
0.93
0.79
2.82
2.17
1.04
6.41
1.91
3.34
0.97
1.00
1.89
4 3 2
474.50
500
1/cm
mini
ctant assigned
hift at 0.9 ppm
methyl (CH3)
sized compo
.7 ppm to 3.4
O-C group pre
on with δ-valu
he compound.
ue to the pr
e of the hydr
nd. The δ-valu
p i.e. CH-CO
They resulted
ut also from o
3.1264
3.0692
3 0588
3.0588
3.0860
3.1435
7.52
1.42
1.1648
1.0893
1.2048
1.7255
1.5929
1.8300
1.9090
1.8485
3.0323
5.06
9.36
d for
m and
and
ound
ppm
esent
ue at
The
roton
roxyl
ue at
O-OR
d not
other
BRUKER
AVANCE II
Spectrome
SAIF
Panjab Un
Chandigar
I 400 NMR
eter
niversity
rh
Current Data
NAME
EXPNO
PROCNO
F2 - Acquisit
Date_
Time
INSTRUM
PROBHD 5 mm
PULPROG
TD
SOLVENT
NS
DS
SWH
FIDRES
AQ
RG
DW
DE
TE
D1
d12
TD0
======== CHAN
NUC1
P1
PL1
PL9
SFO1 4
F2 - Processi
SI
SF 4
WDW
SSB
LB
GB
PC
1 0 ppm
ctra of synthes
i surfactant
gemini
R
R spectra of ge
ks is shown i
y be assigned
ompound. Th
Parameters
Jun27-2014
tion Parameters
m PABBO BB-zgpr
5.00000000 sec
0.00002000 sec
NNEL f1 ========
400.1318806 MHz
ing parameters
400.1300891 MHz
avtar_saifpu@y
yahoo.co.in
sized non-ioni
emini surfactan
n fig. 3. The
d to the C=O
he various pea
20140627
12019.230 Hz
0.366798 Hz
1.3631988 sec
ic
nt obtained fo
chemical shi
of ester in
aks at 13-51
271
1
17.37
spect
32768
D2O
8
2
228
41.600 usec
6.00 usec
296.2 K
1
1H
10.90 usec
-3.00 dB
50.23 dB
16384
EM
0
0.00 Hz
0
1.00
or the
ift at
n the
ppm
Paper ID: SEP14701 581
3. ar
sy
be
co
pr
am
at
re due to the
ynthesized com
e assigned to
ompound. Th
resence of CH
mount of unsa
t 127-129 ppm
GSMGEP-1
173.33
172 98
172.98
2
3
S
Internatio
presence of m
mpound. The
the RCH2OR
he peak accru
H-OH moiety
aturated alkyl
m [11].
70.40
71.26
71.30
72.10
72.31
72.51
75.54
77.55
77.88
78.08
78.21
127.38
127.46
129.21
129.28
129.37
129.43
129.54
40 220 200 180 16
m thms
o
de
co
3
As
o
2
Suo
c
to
ro
methyl and me
chemical shi
R i.e. ether gro
uing at 71 pp
y in the comp
chains is evid
37.66
38.85
39.06
39.27
39.48
39.69
39.90
40.11
50.80
58.29
62.80
63.04
64.93
66.08
67.80
68.95
69.34
70.22
60 140 120 100 80
Figure 3: 13
3C-NMR of sy
.1.4 Scanning
EM has be
morphology of
he synthesize
medium. It w
omewhat sph
epends upon
oncentration,
Figure 4: SES
.2. Solubiliza
A light-scatter
olubilizing po
8OC using
olubilizing po
sing dispersin
ctanol as a
ogether with
otary shaker a
al of Scienc
N (Online): 23
ct Factor (201
ethylene grou
ft at 63 ppm m
oup present in
pm is due to
pound. The sm
dent from the
26.60
26.72
28.51
28.61
28.66
28.73
28.88
28.96
29.07
60 40 20 0
25 96
25.24
25.96
ynthesized non
factant
icroscopy
to characteri
Fig.4 shows th
at different
that image
ape. The sha
ngth of hyd
and ionic stren
surf
g Electron M
een used t
f substances. F
ed surfactant
was observed
herical in sha
n chain len
temperature a
EM image of s
Surfactants in
ation Measure
ring techniqu
ower of the p
Hatch mod
ower of surfa
ng paraffin oi
polar solute.
100 ml of su
at 240 rpm for
13.65
13.69
21.97
22.08
24.34
24.45
25.07
-20 ppm
25.18
up in
may
n the
the
mall
line
BRUKER
AVANCE II
Spectrome
SAIF
Panjab Un
Chandigar
400 NMR
ter
niversity
rh
Current Data P
NAME J
EXPNO
PROCNO
F2 - Acquisiti
Date_
Time
INSTRUM
PROBHD 5 mm
PULPROG
TD
SOLVENT
NS
DS
SWH
FIDRES
AQ
RG
DW
DE
TE
D1 2
d11 0
DELTA 1
TD0
======== CHANN
NUC1
P1
PL1
SFO1 10
======== CHANN
CPDPRG2
NUC2
PCPD2
PL2
PL12
PL13
SFO2 40
F2 - Processin
SI
SF 10
WDW
SSB
LB
GB
PC
Parameters
Jun27-2014
ion Parameters
PABBO BB-zgpg30
29761.904 Hz
0.454131 Hz
1.1010548 sec
2.00000000 sec
0.03000000 sec
1.89999998 sec
NEL f1 ========
00.6228298 MHz
NEL f2 ========
00.1316005 MHz
ng parameters
00.6128193 MHz
avtar_saifpu@ya
ahoo.co.in
n-ionic gemin
20140627
ni
ize the sur
he SEM imag
size in aque
of GSMGEP
ape of surfac
drophobic gro
ngth [4].
synthesized no
aqueous solut
ements [11]
ue was used
repared surfa
del 1/100
actant solution
il as a non-po
1 gm of so
urfactant solu
different time
290
1
18.32
spect
65536
DMSO
512
4
2050
16.800 usec
6.00 usec
298.6 K
1
13C
9.60 usec
-2.00 dB
waltz16
1H
80.00 usec
-3.00 dB
14.31 dB
18.00 dB
32768
EM
0
1.00 Hz
0
1.40
rface
ge of
eous
P is
ctant
oup,
on-ionic gemi
tion
ini
to measure
actant solution
turbidity me
ns were measu
olar solute and
olute was mi
ution (1%) u
e interval (0, 2
Licens
29.14
29.21
29.35
30.89
31.30
32.87
33.22
33.40
33.58
onal Journa
ISSN
Impac
the
ns at
eter.
ured
d 1-
ixed
sing
2, 5,
Volume 3
sed Under Cre
ce and Rese
19-7064
12): 3.358
earch (IJSR
10, 1
20, 30, 4
measured.
m
Solubilization
S
Gemini surfac
different type
and a non-pola
show that the
at the beginn
urbidity of th
ime. The solu
especially the
head groups,
chemical struc
3.3.1 Surfacta
Solubilizing p
paraffin oil sy
can be attribu
solubilised inc
micelles. Henc
he diameter
results in the in
3. 3. 2 Surfact
The Solubiliza
system is sh
behavior for th
he behavior
poor solubiliz
s not the only
components,
Solubilization
nteraction be
molecules.
Gdas
a tu
t
e
hc
3
Spcs
m th
r
3
Ts
b th
pi
c
S inm
40, 50 and 6
behavior of
ctant is repres
of solutes (pa
ar solute respe
turbidity of th
ing of the ex
he system gra
ubilizing proc
e nature of th
concentration
cture of the so
ant/paraffin o
power of synt
stem is quite g
uted to the fa
creased with
ce any factor t
of the micel
ncrease of sol
tant/Heptano
ation behavio
own in the
he surfactant/
of the surfac
zation behavio
y interaction t
but some
process. Th
etween the tw
Figure F
5: (a),
(light paraf
, (b) Solubiliz
ffin oil) and p
us surfactant s
Angle Measur
contact angle
gainst diluted
ned as shown
were lower f
pure water
3.3 3
Contact A
The dynamic
eflon slides a
were determin
contact angle
obtained for
Tt
wc
o
Issue 10, O
www.ijsr.ne
eative Commo
aqueou
October 201
et
ons Attribution
14
n CC BY
R)
60 minute) a
and turbidity
aqueous solu
sented in fig.
araffin oil and
ectively) at 28
he surfactant
xperiment (T=
adually increa
ess depends o
he solvent, al
n of solvent
lute.
oil system
thesized Gem
good as shown
act that the am
an increase i
that causes an
lle or its agg
lubilization.
ol solubilizing
or for the sur
fig.5 (b). T
Heptanol syst
ctant/paraffin
or indicates th
that took plac
other facto
his factor cou
wo polar head
was
ution of non-i
.5 (a) and (b)
Heptanol as p
8OC. These fig
solutions was
= 0) but that
ases with sha
on many varia
lkyl chain len
t in solution
ionic
) for
polar
gures
s low
t the
aking
ables
ngth,
and
mini surfactan
n in fig.5 (a).
mount of mat
in the size of
n increase in e
gregation num
nt for
This
terial
f the
either
mber
g system
rfactant /Hept
The Solubiliza
tem is poorer
oil system.
hat emulsifica
ce between sy
or influence
uld have been
d in the diffe
ation behavio
olar (heptanol
solution (0.5%
rement [13]
es of glass sl
d surfactant so
n in table 1.
for steel and
but higher f
tanol
ation
than
This
ation
ystem
the
n an
ferent
r of the non-p
l) solvent in a
%) at 28OC
polar
an
lides, steel sl
olution (1mMo
These value
teflon than t
for glass pro
lides,
ol/L)
es of
those
obes.
Paper ID: SEP14701 582
4. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
Smaller the contact angle better is the wetting power.
These value shows that synthesized gemini surfactant has
good wetting property for steel and Teflon but not for
glass at concentration (1mMol/L).
Table 1: Contact angle measurement of synthesized
(1mMol/L) non-ionic Gemini surfactant with respect to
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2014
www.ijsr.net
different solid probes.
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Sr.
No.
Solid
probes
Contact angle With respect to
Distilled
water
Surfactant sol (1mMol/L
)
1 Glass 300 430
2 Steel 750 650
3 Teflon 980 850
4. Conclusion
In the present study a new protocol for the synthesis of
novel glycerol based non-ionic Gemini surfactant through
an environmental friendly process has been described.
Non-ionic Gemini surfactants have wide applications
because of their high surface activity and low critical
micelle concentration. They can be used as emulsifier,
dispersants, hydrophobic agent and also act as mild
surfactant. Glycerol based nonionic Gemini surfactant was
successfully synthesized by using, 1, 2 7, 8-
Diepoxideoctane as spacer. The various functional groups
present in the surfactant are determined by FTIR
spectroscopy. The number of hydrogen atom and carbon
atom of synthesized non-ionic gemini surfactant is also
assigned by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. SEM
analysis shows surface morphology of synthesized
surfactant in aqueous solution is somewhat spherical in
shape. The performance properties like solubilizing
behaviour, Contact angle were studied. It can be concluded
that the new glycerol-based non-ionic Gemini surfactant
exhibit generally good solubilizing and wetting behaviour.
Acknowledgment
Authors are thankful to the UGC (University Grants
Commission of India), for providing the research grant for
this research work [Project F.No.41-373/2012 (SR)].
References
[1] Wenjian Zhang, Liguo Zhou, and Zhaoyun Ding,
“Synthesis and Performance of Nonionic Gemini
Surfactant Di-Glycerol 2, 9-Dihexyldecanedioate”,
Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, vol.
30(9), pp. 1161-1166, 2009.
[2] Brita M. Folmer, Krister Holmeberg, Eva Gottberg
klingskog and Karin bergstrom, “Fatty amide
ethoxylates: synthesis and self assembly”, Journal of
surfactant and detergent, vol. 4, pp. 175-183, 2001.
[3] R. Janardhan, V. Vijayabaskar & B. S. R. Redd,
“Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfonated
Dimeric Malenised Soya Fatty Acid: A Novel Gemini
Surfactant”, Journal Surface Sci. Technol., vol. 28 (3-
4), pp. 163-178, 2012.
[4] S. K. Hait and S. P. Moulik, “Gemini surfactants: A
distinct class of self-assembling molecules”, Current
Science, vol. 82(9), pp. 1101-1111, 2012.
[5] Adewale Adewuy, Andrea Gopfert, Thomas Wolff,
“Properties of sodium phosphate-hydroxy
ethanolamide gemini surfactant synthesized from the
seed oil of Luffa cylindrical”, Central Europian
Journal of chemistry, vol. 11(8), pp. 1368-1380, 2013.
[6] Aratani K., Oida T., Shimizu T., and Hayashu Y.,
“Preparation and Properties of gemini surfactant from
tartaric acid”, Communications presented as a las
Jornadas del Comite Espanol de la Detergencia, vol.
28, pp. 45-46, 1998.
[7] Anno Wagenaar & Jan B. F. N. Engberts, “Synthesis
of nonionic reduced-sugar bola amphiphiles and
surfactants with an α,ω-diamin-(oxa) alkyl spacer”,
Science Direct Tetrahedron vol. 63, pp. 10622-10629,
2007.
[8] Wim D. Bossaert, Dirk E. De Vos, Wim M. Van
Rhijn, Joren Bullen, Piet J. Grobet and Pierre A.
Jacob, “Mesoporous Sulfonic Acids as Selective
Heterogeneous Catalysts for the synthesis of
Monoglyceride”, Journal of Catalysis, vol. 182(1), pp.
156-164,1999.
[9] Thomas M. Schmitt, second edition, “Analysis of
surfactant”, BASF Corporation New York, Detergent,
vol. 96 (2), 2001.
[10]B. S. Furniss, A. J. Hannaford , P. W. G. Smith,
Austin R. Tatchell, “ Vogel’s Text book of practical
organic chemistry, “Addision Wesley Longman, Inc.
1989.
[11] L. M. Harwood, C. J. Moody and J. M. Percy, second
edition, “Experimental Organic Chemistry, Standard
and micro scale”, Wiley Pvt. Ltd , India 2011.
[12] A. S. Mohamed, M. Z. Mohamad & D. A. Ismail,
“Alinine-Based Surfactants: Synthesis and Some
Surface Properties”, Journal of Surfactant, vol. 7 (4),
pp. 415-419, 2004.
[13] Erwin A. Vogler, “Practical Use of Concentration-
Dependent Contact Angles as a Measure of Solid-
Liquid Adsorption. 1. Theoretical Aspects”, American
Chemical Society, vol. 8 (8), pp. 2005-2012, 1992.
[14]E. M. Kandeel “Synthesis and Performance of
Glycerol Ester-Based Non-ionic Surfactant”, Der
Chemical Sinica, vol. 2 (3), pp. 88-98, 2011
Author Profile
Ishwar T. Gawali was born on 25 Feb. 1986
at Gondi Mohagaon, District Nagpur (M. S.),
India. He has got his master degree M. Sc.
(Organic Chemistry) in 2010 from Nabira
Mahavidyalaya, katol, R. T. M. University, Nagpur. He
has also got master degree M. Tech. (Oleochemical and
Surfactant Technology) in 2014 from University Institute
of Chemical Technology North Maharashtra University
Jalgaon. He is currently working on his Ph. D. degree in
the field of surfactant chemistry from University Institute
of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University,
Jalgaon, India.
Ghayas Usmani was born on 12 March, 1964.
He has got his bachelor degree B. Tech.
(Chem. Engg.),master degree M. Tech (Oil
Tech) and Ph.D. (Oil Tech) from HBTI,
Kanpur India He is currently. Working as professor at
Paper ID: SEP14701 583
5. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
university Institute of Chemical Technology, North
Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India. He had completed
several research project funded by University Grand
Comission, New Delhi, India, All India council of
technical education, New Delhi, India. He had presented
and published his research papers in several seminars and
journals.
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2014
www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SEP14701 584
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY