IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stability and surface free energy analysis of a liquid drop on a horizontal c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stability and surface free energy analysis of a liquid drop on a horizontal c...eSAT Journals
Abstract The stable conformation of a liquid-water drop on a horizontal cylindrical wire is studied. The stable conformation is established with various wire diameters. For each conformation of the drop the surface free energy is calculated using FEM simulation. The free energy for different drop shapes are compared with consideration to different volumes and contact angles. The effect of gravity on droplet shape with respect to wire diameter and droplet volume is observed. The droplet configurations under the influence of gravity and in the absence of gravity are observed and the shapes are described through coordinates of liquid-air and liquid-solid interfaces. The compensation of one interfacial energy with that of another is found. The wetting behaviour of liquid–drop on a wire is found to be significantly different from that on a plane surface under the influence of wire geometry. The numerical model was established taking liquid density at 1000kg/m3 and gravitational acceleration at 9.8 m/s2.The numerical study is important in understanding the spreading of liquid droplets over cylindrical surfaces .The spreading of liquid over surfaces has got wide application in food industry, micro fluidics and more and in understanding the coating behaviour, liquid-solid and liquid-vapour interactions, material properties, etc. Keywords: Surface Free Energy, FEM Simulation, Contact angle, Gravity
Experimental Educational Stand used for the Understanding of the Discharging ...IDES Editor
Screw feeders are devices suitable for handling a
wide variety of bulk solids materials that have good flow ability
characteristics and are often used as dosing feeders in food
industry and agriculture. The manner in which material flows
into the screw feeder affects the flow characteristics of the
feeding hopper, the residence periods of the material in various
locations in the bunker and thus the properties of the dosed
material. The present paper will present some experimental
results regarding the discharging profile of the mass flow
screw feeders with variable geometrical design.
This paper focuses on the effect of geometrical cross section between rectangular and circular shapes on the hydrodynamic focusing of a micro flow cytometer device. The effect of fluid flow ratio between the main and sheath channels on the focusing width is studied. This study has been performed using a COMSOL Multiphysics simulation tool. The results showed that focusing width decreases as the ratio between main channel and sheath channels are increased. The concentration at long-range is studied and indicated that circular shape can sustain a higher concentration at the centre along the channel compared with rectangular shape. The velocity at the cross-section of the channel-junction shows that circular shape produces higher velocity at the centre of the channel compare to that of the rectangular shape. The effect of flow ratio and geometrical shape are significantly vital for microfluidic system which utilizes hydrodynamic focusing for biological and chemical analysis. From the result, micro flow cytometer studied able to use for human body cells such as glucose, virus, red blood cells and white blood cells which have a range size of 2-120 microns.
Effect of height of triangular siil on the performance of stilling basin modeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of a New Formula for a Clear Water Scour around GroynesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Stability and surface free energy analysis of a liquid drop on a horizontal c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stability and surface free energy analysis of a liquid drop on a horizontal c...eSAT Journals
Abstract The stable conformation of a liquid-water drop on a horizontal cylindrical wire is studied. The stable conformation is established with various wire diameters. For each conformation of the drop the surface free energy is calculated using FEM simulation. The free energy for different drop shapes are compared with consideration to different volumes and contact angles. The effect of gravity on droplet shape with respect to wire diameter and droplet volume is observed. The droplet configurations under the influence of gravity and in the absence of gravity are observed and the shapes are described through coordinates of liquid-air and liquid-solid interfaces. The compensation of one interfacial energy with that of another is found. The wetting behaviour of liquid–drop on a wire is found to be significantly different from that on a plane surface under the influence of wire geometry. The numerical model was established taking liquid density at 1000kg/m3 and gravitational acceleration at 9.8 m/s2.The numerical study is important in understanding the spreading of liquid droplets over cylindrical surfaces .The spreading of liquid over surfaces has got wide application in food industry, micro fluidics and more and in understanding the coating behaviour, liquid-solid and liquid-vapour interactions, material properties, etc. Keywords: Surface Free Energy, FEM Simulation, Contact angle, Gravity
Experimental Educational Stand used for the Understanding of the Discharging ...IDES Editor
Screw feeders are devices suitable for handling a
wide variety of bulk solids materials that have good flow ability
characteristics and are often used as dosing feeders in food
industry and agriculture. The manner in which material flows
into the screw feeder affects the flow characteristics of the
feeding hopper, the residence periods of the material in various
locations in the bunker and thus the properties of the dosed
material. The present paper will present some experimental
results regarding the discharging profile of the mass flow
screw feeders with variable geometrical design.
This paper focuses on the effect of geometrical cross section between rectangular and circular shapes on the hydrodynamic focusing of a micro flow cytometer device. The effect of fluid flow ratio between the main and sheath channels on the focusing width is studied. This study has been performed using a COMSOL Multiphysics simulation tool. The results showed that focusing width decreases as the ratio between main channel and sheath channels are increased. The concentration at long-range is studied and indicated that circular shape can sustain a higher concentration at the centre along the channel compared with rectangular shape. The velocity at the cross-section of the channel-junction shows that circular shape produces higher velocity at the centre of the channel compare to that of the rectangular shape. The effect of flow ratio and geometrical shape are significantly vital for microfluidic system which utilizes hydrodynamic focusing for biological and chemical analysis. From the result, micro flow cytometer studied able to use for human body cells such as glucose, virus, red blood cells and white blood cells which have a range size of 2-120 microns.
Effect of height of triangular siil on the performance of stilling basin modeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of a New Formula for a Clear Water Scour around GroynesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Dispersion modeling of nitrous oxide emissions from a nitric acid plant in de...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An enhanced difference pair mapping steganography method to improve embedding...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fault model analysis by parasitic extraction method for embedded srameSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Procurement principle towards effective management of construction projectseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study on effect of slot level on local scour around bridge piereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Dispersion modeling of nitrous oxide emissions from a nitric acid plant in de...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An enhanced difference pair mapping steganography method to improve embedding...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fault model analysis by parasitic extraction method for embedded srameSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Procurement principle towards effective management of construction projectseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study on effect of slot level on local scour around bridge piereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study on effect of slot level on local scour around bridge piereSAT Journals
Abstract Many bridges in the world every year for Failure to consider in the design of hydraulic elements are destroyed. During the spring floods of 1987, 17 bridges in New York and New England were damaged or destroyed by scour. In 1985, 73 bridges were destroyed by floods in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. In the present study investigate effect application a slot , height “D” , width” D/4”in a circular pier ,where “D” is diameter of bridge pier and the size of 6 centimeters under 3 different discharges (values 35 , 40 , 45 Liter per second) and 4 different location of slot in a flume ,length 14 meters ,height 60 and width 60 centimeters. The experimental results show when height of slot is below the stream bed as D, scour depth will be reduced about 20.34% to 39.73% in front of the pier and scour volume approximately 46.84% to 75.74% Keywords: Bridge pier, Slot, Scour, scour depth, scour volume
Open channel flow velocity profiles for different reynolds numbers and roughn...eSAT Journals
Abstract A series of laboratory tests were carried out to understand the extent of effect of roughness and Reynolds number on mean velocity in both outer and inner scaling. To this end, four different types of bed surface conditions (impermeable smooth bed, impermeable rough bed, permeable sand bed and impermeable distributed roughness) and two different Reynolds number (Reh = 47,500 and 31,000) were adopted in the study. Sand particles of median diameter of 2.46 mm were used to create the roughness. The results show that the mean velocities collapsed well for different Reynolds number and for all different bed surfaces. The maximum velocity for all flow conditions were observed below some distances from the free surface. The location of maximum velocity is seen to be dependent on both of roughness and Reynolds number. The smooth bed test data agrees well with the standard log law and collapses well in viscous sub layer and overlap region. The extent of collapses is found to be dependent on Reynolds number. Friction coefficient is noted to be dependent on both the Reynolds number and roughness. Key Words: Open channel flow, Reynolds number, Roughness, mean velocity, friction coefficient, log law
This study presents a laboratory experiments for evaluating the local scour depth
around S-shape solid non- submerged groynes using different number of these groynes
and also different distances between them as two countermeasures to reduce the
scour. The study was conducted in non- curved laboratory flume where uniform
cohesion-less sand of median size (d50) equal to (0.7 mm) was used as the bed
material. The physical hydraulic model of the groynes was made of polystyrene foam
with fixed dimensions to operate under steady subcritical flow and clear water
conditions. The studied parameters in this study were the number of groynes changed
three times (single, double, triple), the distances between them altered also three times
(1L, 1.5 L, 2L) and finally the hydraulic conditions (depth and velocity of the mean
flow) also changed four times for each parameter. A new empirical equation was
derived where its coefficient of determination indicates good agreement between the
predicted results and the observed ones experimentally.
Study of shape of intermediate sill on the design of stilling basin modeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A clear water scour around a circular bridge pier under steady flow for diffe...eSAT Journals
Abstract The loose non cohesive material through which a river flows is generally called sediment. Local scour at piers and abutments is the main reason for the collapse of bridges founded in alluvial sediments. Clear water scour refers to the situation where no sediment is supplied by the approaching flow in the zone of scour. Many investigators have studied various aspects of scour. However, the study on scour under steady condition for same discharge with same depth of flow for different pier diameters is limited. In present study laboratory experiment was conducted on different pier sizes of circular piers by keeping discharge constant under clear water scour condition. It is found that Non dimensional scour depth gradient is different up to opening ratio 0.8 having less slope and its slope is steep above 0.8 opening ratio. Keywords: -clear water scour; Froude’s number; sediment; equilibrium scour.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BRIDGE PIER SHAPE TO MINIMIZE LOCAL SCOURIAEME Publication
The study of local scour around bridge piers is very important for safe design of piers and other hydraulic structures. In this study, shape of pier is the main concern with three different velocities (0.18, 0.25, and 0.3) m/sec and other parameters like flow depth, bed material and etc. are remain same for all experiments. The experiments were conducted using laboratory flume, operated under the clear water condition using sand as a bed material. The test program was done on ten different shapes, Circular, Rectangular, Octagonal, Chamfered, Hexagonal, Elliptical, Sharp, Joukowsky, Oblong, streamline. were used to investigate the effect of the bridge pier's shape on local scour to conclude the optimal shape that gives minimum depth of scour. Comparison of results show that scour at upstream is directly proportional to exposed area of upstream nose of pier.
Analysis of cross flow induced vibration in an inline and staggered configura...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In many engineering applications like heat exchanger, radiator, evaporator, nuclear power plant and thermal power plant, arrangement of tubes is very crucial. Fluid elastic instability forms the basis for deciding the type of arrangement and tube spacing but the phenomenon of vortex induced vibration is random in nature. Tube spacing also plays a critical role in different types of arrangement. Different type of application requires different tube spacing and the range of tube spacing vary from 1 to 6. Vortex Induced Vibration in cross flow around the inline and staggered arrangement of the tube arrays is experimentally studied for varying P/d (tube spacing) ratio. It is observed that with the increase in the velocity, the amplitude displacement increases. As the amplitude displacement of the tube reduces, the pitch over diameter ratio is increased from 2 to 4. It is also observed that between inline and staggered arrangement, the amplitude displacement of staggered arrangement is more compared to inline arrangement for same tube spacing.
Keywords: Vortex Induced Vibration, Inline Arrangement, Staggered Arrangement, Regression Analysis
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abutment pile-soil interaction of a psc bridge under seismic loadingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
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and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
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AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Scour investigation around single and two piers
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SCOUR INVESTIGATION AROUND SINGLE AND TWO PIERS
SIDEBYSIDE ARRANGEMENT
Zulhilmi Ismail1
, Mazlin Jumain2
, FaridahJaafar Sidek3
, Ahmad KhairiAbd Wahab4
, Zulkiflee Ibrahim5
,
MohamadHidayat Jamal6
1,3,4,5,6
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia, zulhilmi@utm.my,
faridah@utm.my, akhairi@utm.my, zulkfe@utm.my, mhidayat@utm.my
2
Research Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia,
mazlinjumain@gmail.com
Abstract
Laboratory experiments concerning scour development around single and two piers side by side arrangement have been conducted in
order to provide a comparison of scour depths and patterns. The experiments are carried out under unidirectional currents of clear-
water scour conditions. A variety of conditions including different flow depths, pier diameters and pier spacing are considered to have
significant influence on the development of the potential scour hole. The research on local scour around single and two piers side by
side arrangement are studied by using a 15.24 m long, 0.46 m wide and 0.4 m deep flume in the Hydraulics and Hydrology
Laboratory, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).Experimental results describing the scour-hole depths and patterns are discussed.
The results show that the magnitude and extent of the scour depth depends directly on pier size, pier spacing and flow condition.
Piers, which are larger in diameter, produced greater scour depth. It also shows that by increasing the pier spacing, the scour depth
around two piers decreases and closes to values of single pier. The two piers act as an obstruction which disturbed the flow field and
caused large turbulence levels to be generated. Thereby, a further increase in the scouring velocity is produced giving relatively
higher scour depth values. The prime factors governing the local scouring process associated with piers are pier spacing, horseshoe
vortex, reinforcing and sheltering. The results show that good agreement with previous study where the down flow causes of increased
scour for a single pier case. Meanwhile, the horseshoe vortex appears to be the main cause of scour in the case of two piers side by
side arrangement.
Keywords: Scour depth, Flow pattern, Single pier, Side by side piers, Pier spacing, Horseshoe vortex
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Scouring is an important phenomenon in river mechanics. It
generally takes place in alluvial channels and around man-
made structures such as bridge piers, spur dikes and
embankments. When an alluvial stream is partially obstructed
by a bridge pier, the flow pattern in the channel around the
pier is significantly changed. The pier produces an adverse
pressure gradient just upstream of the pier. The boundary layer
upstream of the pier undergoes a three-dimensional separation.
The shear stress distribution around the pier is drastically
changed due to the formation of a horseshoe vortex, resulting
in scour around the pier which, in turn, changes the flow
pattern [1].
Pier scour is the greatest causes of bridge failures. Due to
extreme scour around piers, scouring has long been
acknowledged as a severe hazard to the performance of bridge
piers. This phenomenon has motivated many investigators to
explore the causes of scouring and to predict maximum scour
depth at bridge piers [2,3,4]. According to Cheremisinoff[5],
the interaction between the flow around a bridge pier and the
erodible bed surrounding it is very complex. Mubeen[6] also
stated that the presence of group of bridge piers can generate a
complex in the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow field
near the piers and lead to the occurrence and development of a
scour process. Flow observations reveal that a complex
ordered flow pattern (Fig -1) occurs even in a case of simple
geometry hydraulic structure [7]. Therefore, a comprehensive
understanding of the complex flow field and erosion
mechanisms can provide a way out of this problem.
Ahmed and Rajaratnam[8], Ettema et al. [9], Thameret al.
[10], Kirkilet al. [11], Padmini and Asis[12], Yasser and
Ahmed[13], Guneyet al. [14] andElsebaie[15] have made
some studies and gave information for a better understanding
of the flow pattern and turbulent flow around single pier.
There are a large number of studies around pier groups and
complex piers that focused on the prediction of maximum
scour depth [16, 17, 18,19] and the effect of the pier spacing
on the scour depth [20]. Several laboratory studies have been
carried out to investigate the relationship between pier spacing
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and maximum scour depth around two piers side by side
arrangement [21, 22, 23. 24]. Fig -2 shows a sketch of the
flow pattern and local scour around side by side piers
arrangement. The mechanisms which affect scour pattern
around side-by-side piers, includes: reinforcing effect,
sheltering effect, shed vortex and compressed horseshoe
vortex [25].
Fig -1: Flow pattern around cylindrical pier with a developed
scour hole
Fig -2: Flow pattern and local scour around side by side piers
arrangement
Experimental investigations on the scour around single and
two piers side by side arrangement have been undertaken. The
main objective of this study is to carry out a detailed
experimental investigation of the influence of flow on scour
development around two piers side by side arrangement.
Extensive laboratory have been conducted to study the scour-
hole patterns in the vicinity of piers. As a reference study, the
experiments have also been conducted around a single pier.
The study is focused on the influence of flow depth, pier
diameter and pier spacing on the development of the scour
hole and pattern.
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A series of experiments is carried out for single and two piers
side by side arrangement in a flume at the Hydraulics
Laboratory, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). The dimensions of the flume are
15.24 m long, 0.46 m wide and 0.4 m deep. For the
experimental works, a portion of recess 4.50 m long, 0.46 m
wide and 0.15 m deep are provided in the middle section of
the flume to serve as the working section. The slope of the
flume for all tests is fixed to 0.0006 and uniform graded sand
with a d50 of 0.3 mm is used as its bed material.
In order to investigate the effect of pier diameters on the scour
characteristics, sizes of 32 mm, 42 mm and 60 mm pier
diameters are selected. The bottom of the pier model is welded
to a square base plate of 100 mm dimension and 5 mm
thickness. The base is placed on the flume bottom. The pier is
placed vertically at the centerline of the test section. Fig-3 and
Fig -4 show the schematic diagram of pier configurations
tested in the flume.
Fig -3: Single pier
Fig -4: Two piers with side by side arrangement
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For these experiments, the water depths are measured by mean
of a point gauge mounted on the carriage which could be
moved along the rails attached to the top of the flume side
walls. The point gauge could be read accurate to nearest of 0.1
mm. In order to investigate the effect of flow depths on the
scour characteristics, two different water depths (Y0 = 160
mm, 190 mm and 230 mm) are adopted in the study. The
scour-hole geometry is also determined using the point gauge
at the end of each run. Longitudinal and transverse coordinates
of the point gauge measurements are obtained using scales
marked on the instrument carriage as well as the positioning
scales at the rails of the flume.
Flow velocities are measured using Acoustic Doppler
Velocimeter(ADV). With the use of appropriate software, the
values of the velocity are gathered and stored in computer. In
this experiment, a 3-D down looking probe is used to plot the
velocity profiles which relate to unidirectional flow
distribution along a channel. Velocity data are collected at the
upstream, middle and downstream end of the piers to
determine the main velocity components affecting the scour
depth around the piers. The average flow velocities of 232
mm/s, 206 mm/s and 175 mm/s are measured for three flow
depths (Y0) namely 160 mm, 190 mm and 230 mm,
respectively.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effects of flow depth, pier diameter and pier spacing on
the scour development around single and two piers side by
side arrangement are studied in the laboratory. The contour
plots show the scour depth characteristics in mm. Negative
contour values indicate erosion while positive values indicate
deposition. The plots have been produced by using SURFER
16 software which is a computer graphics system for
displaying data in the form of contoured plots. Experimental
results describing the scour patterns around a single pier are
discussed in Section 3.1. For scour patterns around two piers
side by side arrangement results are described in Section 3.2.
This is followed by a discussion on the effect of flow depth,
pier diameter and pier spacing on the scour patterns, as
described in Sections 3.2.1, 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 respectively.
3.1 Scour Patterns around a Single Pier
Local scouring around a single bridge pier has been attempts
firstly investigated to generate basic observation of scour
patterns and serves as a control. Figures 3, 4 and 5 illustrate
plots of scour patterns produced by three different pier
diameters (D = 32 mm, 42 mm and 60 mm) and two different
water depths (Y0 = 160 mm and 190 mm). The formation of
single scour holes immediately around the pier is observed.
Fig-5shows that the formation of one big scour hole
immediately around the pier is seen. The maximum scour
depth around the pier is 30 mm. Meanwhile, the maximum
deposition is 15 mm which only occurs at distance of 400 to
500 mm along the channel. Similar scour pattern is observed
in Fig-6. Due to increases of pier diameter from 32 mm to 42
mm, the formation of scour hole around pier is seen slightly
greater than the previous scour hole. However, the maximum
scour hole is also 30 mm. The maximum deposition is 20 mm.
Fig-7 also shows that the formation of scour hole immediately
occurs around the pier. The scour hole is slightly greater and
deeper than other pier sizes. The maximum scour depth
around the pier is 45 mm. Meanwhile, the maximum
deposition is 25 mm. It can be concluded that the extent of the
scour hole was slightly greater and deeper in the case of bigger
pier sizes and shallower flow depths due to the increased flow
velocity.
Fig -5: Scour hole due to unidirectional flow for a single pier
(D = 32 mm and Y0 = 160 mm)
Fig -6: Scour hole due to unidirectional flow for a single pier
(D = 42 mm and Y0 = 190 mm)
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Fig -7: Scour hole due to unidirectional flow for a single pier
(D = 60 mm and Y0 = 160 mm)
3.2 Scour Patterns around Two Piers Side by Side
Arrangement
Local scour associated with two piers in side by side
arrangement is discussed in this section. Results from six
different measurements have been described to show the
characteristics of local scour depth formation associated with
the effect of flow depth (Y0), pier diameter (D) and pier
spacing (S). The plots of the scour-hole contours represent the
scour depth formation in mm.
3.2.1 Effect of Flow Depth
Fig-8andFig -9 represent the scour and deposition patterns
produced by two piers of similar sizes (D = 60 mm) and pier
spacing (S = 2D) which are placed at two different flow depths
(Y0 = 160 mm and 230 mm)in a side by side arrangement. In
both cases, the formation of two separate scour holes
immediately around the first and second front piers is seen.
Similar scour patterns are observed.
Fig-8 shows the maximum scour depth around the piers is 60
mm. Meanwhile, the maximum scour depth for Fig-9 is 30
mm. Thus, the extent of the scour hole is slightly greater and
deeper in the case when the piers are placed under a shallower
flow depth which produced a higher velocity. Since both the
first front and second front piers are equally exposed to the
flow, the scour depths in front of them are identical.
Fig-8 also shows the maximum scour depth around the two
piers side by side arrangement is about 35% higher than the
single pier. When the piers are placed in deeper flow depth as
shown in Fig-9, the maximum scour depth decreased about
50% compared to shallower flow depth condition. It occurs
due to the flow velocity decreases as the flow depth increases.
In addition, the two piers act as an obstruction which disturbed
the flow field and caused large turbulence levels to be
generated. Thus, a further increase in the scouring velocity is
produced giving relatively higher scour depth values [25].
Fig -8: Scour hole due to unidirectional flow for two piers in a
side by side arrangement (D = 60 mm, Y0 = 160 mm and S/D
= 2)
Fig -9: Scour hole due to unidirectional flow for two piers in a
side by side arrangement (D = 60 mm, Y0 = 230 mm and S/D
= 2)
3.2.2 Effect of Pier Diameter
Fig-10 and Fig -11 indicate that the bed contour plots of scour
pattern and maximum scour depth for different pier sizes (D =
32 mm and 42 mm) at similar pier spacing (S = 1.5D) and
flow depth (Y0 = 160 mm). In this case, a single scour hole
was observed. The observed scour patterns formation for both
piers are similar. This is because of both the first and second
front piers are equally exposed to the flow causing the scour
depths in front of them to be identical. A slightly different
scour pattern is produced when two different pier sizes are
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used. It is also revealed that by increasing the pier sizes, the
scour depth around side by side piers also increases.
Fig-10 shows the maximum scour depth around the piers is 35
mm. Meanwhile, the maximum scour depth for Fig-11 is 55
mm. From there, it is found that the maximum scour depth for
the piers size of 42 mm is about 60% higher than the piers size
of 32 mm condition. The flow between two piers with greater
size is accelerated into scour hole so that it influences the
vertical and deflections of the flow around and especially
between them [21]. Thus, a further increase in the pier size is
produced giving relatively higher scour depth values.
Fig -10: Scour hole due to unidirectional flow for two piers in
a side by side arrangement (D = 32 mm, Y0 = 160 mm and
S/D = 1.5)
Fig -11: Scour hole due to unidirectional flow for two piers in
a side by side arrangement (D = 42 mm, Y0 = 160 mm and
S/D = 1.5)
3.2.2 Effect of Pier Spacing
Fig-12 and Fig-13 illustrate the scour patterns and maximum
scour depths for two different pier spacing (S = 2D and 5D)
for similar pier diameter (D = 32 mm) and similar flow depth
(Y0 = 160 mm). From these figures, it is observed that a single
scour depth is seen at 2D pier spacing and two isolated scour
depths are observed at 5D pier spacing. A significantly
different scour pattern is observed for larger pier spacing
compared to that of the smaller pier spacing. At S = 5D, each
pier will have its own scour hole with no scour holes
overlapping as in the case of 2D pier spacing.
The maximum scour depth around the piers for Fig-12 is 50
mm. Meanwhile, the maximum scour depth for Fig-13 is 35
mm. It is found that the maximum scour depth for greater the
pier spacing, 2D is about 45% higher than the pier spacing of
5D condition. When the piers placed close together, the
interference between the horseshoe vortices caused the deepest
scour depth in front of the piers. The results also show that by
increasing the space between piers, the interference between
the horseshoe vortices decreases [22, 26]. By increasing the
pier spacing, the scour depths around the piers decreases and
similar patterns observed as single pier. It occurs due to the
lower magnitude of down flow and vertical turbulence
intensity as well as turbulence kinetic energy between the
larger spacing piers.
Fig -12: Scour hole due to unidirectional flow for two piers in
a side by side arrangement (D = 32 mm, Y0 = 160 mm and
S/D = 2)
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Fig -13: Scour hole due to unidirectional flow for two piers in
a side by side arrangement (D = 32 mm, Y0 = 160 mm and
S/D = 5)
CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of
scour around single pile and two piers with side by side
arrangement. Different water depths, pier diameters and pier
spacing on the development of the potential scour hole have
been investigated. The conclusions drawn from the present
study can be summarized as follows: Comparison with a
single, horseshoe vortex caused the scouring to be more in
side by side arrangement piers. The magnitude and extent of
the scour depth depends directly on pier size, pier spacing and
flow condition. Piers, which are larger in diameter, produced
greater scour depth. The two piers act as an obstruction which
disturbed the flow field and caused large turbulence levels to
be generated. Thus, a further increase in the scouring velocity
is produced giving relatively higher scour depth values.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank and express a sincere
appreciation to all parties especially to the Hydraulic and
Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) technical staff who
have been involved for implementing this research.
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[17]. Coleman, S. E., “Clearwater Local Scour at Complex
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BIOGRAPHIES
Zulhilmi Ismail - Currently, he is a senior
lecturer in the Department of Hydraulics and
Hydrology, UTM since 2008.
MazlinJumian - Currently, she is aPh.D
student at UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia
(UTM).
FaridahJaafarSidek - Currently, she is
anassociate professor in the Department of
Hydraulics and Hydrology. She is a member of
Coastal and Offshore Engineering Institute
(COEI) at UTM Kuala Lumpur.
Ahmad KhairiAbdWahab - Currently, he is a
professor in the Department of Hydraulics and
Hydrology. He is a Director of Coastal and
Offshore Engineering Institute (COEI) at UTM
Kuala Lumpur.
Zulkiflee Ibrahim - Currently, he is a senior
lecturer in the Department of Hydraulics and
Hydrology, UTM since 1993.
MohamadHidayat Jamal - Currently, he is a
senior lecturer in the Department of
Hydraulics and Hydrology, UTM since
2002.He is a member of Coastal and Offshore
Engineering Institute (COEI).