IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
When spatial data are distributed across multiple servers, there is an obvious difficulty with computing the likelihood function without combining all the data onto one server. Therefore, it would be of interest to compute estimates of the spatial parameters based on decompositions of the spatial held into blocks, each block corresponding to one server. Two methods suggest themselves, a \between blocks" approach in which each block is reduced to a single observation (or a low dimensional summary) to facilitate calculation of a likelihood across blocks, or a within blocks" approach in which the likelihood is calculated for each block and then combined into an overall likelihood for the full process. In fact, I argue that a hybrid approach that combines both ideas is best. Theoretical calculations are provided for the statistical efficiency of each approach. In conclusion, I will present some thoughts for optimal sampling designs with distributed data.
Evaluation of 6 noded quareter point element for crack analysis by analytical...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Measures of different reliability parameters for a complex redundant system u...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a mathematical model of a complex redundant system consisting of two subsystems (A and B) connected in series. Subsystem A has N non-identical units in series, while subsystem B has 3 identical components in parallel. The model analyzes the system's reliability under a "head-of-line" repair policy where failures follow exponential and repair times follow general distributions. Differential equations are formulated and solved using Laplace transforms to obtain state probabilities and an expression for the expected total cost of the system over time.
This document presents three mixed quadrature rules of precision seven and three mixed quadrature rules of precision nine for numerically evaluating definite integrals. The rules are formulated by combining Gauss-Legendre, Gauss-Labatto, and Weddle's quadrature rules. Analytical expressions for the asymptotic error bounds of the seven degree rules are derived. It is shown that the errors converge to zero faster than any power of the independent variable as it approaches the boundary of the domain. The mixed rules are found to achieve higher precision than the basic rules and compound forms for numerical integration of test functions.
Tuning of pid controller of inverted pendulum using genetic algorithmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Vibration analysis of line continuum with new matrices of elastic and inertia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses numerical methods for solving mathematical problems. It begins by defining numerical methods as algorithms used to obtain numerical solutions when an analytical solution does not exist or is difficult to obtain. It then provides the Navier-Stokes equations as an example of equations that require numerical methods to solve. The document concludes by discussing the importance of numerical accuracy and computation time for numerical methods.
Sonendra kumar gupta operational readiness of a complex system under differen...Alexander Decker
This document presents a mathematical model to analyze the operational readiness of a complex system operating under different weather conditions. The system can be in one of three states - good, degraded, or failed. It can transition between states due to failures or during repairs. The failure rates are exponential and repair rates follow general time distributions. Laplace transforms are used to derive equations describing the behavior of the system over time. The long-term, steady-state probabilities of the system being in each state are also determined.
When spatial data are distributed across multiple servers, there is an obvious difficulty with computing the likelihood function without combining all the data onto one server. Therefore, it would be of interest to compute estimates of the spatial parameters based on decompositions of the spatial held into blocks, each block corresponding to one server. Two methods suggest themselves, a \between blocks" approach in which each block is reduced to a single observation (or a low dimensional summary) to facilitate calculation of a likelihood across blocks, or a within blocks" approach in which the likelihood is calculated for each block and then combined into an overall likelihood for the full process. In fact, I argue that a hybrid approach that combines both ideas is best. Theoretical calculations are provided for the statistical efficiency of each approach. In conclusion, I will present some thoughts for optimal sampling designs with distributed data.
Evaluation of 6 noded quareter point element for crack analysis by analytical...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Measures of different reliability parameters for a complex redundant system u...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a mathematical model of a complex redundant system consisting of two subsystems (A and B) connected in series. Subsystem A has N non-identical units in series, while subsystem B has 3 identical components in parallel. The model analyzes the system's reliability under a "head-of-line" repair policy where failures follow exponential and repair times follow general distributions. Differential equations are formulated and solved using Laplace transforms to obtain state probabilities and an expression for the expected total cost of the system over time.
This document presents three mixed quadrature rules of precision seven and three mixed quadrature rules of precision nine for numerically evaluating definite integrals. The rules are formulated by combining Gauss-Legendre, Gauss-Labatto, and Weddle's quadrature rules. Analytical expressions for the asymptotic error bounds of the seven degree rules are derived. It is shown that the errors converge to zero faster than any power of the independent variable as it approaches the boundary of the domain. The mixed rules are found to achieve higher precision than the basic rules and compound forms for numerical integration of test functions.
Tuning of pid controller of inverted pendulum using genetic algorithmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Vibration analysis of line continuum with new matrices of elastic and inertia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses numerical methods for solving mathematical problems. It begins by defining numerical methods as algorithms used to obtain numerical solutions when an analytical solution does not exist or is difficult to obtain. It then provides the Navier-Stokes equations as an example of equations that require numerical methods to solve. The document concludes by discussing the importance of numerical accuracy and computation time for numerical methods.
Sonendra kumar gupta operational readiness of a complex system under differen...Alexander Decker
This document presents a mathematical model to analyze the operational readiness of a complex system operating under different weather conditions. The system can be in one of three states - good, degraded, or failed. It can transition between states due to failures or during repairs. The failure rates are exponential and repair rates follow general time distributions. Laplace transforms are used to derive equations describing the behavior of the system over time. The long-term, steady-state probabilities of the system being in each state are also determined.
Number of iterations needed in Monte Carlo Simulation using reliability analy...IJERA Editor
There are many methods in geotechnical engineering which could take advantage of Monte Carlo Simulation to
establish probability of failure, since closed form solutions are almost impossible to use in most cases. The
problem that arises with using Monte Carlo Simulation is the number of iterations needed for a particular
simulation.This article will show why it’s important to calculate number of iterations needed for Monte Carlo
Simulation used in reliability analysis for tunnel supports using convergence – confinement method. Number if
iterations needed will be calculated with two methods. In the first method, the analyst has to accept a distribution
function for the performance function. The other method suggested by this article is to calculate number of
iterations based on the convergence of the factor the analyst is interested in the calculation.
Reliability analysis will be performed for the diversion tunnel in Rrëshen, Albania, by using both methods
mentioned and results will be confronted
The document discusses various techniques for fitting curves to data including linear regression, polynomial regression, and linearization of nonlinear relationships.
Linear regression finds the line that best fits a set of data points by minimizing the sum of the squared residuals. The normal equations are derived and solved to determine the slope and intercept. Polynomial regression extends this to find the best-fit polynomial curve through the data. An example shows fitting a second-order polynomial. Nonlinear relationships can sometimes be linearized by a transformation of variables to apply linear regression. Examples demonstrate applying these techniques.
A comparative analysis for stabilize the temperature variation of a water bod...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Minimization of performance indices is very effective criteria for real time system. The process basically indicates a stable system.
Now, fixing the temperature in a water body is an important method for practical life where fuzzy logic is appl ied naturally. Here
in this paper we will try to show the method of minimization of error parameter using optimal regulator have equally effects the
fuzzy system for that the system runs towards the stable system.
Keywords - Crisp Set, Fuzzy Set, FLC, Cost Function, HJB Method
ADAPTIVESYNCHRONIZER DESIGN FOR THE HYBRID SYNCHRONIZATION OF HYPERCHAOTIC ZH...ijitcs
This paper derives new adaptive synchronizers for the hybrid synchronization of hyperchaotic Zheng
systems (2010) and hyperchaotic Yu systems (2012). In the hybrid synchronization design of master and
slave systems, one part of the systems, viz. their odd states, are completely synchronized (CS), while the
other part, viz. their even states, are completely anti-synchronized (AS) so that CS and AS co-exist in the
process of synchronization. The research problem gets even more complicated, when the parameters of the
hyperchaotic systems are not known and we handle this complicate problem using adaptive control. The
main results of this research work are established via adaptive control theory andLyapunov stability
theory. MATLAB plotsusing classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta method have been depictedfor the new
adaptive hybrid synchronization results for the hyperchaotic Zheng and hyperchaotic Yu systems.
A new chaotic attractor generated from a 3 d autonomous system with one equil...kishorebingi
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel three-dimensional autonomous chaotic system with four variable parameters. The paper analyzes the dynamic properties and equilibrium points of the system using techniques like Eigen values and Lyapunov exponents. It also discusses the fractional order form of the system, analyzing both commensurate and non-commensurate cases, and showing that the system exhibits chaotic attractors in both cases.
Single to multiple kernel learning with four popular svm kernels (survey)eSAT Journals
Abstract Machine learning applications and pattern recognition have gained great attention recently because of the variety of applications
depend on machine learning techniques, these techniques could make many processes easier and also reduce the amount of
human interference (more automation). This paper research four of the most popular kernels used with Support Vector Machines
(SVM) for Classification purposes. This survey uses Linear, Polynomial, Gaussian and Sigmoid kernels, each in a single form and
all together as un-weighted sum of kernels as form of Multi-Kernel Learning (MKL), with eleven datasets, these data sets are
benchmark datasets with different types of features and different number of classes, so some will be used with Two-Classes
Classification (Binary Classification) and some with Multi-Class Classification. Shogun machine learning Toolbox is used with
Python programming language to perform the classification and also to handle the pre-classification operations like Feature
Scaling (Normalization).The Cross Validation technique is used to find the best performance Out of the suggested different
kernels' methods .To compare the final results two performance measuring techniques are used; classification accuracy and Area
Under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). General basics of SVM and used Kernels with classification parameters are
given through the first part of the paper, then experimental details are explained in steps and after those steps, experimental
results from the steps are given with final histograms represent the differences of the outputs' accuracies and the areas under
ROC curves (AUC). Finally best methods obtained are applied on remote sensing data sets and the results are compared to a
state of art work published in the field using the same set of data.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Classification, SVM, MKL, Cross Validation and ROC
This document summarizes a research article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a decentralized stabilization method for large-scale bilinear interconnected systems. The method involves aggregating the interaction terms of each subsystem with its state matrix, resulting in decoupled subsystems. Optimal control gains are then computed by solving the algebraic Riccati equation for each decoupled subsystem. These decentralized feedback controls are shown to stabilize the overall system with near-optimal performance and minimum control energy cost. The method is demonstrated numerically on a system of three second-order bilinear subsystems.
ADAPTIVE CONTROL AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF SPROTT-I SYSTEM WITH UNKNOWN PARAMETERSijscai
This paper derives new results for the adaptive control and synchronization design of the Sprott-I chaotic system (1994), when the system parameters are unknown. First, we build an adaptive controller to stabilize the Sprott-I chaotic system to its unstable equilibrium at the origin. Then we build an adaptive
synchronizer to achieve global chaos synchronization of the identical Sprott-I chaotic systems with unknown parameters. The results derived for adaptive stabilization and adaptive synchronization for the Sprott-I chaotic system have been established using adaptive control theory and Lyapunov stability
theory. Numerical simulations have been shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive control and synchronization schemes derived in this paper for the Sprott-I chaotic system.
This document describes an algorithm for removing obstructions from images using OpenCV and Python. The algorithm takes in two images of the same scene, finds features in the images, separates foreground and background features, estimates the shape of any obstructions, transforms one image to match the other, and replaces the obstructed area in one image with the corresponding area from the other image. Optical flow, edge detection, the Hough line transform, and Harris corner detection are techniques discussed in the background section that help enable different steps of the algorithm.
This document discusses techniques for solving simultaneous linear algebraic equations. It begins by introducing linear algebraic equations with n variables and describes graphical and algebraic manual solutions that can be used when n is less than or equal to 3. It then explains Gaussian elimination, a method for numerically solving systems of linear equations. The document discusses pivoting techniques like partial and full pivoting that can improve the stability and accuracy of the Gaussian elimination method by selecting larger pivot elements. It also notes potential pitfalls of elimination methods like division by zero, round-off errors, and ill-conditioned systems.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Adaptive Controller Design For The Synchronization Of Moore-Spiegel And Act S...ijcsa
In this paper, we design adaptive controllers for the global chaos synchronization of identical MooreSpiegel systems (1966), identical ACT systems (1981) and non-identical Moore-Spiegel and ACT chaotic systems with unknown parameters. Our adaptive synchronization results derived in this paper for
uncertain Moore-Spiegel and ACT systems are established using Lyapunov stability theory. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the adaptive control method is very effective and convenient to synchronize identical and non-identical uncertain Moore-Spiegel and ACT chaotic
systems. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive synchronization schemes for the global chaos synchronization of the uncertain chaotic systems derived in this paper.
This document proposes a new method to remove the dependence of fuzzy c-means clustering on random initialization. The conventional fuzzy c-means algorithm's performance is highly dependent on the randomly initialized membership values used to select initial centroids. The proposed method uses an algorithm by Yuan et al. to determine initial centroids without randomization. These centroids are then used as inputs to the conventional fuzzy c-means algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is compared to conventional fuzzy c-means using partition coefficient and clustering entropy validity indices. Results show the proposed method produces more consistent and better performance by removing the effect of random initialization.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
ADAPTIVE CONTROL AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF LIU’S FOUR-WING CHAOTIC SYSTEM WITH C...IJCSEA Journal
This paper investigates the adaptive chaos control and synchronization of Liu’s four-wing chaotic system with cubic nonlinearity (Liu, 2009) and unknown parameters. First, we design adaptive control laws to stabilize the Liu’s four-wing chaotic system with cubic nonlinearity to its unstable equilibrium at the origin based on the adaptive control theory and Lyapunov stability theory. Next, we derive adaptive control laws to achieve global chaos synchronization of identical Liu’s four-wing chaotic systems with cubic nonlinearity and unknown parameters. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive chaos control and synchronization schemes.
This document discusses curve fitting in Matlab. It introduces the Curve Fitting tool and how to use it to fit data to functions. Key aspects covered include importing data into the tool, selecting fitting functions, viewing and analyzing fit results, and plotting residuals. Examples are provided of fitting data to a sine wave, linear function with and without weights, and examining fit confidence bounds and predictions over different ranges. The document provides a tutorial on using Matlab's Curve Fitting tool to model experimental data with functions.
Principal Component Analysis(PCA) understanding documentNaveen Kumar
PCA is applied to reduce a dataset into fewer dimensions while retaining most of the variation in the data. It works by calculating the covariance matrix of the data and extracting eigenvectors with the highest eigenvalues, which become the principal components. The EJML Java library can be used to perform PCA by adding sample data, computing the basis using eigenvectors, and projecting samples into the reduced eigenvector space. PCA is generally not useful for datasets containing mostly 0s and 1s, as such sparse data is already in a compact format.
Preliminary Research on Data Abnormality Diagnosis Methods of Spacecraft Prec...IJERA Editor
For precision measuring the satellite equipments, providing technical support for satellite assembly, combined
with satellite small size, complex structure, satellite equipment shapes vary, and other characteristics, presently,
indirect method that using electronic theodolite to measure cube mirror are commonly used to obtain the relative
attitude of the respective devices. But in the actual measurement process, there are measurement errors in the
measurement data. How to detect anomalies in the data is the focus of this study. This paper proposes two
methods to detect abnormal data, that is mathematical geometric method and outlier detection methods. This
paper analyzes their theoretical basis and verifies the feasibility of the two methods through part of the actual
measurement data to.
This document provides an introduction to the least squares minimization method. It explains that least squares finds the model that best fits observed data by minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed and predicted data. It describes how least squares can be interpreted both as a best approximation estimate and as a maximum likelihood estimate. The document also discusses the geometric interpretation of least squares and practical considerations for its use such as checking that data is normally distributed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Number of iterations needed in Monte Carlo Simulation using reliability analy...IJERA Editor
There are many methods in geotechnical engineering which could take advantage of Monte Carlo Simulation to
establish probability of failure, since closed form solutions are almost impossible to use in most cases. The
problem that arises with using Monte Carlo Simulation is the number of iterations needed for a particular
simulation.This article will show why it’s important to calculate number of iterations needed for Monte Carlo
Simulation used in reliability analysis for tunnel supports using convergence – confinement method. Number if
iterations needed will be calculated with two methods. In the first method, the analyst has to accept a distribution
function for the performance function. The other method suggested by this article is to calculate number of
iterations based on the convergence of the factor the analyst is interested in the calculation.
Reliability analysis will be performed for the diversion tunnel in Rrëshen, Albania, by using both methods
mentioned and results will be confronted
The document discusses various techniques for fitting curves to data including linear regression, polynomial regression, and linearization of nonlinear relationships.
Linear regression finds the line that best fits a set of data points by minimizing the sum of the squared residuals. The normal equations are derived and solved to determine the slope and intercept. Polynomial regression extends this to find the best-fit polynomial curve through the data. An example shows fitting a second-order polynomial. Nonlinear relationships can sometimes be linearized by a transformation of variables to apply linear regression. Examples demonstrate applying these techniques.
A comparative analysis for stabilize the temperature variation of a water bod...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Minimization of performance indices is very effective criteria for real time system. The process basically indicates a stable system.
Now, fixing the temperature in a water body is an important method for practical life where fuzzy logic is appl ied naturally. Here
in this paper we will try to show the method of minimization of error parameter using optimal regulator have equally effects the
fuzzy system for that the system runs towards the stable system.
Keywords - Crisp Set, Fuzzy Set, FLC, Cost Function, HJB Method
ADAPTIVESYNCHRONIZER DESIGN FOR THE HYBRID SYNCHRONIZATION OF HYPERCHAOTIC ZH...ijitcs
This paper derives new adaptive synchronizers for the hybrid synchronization of hyperchaotic Zheng
systems (2010) and hyperchaotic Yu systems (2012). In the hybrid synchronization design of master and
slave systems, one part of the systems, viz. their odd states, are completely synchronized (CS), while the
other part, viz. their even states, are completely anti-synchronized (AS) so that CS and AS co-exist in the
process of synchronization. The research problem gets even more complicated, when the parameters of the
hyperchaotic systems are not known and we handle this complicate problem using adaptive control. The
main results of this research work are established via adaptive control theory andLyapunov stability
theory. MATLAB plotsusing classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta method have been depictedfor the new
adaptive hybrid synchronization results for the hyperchaotic Zheng and hyperchaotic Yu systems.
A new chaotic attractor generated from a 3 d autonomous system with one equil...kishorebingi
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel three-dimensional autonomous chaotic system with four variable parameters. The paper analyzes the dynamic properties and equilibrium points of the system using techniques like Eigen values and Lyapunov exponents. It also discusses the fractional order form of the system, analyzing both commensurate and non-commensurate cases, and showing that the system exhibits chaotic attractors in both cases.
Single to multiple kernel learning with four popular svm kernels (survey)eSAT Journals
Abstract Machine learning applications and pattern recognition have gained great attention recently because of the variety of applications
depend on machine learning techniques, these techniques could make many processes easier and also reduce the amount of
human interference (more automation). This paper research four of the most popular kernels used with Support Vector Machines
(SVM) for Classification purposes. This survey uses Linear, Polynomial, Gaussian and Sigmoid kernels, each in a single form and
all together as un-weighted sum of kernels as form of Multi-Kernel Learning (MKL), with eleven datasets, these data sets are
benchmark datasets with different types of features and different number of classes, so some will be used with Two-Classes
Classification (Binary Classification) and some with Multi-Class Classification. Shogun machine learning Toolbox is used with
Python programming language to perform the classification and also to handle the pre-classification operations like Feature
Scaling (Normalization).The Cross Validation technique is used to find the best performance Out of the suggested different
kernels' methods .To compare the final results two performance measuring techniques are used; classification accuracy and Area
Under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). General basics of SVM and used Kernels with classification parameters are
given through the first part of the paper, then experimental details are explained in steps and after those steps, experimental
results from the steps are given with final histograms represent the differences of the outputs' accuracies and the areas under
ROC curves (AUC). Finally best methods obtained are applied on remote sensing data sets and the results are compared to a
state of art work published in the field using the same set of data.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Classification, SVM, MKL, Cross Validation and ROC
This document summarizes a research article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a decentralized stabilization method for large-scale bilinear interconnected systems. The method involves aggregating the interaction terms of each subsystem with its state matrix, resulting in decoupled subsystems. Optimal control gains are then computed by solving the algebraic Riccati equation for each decoupled subsystem. These decentralized feedback controls are shown to stabilize the overall system with near-optimal performance and minimum control energy cost. The method is demonstrated numerically on a system of three second-order bilinear subsystems.
ADAPTIVE CONTROL AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF SPROTT-I SYSTEM WITH UNKNOWN PARAMETERSijscai
This paper derives new results for the adaptive control and synchronization design of the Sprott-I chaotic system (1994), when the system parameters are unknown. First, we build an adaptive controller to stabilize the Sprott-I chaotic system to its unstable equilibrium at the origin. Then we build an adaptive
synchronizer to achieve global chaos synchronization of the identical Sprott-I chaotic systems with unknown parameters. The results derived for adaptive stabilization and adaptive synchronization for the Sprott-I chaotic system have been established using adaptive control theory and Lyapunov stability
theory. Numerical simulations have been shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive control and synchronization schemes derived in this paper for the Sprott-I chaotic system.
This document describes an algorithm for removing obstructions from images using OpenCV and Python. The algorithm takes in two images of the same scene, finds features in the images, separates foreground and background features, estimates the shape of any obstructions, transforms one image to match the other, and replaces the obstructed area in one image with the corresponding area from the other image. Optical flow, edge detection, the Hough line transform, and Harris corner detection are techniques discussed in the background section that help enable different steps of the algorithm.
This document discusses techniques for solving simultaneous linear algebraic equations. It begins by introducing linear algebraic equations with n variables and describes graphical and algebraic manual solutions that can be used when n is less than or equal to 3. It then explains Gaussian elimination, a method for numerically solving systems of linear equations. The document discusses pivoting techniques like partial and full pivoting that can improve the stability and accuracy of the Gaussian elimination method by selecting larger pivot elements. It also notes potential pitfalls of elimination methods like division by zero, round-off errors, and ill-conditioned systems.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Adaptive Controller Design For The Synchronization Of Moore-Spiegel And Act S...ijcsa
In this paper, we design adaptive controllers for the global chaos synchronization of identical MooreSpiegel systems (1966), identical ACT systems (1981) and non-identical Moore-Spiegel and ACT chaotic systems with unknown parameters. Our adaptive synchronization results derived in this paper for
uncertain Moore-Spiegel and ACT systems are established using Lyapunov stability theory. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the adaptive control method is very effective and convenient to synchronize identical and non-identical uncertain Moore-Spiegel and ACT chaotic
systems. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive synchronization schemes for the global chaos synchronization of the uncertain chaotic systems derived in this paper.
This document proposes a new method to remove the dependence of fuzzy c-means clustering on random initialization. The conventional fuzzy c-means algorithm's performance is highly dependent on the randomly initialized membership values used to select initial centroids. The proposed method uses an algorithm by Yuan et al. to determine initial centroids without randomization. These centroids are then used as inputs to the conventional fuzzy c-means algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is compared to conventional fuzzy c-means using partition coefficient and clustering entropy validity indices. Results show the proposed method produces more consistent and better performance by removing the effect of random initialization.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
ADAPTIVE CONTROL AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF LIU’S FOUR-WING CHAOTIC SYSTEM WITH C...IJCSEA Journal
This paper investigates the adaptive chaos control and synchronization of Liu’s four-wing chaotic system with cubic nonlinearity (Liu, 2009) and unknown parameters. First, we design adaptive control laws to stabilize the Liu’s four-wing chaotic system with cubic nonlinearity to its unstable equilibrium at the origin based on the adaptive control theory and Lyapunov stability theory. Next, we derive adaptive control laws to achieve global chaos synchronization of identical Liu’s four-wing chaotic systems with cubic nonlinearity and unknown parameters. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive chaos control and synchronization schemes.
This document discusses curve fitting in Matlab. It introduces the Curve Fitting tool and how to use it to fit data to functions. Key aspects covered include importing data into the tool, selecting fitting functions, viewing and analyzing fit results, and plotting residuals. Examples are provided of fitting data to a sine wave, linear function with and without weights, and examining fit confidence bounds and predictions over different ranges. The document provides a tutorial on using Matlab's Curve Fitting tool to model experimental data with functions.
Principal Component Analysis(PCA) understanding documentNaveen Kumar
PCA is applied to reduce a dataset into fewer dimensions while retaining most of the variation in the data. It works by calculating the covariance matrix of the data and extracting eigenvectors with the highest eigenvalues, which become the principal components. The EJML Java library can be used to perform PCA by adding sample data, computing the basis using eigenvectors, and projecting samples into the reduced eigenvector space. PCA is generally not useful for datasets containing mostly 0s and 1s, as such sparse data is already in a compact format.
Preliminary Research on Data Abnormality Diagnosis Methods of Spacecraft Prec...IJERA Editor
For precision measuring the satellite equipments, providing technical support for satellite assembly, combined
with satellite small size, complex structure, satellite equipment shapes vary, and other characteristics, presently,
indirect method that using electronic theodolite to measure cube mirror are commonly used to obtain the relative
attitude of the respective devices. But in the actual measurement process, there are measurement errors in the
measurement data. How to detect anomalies in the data is the focus of this study. This paper proposes two
methods to detect abnormal data, that is mathematical geometric method and outlier detection methods. This
paper analyzes their theoretical basis and verifies the feasibility of the two methods through part of the actual
measurement data to.
This document provides an introduction to the least squares minimization method. It explains that least squares finds the model that best fits observed data by minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed and predicted data. It describes how least squares can be interpreted both as a best approximation estimate and as a maximum likelihood estimate. The document also discusses the geometric interpretation of least squares and practical considerations for its use such as checking that data is normally distributed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A case study on energy savings in air conditioning system by heat recovery us...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Energy efficient routing used for wireless sensor networks exploitation in ge...eSAT Publishing House
The document proposes an Energy Efficient Routing and Fault Node Replacement (EERFNR) algorithm to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The algorithm uses Hierarchical Gradient Diffusion (HGD) routing to balance node loading and reduce energy consumption. When the number of non-functioning nodes exceeds a threshold, a genetic algorithm is used to replace the faulty nodes with functioning nodes and select the most efficient routing paths. The HGD routing creates gradient values, routing tables, and payload values for each node. If routing fails due to node failure, backup nodes and genetic algorithms are used to find new routes and replace minimum number of nodes.
Analysis on parameters affecting sleep apnea & control measures using low cos...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document compares two methods for parallel matrix multiplication using PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine): the row per slave method and the rows set per slave method. It finds that the row per slave method provides optimal computation time. The row per slave method assigns each slave a single row from the first matrix to compute, while the rows set per slave method assigns each slave a set of rows. Experimental results on matrices of varying sizes show the row per slave method takes less time, with an average 50% reduction in computation time compared to the rows set per slave method.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Dehulling characteristics of oat (ol 9 variety) as affected by grain moisture...eSAT Publishing House
This document studied the effect of grain moisture content on the dehulling characteristics of oat (OL-9 variety) using an indigenously developed small scale impact oat dehuller. Dehulling efficiency and groat recovery significantly increased as grain moisture increased from 10% to 16%, while broken content significantly decreased as moisture increased from 10% to 19%. Regression equations were developed relating grain moisture to dehulling parameters. Optimum moisture content for impact dehulling was determined to be 16%.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A vm scheduling algorithm for reducing power consumption of a virtual machine...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a novel two-step approach for skull stripping MRI brain images. The first step uses morphological reconstruction operations to generate a mask of the brain. The second step applies thresholding to the mask to extract the brain. The method was tested on axial PD and FLAIR MRI images. Results found Jaccard and Dice similarity scores above 0.8 and 0.9 respectively, indicating the method efficiently extracts the brain from the skull.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a methodology for classifying appendicitis based on ultrasound images using image processing techniques in MATLAB. The methodology involves capturing ultrasound images, preprocessing using median filtering, enhancing with adaptive histogram equalization, segmenting using histogram thresholding, detecting edges with Canny edge detection, and measuring the appendix diameter using Euclidean distance. Canny edge detection was found to be most suitable for defining the region of interest around the appendix. The diameter measurement can help diagnose appendicitis and determine severity.
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Production and characterization of nano copper powder using electric explosio...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on producing nano copper powder using an electric explosion process in liquid media. Key points:
- Nanoparticles were produced by exploding copper wires submerged in distilled water using a high voltage capacitor charged to 30-40kV.
- Particle size could be controlled by varying the injected power. Size was analyzed using SEM and TEM, with most particles between 200-500nm.
- A centrifugal separator was used to classify particles by size. Smaller particles precipitated at higher rpm settings.
- The process successfully produced copper nanoparticles, though some submicron particles also formed from non-vaporized liquid droplets.
This document discusses robust control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using a genetic algorithm and PID controller. It begins with an introduction to PMSM modeling and control challenges. It then describes a proposed technique using an H-infinity controller with genetic algorithm optimization of parameters to improve stability. The H-infinity controller is compared to a PID controller. Finally, the document provides details on PMSM mathematical modeling, standard H-infinity design methodology, genetic algorithm based parameter optimization, and implementation of the robust PID and H-infinity control scheme.
Tuning of pid controller of inverted pendulum using genetic algorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract The paper presents two different ways of mathematical modeling of Inverted Pendulum. A Proportional-Integral-Derative (PID) controller is designed for its stabilization. Some reference stable system is selected after designing of PID controller to optimize different types of error using Genetic Algorithms. The proposed system extends classical inverted pendulum by incorporating two moving masses. A tuning mechanism is implemented by genetic algorithm for optimizing different gains of controller parameter. Also, different performance indices are calculated in MATLAB environment. This paper exhibits to demonstrate the capability of genetic algorithm to solve complex and constraint optimization problems and as a general purpose optimization tool to solve control system design problems. Keyword-Inverted pendulum,Mathematical modelling,swing up control ,PID controller,Tuning,Genetic Algorithm,Performance Indeces,Error minimization.
This paper deals with a comparative study of circle criterion based nonlinear observer and H∞ observer for induction motor (IM) drive. The advantage of the circle criterion approach for nonlinear observer design is that it directly handles the nonlinearities of the system with less restriction conditions in contrast of the other methods which attempt to eliminate them. However the H∞ observer guaranteed the stability taking into account disturbance and noise attenuation. Linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization approach is used to compute the gains matrices for the two observers. The simulation results show the superiority of H∞ observer in the sense that it can achieve convergence to the true state, despite the nonlinearity of model and the presence of disturbance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Robust control of pmsm using genetic algorithm analysis with pideSAT Journals
Abstract In recent years, a remarkable evolution has been achieved by control systems in different application in Robot and many other Areas. One of the significant applications of developing control systems is the Acceleration control in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. Control operations are performed statically even after the proposal of diverse techniques in the literature. In addition, H∞ controllers are hardly ever utilized to accomplish this. As a result of this, delayed stability problem occurs in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor while controlling the acceleration or velocity. In this paper, a graphical-based acceleration stabilization technique is proposed to accomplish effective stability in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor controlling operations. the proposed technique is compared with PID Controller to obtain the best performance specifications such motors with large stability margins with robust control can be effectly used in the field of robot application. Keywords: H∞ Controller, PMSM, Stability, Acceleration, Optimisation.
Batch arrival retrial queuing system with state dependent admission and berno...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A single server batch arrival retrial queue with server vacation under Bernoulli schedule is considered. Arrivals are controlled
according to the state of the server. The necessary and sufficient condition for the system to be stable is derived. Explicit formulae for
the stationary distributions and performance measures of the system in steady state are obtained. Numerical examples are presented
to illustrate the influence of the parameters on several performance characteristics.
Keywords: Retrial queue, batch arrival, state dependent admission control, Bernoulli vacation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document presents an investigation of the behavior of 3 degree of freedom spring mass damper systems subjected to transient loads. Two models of the spring mass damper system are modeled and their governing equations are derived. The velocities of the oscillators are estimated by solving the governing equations for a loss factor of 0.15. The kinetic and potential energies are calculated using the mass, velocity and stiffness of the oscillators to estimate the total energy. It is found that when the load changes from full to partial over time, there is a significant increase in displacement and velocity, dissipating more energy.
This document discusses investigating the behavior of a 3 degree of freedom spring mass damper system subjected to transient loads. It presents two models of the system with different damper configurations and derives the governing equations. The velocities and energies (kinetic and potential) of the oscillators are estimated by solving the equations for an exponential decaying, constant, and partial load over time. The results show the contribution of kinetic energy is minimal for oscillator 2 in all cases, while potential energy and contributions from oscillators 1 and 3 depend on the load type.
Design and simulation of radio frequencyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Present day guided weapon systems, especially tactical class missiles use RF seeker, for target tracking towards terminal engagement. The seeker system including its antenna assembly will be onboard the missile. Due to the missile trajectory corrections, the seeker antenna pointing to the target may get disturbed resulting in track loss. To avoid this track loss, it becomes necessary to stabilize the antenna system in two planes. The fundamental role of stabilization loop in seeker application is to precisely follow the angular rate of the target. In order to achieve this requirement, it is essential to highly isolate the gimbaled antenna from the missile body motion due to the maneuvering of target or low frequency vibration during flight. However, the isolation ratio and stability margin of stabilization loop adopting the gimbaled platform with both low stiffness and heavy inertia are limited by mechanical characteristic such as low resonance frequency and its high magnitude. The selection of proper feedback sensors, modeling of the total system are key features of this project. In the end, the performance and the stability of designed stabilization loop are demonstrated using simulation in both frequency and time domain. The Hardware for the system is under realization by the Industry. The whole scheme is simulated in MATLAB off-line for this project.
Keywords: Missile, RF seeker, Track loss, Stabilization loop, Angular Rate Command, Bore-Sight Error, Maneuvering and Gimbaled Platform.
Investigation of behaviour of 3 degrees of freedom systems for transient loadseSAT Journals
Abstract
In this work, the energies dissipated by the spring mass damper system with three degrees of freedom are modelled and simulated for three types of external loads, namely, constant load, exponential decaying load overtime and a partial load over a time period. Two models of the spring mass damper system are modelled and the governing equations are derived. The velocities of the oscillators are estimated by solving the corresponding governing equations for loss of factor of 0.15. The kinetic and potential energies are calculated using the mass, velocity and stiffness of the oscillators and total energy is estimated. , when the load is changed from full load to a partial load over a time period, there is significant increase in the displacement and the velocity at near 0.75 sec, which means it dissipates more energy The contribution of the kinetic energy is minimal for oscillator 2 in all cases and the total energy is constituted mostly of potential energy and there is a substantial contribution both by kinetic and potential energy of oscillator 1 and 3 is presented in this paper. Index Terms: Vibration, 3 Degrees of freedom, Dampers, Loss factor, Transient loads.
Control of non linear system using backsteppingeSAT Journals
Abstract The defining attribute of a servomechanism is that the controlled output of a mechanism is automatically compared with the controlling input. The difference between the settings or positions of the output and the input is called the error signal, which acts to bring the output to its desired value.The paper work shows the application of backstepping technique to stabilize a nonlinear dynamical system. Any nonlinear dynamical system can be stabilized only by means of Lyapunov function approach. In this approach backstepping technique is invariably adopted. In case of normal backstepping technique stabilizing function is designed at every step of dynamics starting from the output towards input. The Backstepping approach provides a recursive method for stabilizing the origin of a system in strict-feedback form. The controller contains the terms of system state variables, reference input & its derivatives, and error. The basic aim of the controller is to settle down error and its derivatives to zero. The controller is designed through Lyapunov based function so as to render strong closed loop stability.In the theory of control systems, Lyapunov functions are scalar functions that may be used to prove the stability of equilibrium of a control system. Keywords: Lyapunov function, backstepping, nonlinear system, stability, derivative
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design of State Estimator for a Class of Generalized Chaotic Systemsijtsrd
In this paper, a class of generalized chaotic systems is considered and the state observation problem of such a system is investigated. Based on the time domain approach with differential inequality, a simple state estimator for such generalized chaotic systems is developed to guarantee the global exponential stability of the resulting error system. Besides, the guaranteed exponential decay rate can be correctly estimated. Finally, several numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the obtained result. Yeong-Jeu Sun "Design of State Estimator for a Class of Generalized Chaotic Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29270.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29270/design-of-state-estimator-for-a-class-of-generalized-chaotic-systems/yeong-jeu-sun
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Explicit model predictive control of fast dynamic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Explicit Model Predictive Control approach provides offline computation of the optimization law by Multi Parametric Quadratic Programming. The solution is Piece wise affine in nature. It is explicit representation of the system states and control inputs. Such law then can be solved using binary search tree and can be evaluated for fast dynamic systems. Implementing such controllers can be done on microcontroller or ASIC/FPGA. DC Motor Speed Control - one of the benchmark systems is discussed here in this context. Its PWA law obtained, simulation of closed loop e-MPC is presented and its implementation approach using MPT toolbox and other such toolboxes is shown in brief. Index Terms: Model Predictive Control, explicit, Piece-wise Affine, and Multi Parametric Toolbox
Effect of stability indices on robustness and system response in coefficient ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In Control systems, designing a robust controller such that a desired system response is obtained despite plant parameter
variations is ubiquitous problem. In this context, Coefficient diagram method is an effective method and one of the recent design
methods based on the polynomial approach introduced by Shunji Manabe. In CDM, stability indices, stability limits and time
constant are the main design parameters. The stability indices and stability limits are indicative of stability and equivalent time
constant is indicative of speed of system response. A semi-log diagram known as coefficient diagram is the design tool using
which one can analyse the important features of a design such as stability, speed of response and robustness, all in one diagram.
The right choice of the stability indices is of paramount importance in the controller design. This paper deals with the effect of
variation in the stability indices upon the system response and robustness. A type 2 fourth order plant has been considered as an
example to analyse the effects of stability indices. The stability indices are varied one by one relative to the standard Manabe form
and in each case response is observed. The transient response of the system is sensitive to lower order indices. Also, robustness in
the design is analysed by coefficient diagrams of the perturbed plant.
Keywords: Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM), robustness; Stability Indices, Coefficient Diagram
The efficiency of the inference system knowledge strategy for the position co...eSAT Journals
Abstract The robot manipulator is a mechanical system multi-articulated, in which each articulation is driven individually by an electric actuator is the most robot used in industry, this system need an efficient control strategy. In this present work we present a new approach for a robot manipulator with two degrees of freedom based on the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) to ensure the position robot control strategy, the proposed control scheme is based on nonlinear dynamic model derived using Lagrange-Euler formulation. Our robot manipulator fuzzy inference system control’s simulated in Matlab Simulink environment, the results obtained present the efficiency and the robustness of the proposed control with good performances compared with the classical PID. Keywords: Robot manipulator, Fuzzy Logic, PID.
Risk assessment of a hydroelectric dam with parallel redundant turbineeSAT Journals
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the risk assessment of a hydroelectric dam. Hydroelectric dam produces electric power with the help of
water collected in a pond. Here, in this paper, the author has been taken one parallel redundant turbine to improve system’s
overall performance. On failure of any one turbine, the whole system works in reduced efficiency state. The whole system can fail
due to failure of any of its subsystems. All failures follow exponential time distribution whereas all repairs follow general time
distribution. In order to risk assessment of the system, we have obtained reliability function, M.T.T.F. and availability function for
considered system. A particular case, when all repairs follow exponential time distribution, and long-run behavior of system have
also been computed to improve practical utility of the model. Graphical illustration followed by a numerical computation has also
been appended at the end to highlight important results of present study.
Key Words: Reliability, Mean time to failure, exponential time distribution, Inclusion of supplementary variables etc.
A Detailed Comparative Study between Reduced Order Cumming Observer & Reduced...IJERD Editor
In this article a detailed comparative study between two well known observer design methodologies
namely, reduced order Cumming observer & reduced order Das &Ghoshal observer has been presented. The
necessary equations & conditions corresponding to these two types of observers are discussed in brief.
Thereafter with the help of a structure wise comparison the similarities & dissimilarities between the above
mentioned methods are explained in details. Finally a performance wise comparison between these two is shown
using proper numerical example & illustrations in open loop as well as closed loop.
Similar to Evaluation the affects of mimo based rayleigh network cascaded with unstable dead zone saturation system (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
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Evaluation the affects of mimo based rayleigh network cascaded with unstable dead zone saturation system
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 211
EVALUATION THE AFFECTS OF MIMO BASED RAYLEIGH
NETWORK CASCADED WITH UNSTABLE DEAD ZONE SATURATION
SYSTEM
Nirmalya Chandra1
, Samiran Maiti2
, Achintya Das3
1
Assistant Professor, Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology, Suri, Birbhum, West Bengal, Pin 731101
2
Assistant Professor, Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology, Suri, Birbhum, West Bengal, Pin 731101
3
Professor & Head of Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kalyani Govt. Engineering College,
P.O: Kalyani; Dist: Nadia, West Bengal, PIN: 741 235; India.3
Abstract
Nonlinear Control is the area of control engineering specifically involved with systems that are nonlinear, time-variant, or both. Many
well-established analysis and design techniques exist for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems .However, one or both of the controller
and the system under control in a general control system may not be an LTI system, and so these methods cannot necessarily be
applied directly. Nonlinear control theory studies how to apply existing linear methods to these more general control systems. In this
paper we generalized a MIMO based Rayleigh network where by diversity technique we improve the signal to noise ratio and see the
effects if its passing through a dead zone saturation system. We also see the effects of Zero Order Hold technique to produce a smooth
running system.
Keywords: Dead Zone Saturation System, MRC Diversity Technique, ABER, Zero Order Hold Technique
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
A system always follows some rules. Whenever we try to
describe system for the timbering we generally establish a
relation between output and input part of the system. For easy
way, if, among the twos one of a system must follows linearity
and homogeneity then by analysis on processing function of
the system it would be try to find out the stability point of
system. These happens for only linear system.
But naturally system are non linear in practice where the
above stated principle are not applicable. For example, for a
sinusoidal input, linear system demands output obviously
follows input i.e sinusoidal in nature but in practice, the output
signal may content so many harmonics and sub-harmonics of
various unexpected amplitudes and phase difference. So this
characteristics obviously unbounded and exist the properties
of limit cycle. The output state of an unstable non; linear
system can go to infinity time.
So, the general model [ 1 ] of non linear system is as follows :
Fig 1: General Model of Non linear system
x‟= f ( τ,x,C,W ) : State Equation
R= h ( τ,x,C,W ) : Response Equation
Where, x € Di
; C € Dj
; W € Dk
Here, „x‟ is the state of the system and „W‟ is the Creating
Disturbance ; C is the input and R is the response ( output ) of
the system ; D is the dynamical closed loop system ; i , j , k
are the vector notation which trace the system in a well
defined form.
In some cases [ 2 ] disturbance factor is not consider i.e x‟= f
( τ,x,C ) and as well as even the system does not depend on
input C, then its behave as an unforced system where the input
not indicates any separate
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 212
Now, for an infinite dimensional system , the system is
described with the help of distributed parameters i.e in that
case, f ( τ,x,C ) = 0
Where as a linear system can be modeled as:
0 1
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( )L L L L LR W C W C d
. …
(1)
Whereas, a Non Linear System can be modeled as :
0 1
0
1
2
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( )
( , 1, 2) ( 2) 1 2 ....
NL NL NL NL NL
NL NL
R W C W C d
W C d d
(2)
characteristics its itself as a function of τ { C = f ( τ ) }. But if
x‟= f ( x ) only then it‟s a time invariantsystem which tends to
force time to reach in origin.
2. CLASSIFICATION
In Broad sense [ 3 ] non satisfied superposition principle can
be explained by two categories.
First one is very close to linear characteristics. Here, the
problem of nonlinearity can be smoothly converted into linear
problem by feedback linearization method.
On the other hand if reaching of stable point is very difficult, it
indicates the another one. Here the nonlinearity problem can
be produced in terms of screendipitous, cautions,
evolutionary, tactical.
Screendipitious the problem of constraints violets
occasionally but no precautions are taken advance to
avoid it.
Cautions plays the roll in case of low gain controller
system in which the objective is to produce closed
loop asymptotic stability in bounded system. But at
the cost of incurring performance is mitigated.
Evolutionary is basically used in antiwindup
controller. Here the broadly affections of constraints
are suppressed, basically used in industry.
Tactial is basically a model of predictive control
where by chemical process the effect of constraints
has to be reduced.
3. STABILITY ANALYSIS
Stability basically has been seen [ 4 ] is linear system. For
example for a second order system, the damping ratio (ξ)
indicated by radiating area shown in fig.2 below depicts
the minimum covering area , ξ = cos θ or sin φ
The condition for stable system must be satisfied the following
condition that , ξ effective > ξ min , and ξ min = cos θ = sin φ
= ξ‟ , where θ + φ = π/2
Fig 2 : Plot of radiating area of a Damping Ratio
Now, evaluation of roots for a processing function of a system
on either side of numerator or denominator indicates if zeros
and poles that plays a vital role in addition case of there.
Study Case 1 :
( )
k
s s a
=
add
pole
( )( )
k
s s a s b
=
{Assuming, c b a }
add
pole
( )( )( )
k
s s a s b s c
Here the more roots added to increase the no of poles, the root
locus goes through unstable position that means go through
right handed side of origin shown below:
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 213
3.1 'Root Locus of G(S) of Single Pole: In the Left
Hand Side Hence the System is Stable for all Values
of K’
Select a point in the graphics window
selected_point = Empty matrix: 0-by-1 : 1
3.2 'Root Locus of G(S) with Two Pole on the LHS of
S Plane: In the Left Hand Side hence the System is
Stable for all Values of K'
Select a point in the graphics window
selected_point = -1.0178 + 0.0373i : 0.0406
3.3 'Root Locus of G(S) with Increase of No of Poles
Crosses the Imaginary Axix : Stability -> Unstability'
Select a point in the graphics window
selected_point = -1.2133 - 0.0373i : 0.1218
3.4 'Root Locus OG G(S) of Adding Complex Pole:
System Tends to Restricted'
Select a point in the graphics window
selected_point = 0.6777 + 1.2112i : 107.7735
For considering complex axis, for the constant gain parameter
0<k<k3<k2<k1 the root contour goes more beyond of origin
towards right hand side which enhances instability but for
addition the complex root in denominator system tends to
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
ROOTLOCUS OF G(S) OF SINGLE POLE :IN THE LEFTHAND SIDE HENCE THE SYSTEM IS STABLE FOR ALL VALUES OF K
Real Axis (seconds-1
)
ImaginaryAxis(seconds-1
)
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
ROOT LOCUS OF G(S) WITH TWO POLE ON THE LHS OF S PLANE : IN THE LEFT HAND SIDE HENCE THE SYSTEM IS STABLE FOR ALL VALUES OF K
Real Axis (seconds-1
)
ImaginaryAxis(seconds-1
)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
ROOT LOCUS OF G(S) WITH INCREASE OF NO OF POLES CROSSES THE IMAGINARY AXIX: STABILITY -> UNSTABILITY
Real Axis (seconds-1
)
ImaginaryAxis(seconds-1
)
-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
ROOT LOCUS OG G(S) OF ADDING COMPLEX POLE : SYSTEM TENDS TO RESTRICTED
Real Axis (seconds-1
)
ImaginaryAxis(seconds-1
)
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 214
became more restricted on stability and goes through L.H.S of
s-plane.
Study Case2 :
( )
( )
k s a
s b
=
add
zero
( )( )
( )
k s a s c
s b
=
{Assuming, c b a }
add
zero
( )( )( )
( )
k s a s b s c
s b
Here the addition of zeros in the numerator indicates the left
from origin that effects the improve of stability and for adding
complex roots the stability is effected to reduce. Which is
shown below :
3.5 'Root Locus of G(S) of Single Zero :In the Left
Hand Side hence the System is Stable for all Values
of K'
Select a point in the graphics window
selected_point = -0.0665 + 0.0013i : 0.4828
3.6 'Root Locus of G(S) with Two Zeros on the LHS
of S Plane : In the Left Hand Side hence the System is
More Stable for all Values of K'
Select a point in the graphics window
selected_point = -0.2227 + 0.0261i : 0.5626
3.7 'Root Locus of G(S) with Increase of No of Zeors:
System is Under Stable Totally'
Select a point in the graphics window
selected_point = 0.3246 + 0.0466i : 1
3.8 'Root Locus OG G(S) of Adding Complex Pole:
System Stability Effected'
Select a point in the graphics window
selected_point = -2.6185 + 2.9348i : 0.0708
Now these all are bounding for linear system basically. For
Non linear the system demands boundation for every
harmonics. Practically this is very difficult.
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
ROOT LOCUS OF G(S) OF SINGLE ZERO :IN THE LEFT HAND SIDE HENCE THE SYSTEM IS STABLE FOR ALL VALUES OF K
Real Axis (seconds-1
)
ImaginaryAxis(seconds-1
)
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
ROOT LOCUS OF G(S) WITH TWO ZEROS ON THE LHS OF S PLANE : IN THE LEFT HAND SIDE HENCE THE SYSTEM IS MORE STABLE FOR ALL VALUES OF K
Real Axis (seconds-1
)
ImaginaryAxis(seconds-1
)
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
ROOT LOCUS OF G(S) WITH INCREASE OF NO OF ZEORS : SYSTEM IS UNDER STABLE TOTALLY
Real Axis (seconds-1
)
ImaginaryAxis(seconds-1
)
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 215
4. NON LINEAR CONTROL WITH DESCRIBING
FUNCTION IN MIMO NETWORK:
Due to affects of harmonics present in this system, its better to
represent the processing function by the complex ratio of the
fundamentals harmonics present in this system to the input
component.
Processing Transfer Function :
Amplitudes of the systems Harmonics
Amplitudes of the inputs component
,
is the phase shift of harmonics w.r.t input components
Consider a system which is combined for a MIMO based
system cascaded with dead zone saturation system with a
negative unity feedback.
Fig 3: Model of MIMO based network with Non Linear
Saturation System
Figure.3 shows a wireless communication system where
terminal S is communicating with terminal D through the relay
terminal R. The relay R is equipped with (M=2) receiving
antennas for reception of signal transmitted from terminal S
and (N=2) transmitting antenna to convey the signal to
terminal D after suitable amplification or decoding (as the case
may be) at the Relay. The Relay is cascaded with Dead Zone
Saturation Non Linear system. We assume that Maximum
Ratio Combining (MRC) is used for receiving the signal at R
and Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT) is used for
conveying it to the destination D. In MRC, [ 5 ] the branch
with the instantaneous SNR is selected as the output of the
combiner is given by :
𝛾 𝑚𝑟𝑐 = 𝛾𝑖2
𝑖=1
Where the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the ith
branch is, : 𝛾𝑖= 𝐸𝑠/ 𝑁0[ 𝛼𝑖
2
] , i=1, 2...With 𝛼𝑖 being the
Rayleigh fading amplitude of the channel
Between terminals S and the antennas (i = 1, 2 ) at relay R,
𝐸𝑆 is the energy of the transmitted signals and 𝑁0 is the one-
sided noise power spectral density per branch.
We assume the channel is frequency non-selective and slowly
varying such that it is constant over the transmitted symbols
interval. Noting that 𝛼𝑖 is Rayleigh distributed, 𝛼𝑖
2
is the
exponentially distributed random variables. If we further
assume that (𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑖 is the same for all diversity branches
(i.e., 𝛾1= 𝛾2, the output SNR of the MRC combiner(or, the
SNR between S and R, 𝛾 𝑃,𝑄) has the probability density
function (pdf) is given by
pГ 𝑆,𝑅( 𝛾𝑆,𝑅)=
𝛾 𝑆,𝑅
2−1
Ῡ 𝑆
2
Г(2)
𝑒
−
𝛾 𝑆,𝑅
𝛾 𝑆 …………… (3)
pГ 𝑆,𝑅( 𝛾𝑆,𝑅)=
𝛾 𝑆,𝑅
1
Ῡ 𝑆
2
Г(2)
𝑒
−
𝛾 𝑆,𝑅
𝛾 𝑆 …………... (4)
Assuming 𝛼𝑗 , j=1 and 2 the fading amplitude of channel
between two antennas at R and D as Rayleigh type, the
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑗 is the same for all diversity branches, namely 𝛾 𝑅
similar way the pdf of Г 𝑅,𝐷 can be written by :
pГ 𝑅,𝐷(Г 𝑅,𝐷)=
𝛾 𝑅,𝐷
2−1
𝛾 𝐷
2 Г(2)
𝑒
−
𝛾 𝑅,𝐷
𝛾 𝑅 …… (5)
pГ 𝑅,𝐷(Г 𝑅,𝐷)=
𝛾 𝑅,𝐷
1
𝛾 𝐷
2 Г(2)
𝑒
−
𝛾 𝑅,𝐷
𝛾 𝑅 …………. (6)
Where 𝛾 𝑅 is the average SNR of the R to D link.
Choosing the appropriate gain at the relay terminal before re-
transmission, the overall SNR at the receiving terminal R can
be very closely upper bounded as,
𝛾𝑒𝑞 =
Г 𝑆,𝑅Г 𝑅,𝐷
Г 𝑆,𝑅+Г 𝑅,𝐷
…………… (7)
Where Г 𝑅,𝐷 is the output SNR of the MRC, and Г 𝑅,𝐷 is the
instantaneous SNR between R and D with MRT
We also obtained [ 6 ],
𝑆 𝑘−1∞
0
2 𝛽𝑠𝑘1 𝛽𝑠 𝑑𝑠 =
Г 𝑘+1 Г(𝑘)
𝛽 𝑘
… (8)
And hence reduce to:
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 216
𝑀𝑥(S)=
(−𝑆) 𝐾
Г(𝐾+1)
∝
𝐾−0 [
Г 𝐾+1 Г(𝐾)
𝛽 𝐾Г(𝐾)
=
𝛽
𝑆+𝛽
…..… (9)
Using the above results for mgf of destination SNR one can
derive the average bit error rate (ABER) of several digital
modulation schemes over the proposed relayed link by
adopting the mgf-based approach. For demonstration, we
consider here the ABER of binary differential phase-shift
keying (DPSK). For amplify-and – forward relaying the
ABER is given by:
𝑃𝑏 𝑒 =
1
2
𝑀Г 1 …………………….… (10)
For decode –and-forward relaying the ABER can be shown to
be given by
𝑃𝑏 𝑒 = 𝑃𝑏 𝑒1 + 𝑃𝑏 𝑒2 − 2𝑃𝑏 𝑒1 𝑃𝑏 𝑒2
Where 𝑃𝑏(𝑒1)= the ABER for S to R link and is given by:
(11)
𝑃𝑏 𝑒1 =
1
2
(
𝛽1
1+𝛽1
)2
………... (12)
Similarly the ABER for R to D link and is obtained as,
𝑃𝑏 𝑒2 =
1
2
(
𝛽2
1+𝛽2
)2
………...(13)
The ABER for decode –and forward relaying can be written
as:
𝑃𝑏 𝑒 =
1
2
(
𝛽1
1+𝛽1
)2
+
1
2
(
𝛽2
1+𝛽2
)2
-
2×
1
2
(
𝛽1
1+𝛽1
)2
×
1
2
(
𝛽2
1+𝛽2
)2
…….. (14)
For symmetric case, with 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 = 𝛽 =
1
𝛾
may be
reduced to
𝑃𝑏 𝑒 =
1
2
[2{
1
(1+𝛾)
}2
− {
1
(1+𝛾)
}4
] …….. (15)
The ABER curves for decode-and-forward (DF) relaying over
the proposed relay over Rayleigh fading channel with respect
to the normalized SNR. The horizontal axis represents the
instantaneous SNR in dB and the vertical axis represents the
average bit error rate (ABER). Observations are noted for the
cases of decode-and-forward relaying systems from the plots
of Fig.4, where improvements are even less. This nature of the
graph is highly expected because, with diversity, merely S
→R link SNR is improved whereas overall performance is
determined by both S →R and R→ D links. The ( S/N ) ratio
is improved for M=2 and N=2.
Fig 4 : Plot of ABER verses SNR (dB) for decode and
forward relaying with transmitting antenna
M=1,N=1;M=1,N=2;M=2,N=1;M=2,N=2.
Now the output of this MIMO network is passing through the
dead zone saturation system and the corresponding diagram is
shown below :
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
NORMALIZEDSNRPERBRANCH(INdB)
AVERAGEBITERRORRATE
ABERFORDECODE ANDFORWARD
N=1,M=1
N=1,M=2
N=2,M=1
N=2,M=2
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 217
Here in between the region ‘d’ -> ‘x’ , the slope is k , so the
portion of the output of MIMO network over ABER vs S/N
ratio shows linear characteristics, before the „d‟ i.e 0<x<d.
the output is dead zone and after s<x<∞ the output = k(s-d/x) ,
So the improvement of Signal to Noise Ratio is somehow
hampering for some time period span, that‟s affects the system
is unstable condition. Now if we connect a Zero Order Hold
circuit the stability is improvement that we see via simulink
design.
Fig 5(a): ZOH connected in saturation system
Output:
Fig 5(b): ZOH connected in saturation system with step input
and Step feedback processing function
Output:
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 218
Fig 5(c): ZOH connected in saturation system with pulse input
and Step feedback processing function
Output:
Now if the system is disturbed by some external trigger the
system‟s stability is hampering. For example consider the
following diagram for a sinusoidal input with an external
trigger input. Here the summer output connect below portion
of saturation level
Fig 5(d): ZOH connected in saturation system with sinusoidal
input with external trigger input and Step feedback processing
function
Output:
Now if the summer output connect up portion of saturation
level then the stability is unchanged though the external
trigger is connected.
Figure 5(e): ZOH connected in saturation system with
sinusoidal input with external trigger input and Step feedback
processing function : Summer output in up portion of
saturation
Output: