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Synthesis, characterization and in vitro Antimicrobial activity of Cu (II) an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Four Cu(II) and two Ni(II) complexes of azo carboxylate ligands were synthesized and characterized
by conductivity ,UV-visible and Infrared spectroscopy. The comparison of IR spectra of uncoordinated ligands
and their metal complexes indicated that ligands were coordinated to the metal through carboxylic oxygen atom
in bidented fashion. The electronic spectral data suggested square planner geometry of the complexes. The
conductivity study of the complexes indicated Cu(II) complexes are nonelectrolyte while Ni(II) complexes are
electrolyte in nature. All the complexes were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against
different microbes and compared with standard drugs, Amphotericin-B and Ciprofloxacin. It was observed that
Ni(II)complexes are more effective than the corresponding Cu(II)complexes.Cu(II) complexes were found to be
inactive against the tested fungal species but they show moderate activity against the tested bacterial species.
One of the Ni(II) complex was found to be active in both fungal and bacterial species and also found to be more
effective than the other complexes.
The Influence of Solvent on the Solvolysis of Ethyl Cinnamate in Water Aceton...IJEACS
The kinetic of alkaline hydrolysis of Ethyl Cinnamate was investigated at different percentage of aqua-organic solvent mixture with Acetone (30 to 70% v/v) over the temperature range of 20o C to 40 o C. The specific rate constant was found to be decreased with increasing proportion of solvent (Acetone) at all the temperature range. The Iso-composition Activation energy (EC) was also evaluated which decreases with solvent composition in (water-Acetone) system. The number of water molecule associated with the activated complex is found to be increase (0.7003to 0.786) in water-Acetone system. The Thermodynamic Activation Parameter such as Enthalpy of Activation (H*), Entropy of Activation (S*) and Gibb's free energy of activation (G*) were also calculated
Chemical speciation studies on complexation of ditopic ligands: Interaction o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
Spectral studies of 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino] pyrimidi...IOSR Journals
Some transition metal ions Complexes with 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino]
pyrimidin-5-yl} methyl)-2,3,4-trimethoxybenzene were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses,
Infrared , magnetic moment, electronic spectra , mass spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, molar conductance
and thermal analysis (TGA). The complexes have general formulae [ML2.2H2O] {where M = Mn (II), Co (II), Ni
(II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Pd (II) and Pt (II). The coordination behavior of the metal ions towards to the investigated
Schiff base takes place through –C=N,-NH2 and –OH groups. The obtained C, H and N elemental analysis data
showed the Metal: Ligand ratio is 1:2 [M: L] ratio. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal
complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. From the magnetic moments the complexes are paramagnetic except
Zn metal ion complexes have octahedral geometry with coordination number eight. The thermal behavior of
these complexes shows that, the hydrated complexes have loses two water molecules and immediately followed
by decomposition of the anions and ligand molecules in the second and third stage. The Schiff bases and metal
complexes show good activity against some bacteria. The antimicrobial results indicate that, the metal
complexes have better antimicrobial activity as compared to the prepared Schiff base.
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro Antimicrobial activity of Cu (II) an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Four Cu(II) and two Ni(II) complexes of azo carboxylate ligands were synthesized and characterized
by conductivity ,UV-visible and Infrared spectroscopy. The comparison of IR spectra of uncoordinated ligands
and their metal complexes indicated that ligands were coordinated to the metal through carboxylic oxygen atom
in bidented fashion. The electronic spectral data suggested square planner geometry of the complexes. The
conductivity study of the complexes indicated Cu(II) complexes are nonelectrolyte while Ni(II) complexes are
electrolyte in nature. All the complexes were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against
different microbes and compared with standard drugs, Amphotericin-B and Ciprofloxacin. It was observed that
Ni(II)complexes are more effective than the corresponding Cu(II)complexes.Cu(II) complexes were found to be
inactive against the tested fungal species but they show moderate activity against the tested bacterial species.
One of the Ni(II) complex was found to be active in both fungal and bacterial species and also found to be more
effective than the other complexes.
The Influence of Solvent on the Solvolysis of Ethyl Cinnamate in Water Aceton...IJEACS
The kinetic of alkaline hydrolysis of Ethyl Cinnamate was investigated at different percentage of aqua-organic solvent mixture with Acetone (30 to 70% v/v) over the temperature range of 20o C to 40 o C. The specific rate constant was found to be decreased with increasing proportion of solvent (Acetone) at all the temperature range. The Iso-composition Activation energy (EC) was also evaluated which decreases with solvent composition in (water-Acetone) system. The number of water molecule associated with the activated complex is found to be increase (0.7003to 0.786) in water-Acetone system. The Thermodynamic Activation Parameter such as Enthalpy of Activation (H*), Entropy of Activation (S*) and Gibb's free energy of activation (G*) were also calculated
Chemical speciation studies on complexation of ditopic ligands: Interaction o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
Spectral studies of 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino] pyrimidi...IOSR Journals
Some transition metal ions Complexes with 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino]
pyrimidin-5-yl} methyl)-2,3,4-trimethoxybenzene were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses,
Infrared , magnetic moment, electronic spectra , mass spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, molar conductance
and thermal analysis (TGA). The complexes have general formulae [ML2.2H2O] {where M = Mn (II), Co (II), Ni
(II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Pd (II) and Pt (II). The coordination behavior of the metal ions towards to the investigated
Schiff base takes place through –C=N,-NH2 and –OH groups. The obtained C, H and N elemental analysis data
showed the Metal: Ligand ratio is 1:2 [M: L] ratio. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal
complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. From the magnetic moments the complexes are paramagnetic except
Zn metal ion complexes have octahedral geometry with coordination number eight. The thermal behavior of
these complexes shows that, the hydrated complexes have loses two water molecules and immediately followed
by decomposition of the anions and ligand molecules in the second and third stage. The Schiff bases and metal
complexes show good activity against some bacteria. The antimicrobial results indicate that, the metal
complexes have better antimicrobial activity as compared to the prepared Schiff base.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
METALLO - BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL NOVEL ANTICANCER THERAPYijac123
Mono and bi-organometallic complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Zn(II) and Ag(I) complexes with
oxaloamide ligand has much potential as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The ligand allows the
thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity of the metal ion to be controlled and also provide a scaffold for
functionalization. Specific examples involving the design of metal complexes as anticancer agents are
discussed. These complexes have been synthesized and characterized by (1H-NMR, mass, IR, UV-VIS,
ESR) spectra, magnetic moments and conductance measurements, elemental and thermal analyses. Molar
conductances in DMF solution indicates that, the complexes are non-electrolytes. The ESR spectra of solid
Cu(II) complexes (2-5) show an axial type indicating a d(X2-y2) ground state with a significant covalent
bond character. However, Mn(II) complex(9), shows an isotropic type indicating an octahedral geometry.
Cytotoxic evolution IC50 of the ligand and its complexes have been carried out. Cu(II) Complexes show
enhanced activity in comparison to the parent ligand or standard drug. Copper is enriched in various
human cancer tissues and is a co-factor essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. However, the use of
copper binding ligand to target tumor, copper could provide a novel strategy for cancer selective
treatment.
Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric A...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol,
D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order
was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found
in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation
of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SCHIFF BASE METAL COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM NA...chemsurya
New Schiff base metal complexes having general structural formulae ML2Cl2 where M= Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), and MLCl2 where M=Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) were synthesized by the condensation of indoline-2,3-dione (Isatin) and naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carbohydrazide. Tentative structures for the synthesized compounds have been elucidated based on analytical, IR, 1HNMR, and Mass spectral studies. Further selected compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity.
Characterization of Semi-Interpenetrated Network Alginate/Gelatin Wound Dress...UniversitasGadjahMada
Gel contraction of alginate during ionic crosslinking at sol phase was reduced by blending with gelatin solution due to intermolecular interaction and chain entanglement. The semi-interpenetrated network (semi-IPN) of wound dressing hydrogels were prepared by overlaid alginate/gelatin blend with 1.0% (w/w) CaCl2 solution under ambient temperature for 2 h. Results showed that gel contraction was significantly reduced with increasing gelatin content i.e. from 40.5 ± 5.8% for pure alginate to as low as 5.8 ± 1.2% for alginate/gelatin of 1:7 (w/w). It seems that gelatin successfully inhibited alginate chains mobility during their network re-arrangement by a Ca2+ cation. The FTIR spectra of hydrogels showed a combination of characteristic vibration of alginate and gelatin. Increasing gelatin content also significantly improved elasticity and tensile strength at break of dried hydrogels. Swelling kinetics of dried hydrogels were fitted with Schott’s second-order power-law model. Increasing gelatin fraction increased the swelling rate while decreased the swelling at equilibrium. Their absorptive capacity was of the interval for management of moderate to heavily exudating wound.
A Kinetic Study on the Oxidation of Pharmaceutically Significant PEG–400 by P...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) has a spectrum of applications in pharmaceutical field. PEG-400 oxidation was carried out in alkaline medium by using potassium periodate as an oxidant. Rate of the reaction was found to be first order dependence on the oxidant concentration. In the studied range, substrate concentration didn’t change the reaction rate. Increase of alkali concentration decreased the reaction rate and order of the reaction with respect to alkali was inverse fractional. Effect of temperature on reaction rate was studied and then Arrhenius parameters were calculated. A suitable rate law was proposed based on the observed experimental results.
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
METALLO - BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL NOVEL ANTICANCER THERAPYijac123
Mono and bi-organometallic complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Zn(II) and Ag(I) complexes with
oxaloamide ligand has much potential as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The ligand allows the
thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity of the metal ion to be controlled and also provide a scaffold for
functionalization. Specific examples involving the design of metal complexes as anticancer agents are
discussed. These complexes have been synthesized and characterized by (1H-NMR, mass, IR, UV-VIS,
ESR) spectra, magnetic moments and conductance measurements, elemental and thermal analyses. Molar
conductances in DMF solution indicates that, the complexes are non-electrolytes. The ESR spectra of solid
Cu(II) complexes (2-5) show an axial type indicating a d(X2-y2) ground state with a significant covalent
bond character. However, Mn(II) complex(9), shows an isotropic type indicating an octahedral geometry.
Cytotoxic evolution IC50 of the ligand and its complexes have been carried out. Cu(II) Complexes show
enhanced activity in comparison to the parent ligand or standard drug. Copper is enriched in various
human cancer tissues and is a co-factor essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. However, the use of
copper binding ligand to target tumor, copper could provide a novel strategy for cancer selective
treatment.
Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric A...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol,
D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order
was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found
in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation
of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SCHIFF BASE METAL COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM NA...chemsurya
New Schiff base metal complexes having general structural formulae ML2Cl2 where M= Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), and MLCl2 where M=Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) were synthesized by the condensation of indoline-2,3-dione (Isatin) and naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carbohydrazide. Tentative structures for the synthesized compounds have been elucidated based on analytical, IR, 1HNMR, and Mass spectral studies. Further selected compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity.
Characterization of Semi-Interpenetrated Network Alginate/Gelatin Wound Dress...UniversitasGadjahMada
Gel contraction of alginate during ionic crosslinking at sol phase was reduced by blending with gelatin solution due to intermolecular interaction and chain entanglement. The semi-interpenetrated network (semi-IPN) of wound dressing hydrogels were prepared by overlaid alginate/gelatin blend with 1.0% (w/w) CaCl2 solution under ambient temperature for 2 h. Results showed that gel contraction was significantly reduced with increasing gelatin content i.e. from 40.5 ± 5.8% for pure alginate to as low as 5.8 ± 1.2% for alginate/gelatin of 1:7 (w/w). It seems that gelatin successfully inhibited alginate chains mobility during their network re-arrangement by a Ca2+ cation. The FTIR spectra of hydrogels showed a combination of characteristic vibration of alginate and gelatin. Increasing gelatin content also significantly improved elasticity and tensile strength at break of dried hydrogels. Swelling kinetics of dried hydrogels were fitted with Schott’s second-order power-law model. Increasing gelatin fraction increased the swelling rate while decreased the swelling at equilibrium. Their absorptive capacity was of the interval for management of moderate to heavily exudating wound.
A Kinetic Study on the Oxidation of Pharmaceutically Significant PEG–400 by P...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) has a spectrum of applications in pharmaceutical field. PEG-400 oxidation was carried out in alkaline medium by using potassium periodate as an oxidant. Rate of the reaction was found to be first order dependence on the oxidant concentration. In the studied range, substrate concentration didn’t change the reaction rate. Increase of alkali concentration decreased the reaction rate and order of the reaction with respect to alkali was inverse fractional. Effect of temperature on reaction rate was studied and then Arrhenius parameters were calculated. A suitable rate law was proposed based on the observed experimental results.
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Journals
Abstract Apparent molar compressibilities (φk) and apparent molar volume (φv) of L-valine, L-leucine andL-phenylalanine in aqueous solution of KNO3 at different concentrations have been determined at the temperature 303.15K using a standard ultrasonic frequency of 2 MHz. The above parameters can be evaluated from precise density, ultrasonic velocity and time flow measurements using a specific gravity bottle, ultrasonic single frequency interferometer and Ostwald type capillary viscometer respectively. With the help of these results various ultrasonic derived parameters such as limiting apparent molar compressibilities (φko), limiting apparent molar volumes (φvo), and their constants (Sk, Sv), viscosity A & B-coefficients and the corresponding transfer parameters (Δφko, Δφvo and ΔB), have been evaluated. The results have been interpreted in the light of intermolecular interactions between solute and solvent. Keywords: Amino acid, apparent molar compressibility, apparent molar volume, transfer parameter, viscosity B-coefficients.
The effect of temperature onthe micellization of an anionic surfactant in mix...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Investigation of molecular interaction of amino acids in aqueous n propanol s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The physical properties that has been investigated are, density (ρ),viscosity (η), and ultrasonic velocity (U) of L-valine, L- leucine and L-glutamine in aqueous n-propanol solution (0%-30%) in steps of 10% at 308.15K have been measured. The derived acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (β), apparent molal compressibility (ϕK), apparent molal volume (ϕV), limiting apparent molal compressibility(ϕ°K), limiting apparent molal volume(ϕ°V) and their constants (sk, sv), transfer adiabatic compressibility (Δϕ°K), transfer volume(Δϕ°V) , and viscosity B-coefficient are calculated using the experimental data. The change that has been observed in the parameter with respect to molality of the solute has been interpreted in terms of ion-ion and ion- solvent interactions.
Key words: Molecular interaction, solute-solvent interaction, ion-ion interaction, ion-solvent interaction.
In this present work we studied the supramolecular interaction of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaflurophosphate(HMIm)PF6with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) using various physicochemical method and spectroscopic technique. The formation of inclusion complex of any ionic liquid inside the cyclodextrin affects the physicalchemical properties like solubility, conductivity, surface tension, etc. So from the discrepancy of physicochemical andspectral properties we can confirm the formation inclusion complex. The stoichiometry of host - guest of the inclusion complexes was evaluated from conductivity, surface tensionstudy and Job’s plot from UV-visible spectroscopy. We also calculated the association/binding constant from conductivity, surface tension measurements and Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The infra-red (IR) and 1H NMR spectroscopy also affirm the formation of inclusion complexes however the plausible mode of inclusion was described from 1H NMR and 2D ROESY NMR spectroscopies.
Effect of Operating Conditions on CSTR performance: an Experimental StudyIJERA Editor
In this work, Saponification reaction of ethyl acetate by sodium hydroxide is studied experimentally in a continuous stirred tank reactor at 1 atmospheric pressure. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of operating conditions on the conversion and specific rate constant. The parameters considered for analysis are temperature, feed flow rate, residence time, volume of reactor and stirrer rate. The steady state conversion of 0.45 achieved after a period of 30 minutes. Conversion decreases with increase of reactant flow rate due to decrease of residence time. The stirrer rate has a positive effect on the conversion and rate constant. Specific rate constant and conversion increase with temperature within the studied temperature range. Within the range of reactor volume selected for analysis, conversion increases with increase in reactor volume. The results obtained in this study may be helpful in maximizing the conversion of ethyl acetate saponification reaction at industrial scale in a CSTR.
EFFECT OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT ON HEAT TRANSFER IN POOL...ijiert bestjournal
Boiling is very complex phenomena also it is very e ffective mode of heat transfer. The boiling phenomenon is affected by different method i.e. act ive and passive method. Addition of surface active agent is active way to enhance the heat tran sfer rate. Heat transfer rate enhancement by addition of surface active method is depend on two parameter one is its ionic nature and other is its molecular weight. In this study we are going to understand the effect of high molecular weight surfactant on heat transfer for that purpose we are using Polyethylene glycol having molecular weight 2909.49 g/mol. The experimental re sult shows that addition of PEG in water increases its surface tension and considerably its surface temperature.
Use of surface modified bentonite clay catalyst for esterification of maleic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Inorganic clays are being exploited as solid catalysts support for vide verity of organic reactions. Surface modified (SM) clay was synthesized by sulfuric acid treatment of raw bentonite clay. Acid treated clay was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The esterification of maleic acid with ethanol using SM clay catalyst was carried out to study an effect of various parameters viz. speed of agitation, catalyst loading, mole ratio of reactants and temperature. SM bentonite shows better catalytic activity towards maleic acid-ethanol esterification. A Pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was used to validate the experimental data. Kinetic parameter such as rate constant and activation energy was estimated for the reaction. Keywords: Esterification, maleic acid, SM bentonite, rate constant, activation energy.
Partial Molar Volumes of Tetra alkyl ammonium salts in 10%(W/W) 2-(Ethoxy) et...Premier Publishers
In this article densities and apparent molar volumes of Tetra alkyl ammonium bromide salts ( ) in 10% (W/W) 2-(Ethoxy) ethanol-water mixture is studied at 30o, 35o and 40oC. Partial molar volumes are divided into ionic components using different methods such as Conway et al. and Jolicoeur et al. The results are compared with the values of partial molar volumes of ions reported in literature for pure water. Decrease in hydrophobic hydration is noticed. This may be due to the addition of co-solvent 2-(Ethoxy) ethanol (confirming the conclusions drawn from our viscosity studies that in 2-(Ethoxy) ethanol-water mixture, the structuredness of water is reduced by the breaking of hydrogen bonds). The values are divided into and . Making use of the Padova’s equation values of salts are calculated. These are also divided into ionic contributions. Dimensions of ions have been calculated to understand solvation behavior. It is shown that the classification of salts into structure makers and structure breakers on the basis of the sign of is not valid for the present water rich mixed solvent system.
Effect of salt magnesium chloride on vapour liquid equilibria of binary aze...eSAT Journals
Abstract Separation of azeotropic liquid mixtures using distillation is a challenging task for process engineers. A straight distillation is not useful for complete separation of mixture components for azeotropic liquid mixtures. The conventional process using liquid entrainer is energy intensive and involves running extra distillation column. The salt which dissolve in liquid mixture but has different solubility in components of liquid mixture can be used as the extracting agent like that of liquid entrainer. The added salt can hold the component in equilibrium liquid phase which has more solubility and hence can enrich the equilibrium vapour phase with the other component. Therefore the added salt has the capability to alter the relative volatility of liquid mixture. The Vapour – Liquid Equilibrium data indicates the relative amount of components in liquid and vapour phase and hence indicates extend up to which liquid mixture can be separated using distillation. In this paper we have studied the separation of one of the important azeotropic liquid mixture Ethyl Acetate –Ethanol in presence of salt Magnesium Chloride. The Vapour – Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) data of binary liquid mixture Ethyl Acetate (A)- Ethanol (B) without salt and with salt is obtained experimentally by using modified Othmer’s still. The system found to forms the minimum boiling azeotrope at 0.550 mole fraction of ethyl acetate at 71.7 0C under the normal atmospheric pressure. The effect of addition of salt Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) has been studied on the vapour - liquid equilibria of ethyl acetate- ethanol. Two different compositions of salt (20% and 25% by weight of ethanol in mixture) have been tried and corresponding shift in azeotropic point towards the higher composition of ethyl acetate than without salt is noted. Keywords: VLE, binary, azeotrope, mole fraction, salt.
Some Excess Properties of Ternary Liquid Mixture of Water, Methanol, Ethanol ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Densities and viscosities of ternary liquid mixtures of water, methanol, ethanol of volume by volume ratio of 1:1:1 have been measured at 308.15, 313.15., 318.15, 323.15, 328.15, K .From the density and viscosity data the values of various properties, Excess volume (VE) Excess viscosity (µE) and Excess Gibb’s free energy of activation of flow (ΔGE) have been determined. On the basis of the values of interaction parameters and various excess properties, the nature of molecular interactions between the components of mixtures has been explained.
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-2, February 2014
44 www.erpublication.org
Abstract— Apparent molar volumes,V2,of glycine,
DL-α-alanine, DL-α-amino-n-butyric acid, L-valine and
L-leucine in water and in (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)
molkg-1
aqueous potassium nitrate solutions have been
determined from densities measurements at various
temperatures (288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K. The
standard partial molar volumes,V2
0
, obtained fromV2,have
been used to calculate the corresponding volume of transfer at
infinite dilution,V2,from water to aqueous potassium nitrate.
The hydration number,nH, side chain contributions of amino
acids, and concentration effect of potassium nitrate as well as
temperature effects have been discussed in terms of various
interactions. The structure making / breaking capacities of these
amino acids in water and also in aqueous potassium nitrate
investigated have been discussed.
Index Terms— Amino acids; Potassium nitrate; Partial
molar volume; Transfer volumes; Hydration numbers;
Interaction coefficients; Partial molar expansibilities.
I. INTRODUCTION
Proteins are large complex molecules. The detailed
three-dimensional structure of proteins and nucleic acids
provides critical information about the molecules but they
provide no information about the stability of a molecule or the
energetic of its interactions[Haq et al., 2000].The interactions
of water with the various functional groups of proteins play
crucial role in determining the conformational stability of
proteins.2-4
Due to the complex conformational and
configurationally three-dimensional structures of protein
direct investigations of the solute/solvent effect on these
biological macromolecules are very challenging. However
their constituent molecules, the amino acids are very small
biomolecules, which have been extensively used as model
compounds to characterize the detailed interactions of the
atomic groups that comprise proteins.
The main advantage comes out from the fact that
such model studies readily allow one to systemically alter the
structure so that the contribution of a chosen atomic group can
be addressed.5
The other important aim of such studies lies in
the understanding of solute-solvent interactions and about the
effects of amino acids on the structure of water. There are
strong evidences of the controlling influence of aqueous
solvent in membrane permeability, intercellular structure,
function and molecular biology of proteins.6
The most
Manuscript received Feb. 10, 2014.
Vaneetdhir, Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, G.H.G Khalsa
College GurusarSadhar(Research Scholar, Punjab Technical University,
Jalandhar).
R.P. Singh Grewal, (Professor, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College
(GNDEC), Ludhiana.
important behaviors of protein molecule is hydration which is
very important in the structure and function of protein in
aqueous solutions, in order to get an idea about the role of
hydration in protein folding/unfolding, it is necessary to study
both the native and denatured states of a protein. The side
chain groups of the amino acids residues provide a very
important range of properties, from hydrophilic to
hydrophobic groups. The side chain groups are involved in a
wide range of interactions. These interactions are affected by
the surrounding solutes and solvent of macromolecules; for
this reason, the physicochemical behaviors of proteins are
strongly influenced by the presence of solutes.7
For example;
the phenomenon of electrostriction that is caused by the polar
end groups; the structure enforcing influences of the
hydrophobic alkyl groups; the interactions in between the
hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, hydrogen bonds that
provides the peptide bonds in the polypeptide backbone.
All these wide ranges of interactions are being affected with
the change in the concentration of aqueous electrolyte that is
being studied. Attempts are being made for the systematic
study of the volumetric in aqueous solutions of potassium
nitrate at various temperatures (288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and
318.15)K. Salt induced electrostatic forces are known to play
a important role in modifying the protein structure by
affecting the properties like solubility, denaturation, and
activity of enzymes[Chalikian et al., 1994]
Despite the ample use and importance of amino acids in many
industries, their interactions with electrolytes and
physicochemical properties in electrolyte solutions have been
the subject of few investigations.The role of K+
ions as
components of all body fluids are indispensable, among
others (Ca2+
, Mg2+
,Na+
) for a correct functioning of the
nervous system. Therefore, in continuation of our work we
have undertaken a systematic study on the volumes of some
amino acids in aqueous potassium nitrate solutions at
different temperatures. These properties are sensitive to
specific interactive changes in solutions. Consequently, in the
present paper, the apparent molar volumes,V2,of glycine,
DL--alanine, DL--amino-n-butyric acid, L-valine and
L-leucine in water and in aqueous potassium nitrate(0.25,
0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) molkg-1
have been determined by
measuring the densities using a vibrating-tube digital
densimeter at various temperatures (288.15, 298.15, 308.15
and 318.15) K. From these data, the partial molar
volumes,V2,and the hydration number,nH, side chain
contributions of amino acids and concentration effect of
potassium nitrate have been discussed in terms of various
interactions. The structure making/breaking capacities of
these amino acids in water and also in aqueous
potassiumnitrate investigated have been discussed.
Investigations of Various Amino acids in different
Aqueous Solutions of Potassium Nitrate at Various
Temperatures in terms of Partial Molar Volumes
Vaneet Dhirand, R. P. Singh Grewal
2. Investigations of Various Amino acids in different Aqueous Solutions of Potassium Nitrate at Various Temperatures in
terms of Partial Molar Volumes
45 www.erpublication.org
II. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
The amino acids selected for the present study glycine
(G-7126), DL-α-alanine (A-7502), DL-α-amino-n-butyric
acid (A-1754), L-valine (V-0500) and L-leucine (L-8000)
were obtained from sigma chemicals co. these along with
potassium nitrate (AR, S.d. fine chemicals Ltd., India), were
used without further purification and dried over anhydrous
CaCl2 in a vacuum desiccator before use. Deionized, doubly
distilled degassed water with a specific conductance of less
than 1.3 ×10-4
Ωm-1
was used for all of the measurements. All
solutions were prepared by mass using a mettler balance with
an accuracy of ±0.01 mg.
The solution densities were measured using a vibrating tube
digital densimeter (model DMA 60/602, Anton paar), with
precision of ±110-3
kgm-3
accuracy of ±310-3
kgm-3
.
Densities function was checked by measuring the densities of
aqueous sodium chloride solutions, which agreed well with
the literature values[Millero et al. (1978][literature values of
density are: (1005.571, 1017.344, 1036.690, 1054.672,
1071.353 and 1087.608) kgm-3
at 0.20918, 0.50653,
1.01279, 1.50262, 1.97403, and 2.44952) molkg-1
of sodium
chloride, respectively] at 298.15 K. The temperature of water
around the densimeter cell was controlled to within ±0.01K.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The standard partial molar volumes,V2,of amino acids in
water and ion aqueous potassium nitrate solutions of various
molalities (ms, molality of potassium nitrate solutions,
molkg-1
) at (288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K are given
in Table 1.
Standard Partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆tV0
, at
infinite dilution for some amino acids from water to
aqueous potassium nitrate solutions at 288.15, 298.15,
308.15 and 318.15 K
∆tV0
x 106
/m3
mol-1
at various mS/molkg-1a
T=288.15 K
Amino acids 0.25
m
0.5 m 0.75 m 1.0 m 1.5 m 2.0
m
Glycine 0.81 ±
0.08
0.86
±0.0
9
1.40 ±
0.08
2.11 ±
0.09
2.23
±
0.09
3.18
±0.0
8
DL-α-alani
ne
0.31 ±
0.08
0.43
±
0.09
0.64 ±
0.05
1.40 ±
0.23
1.72±
0.06
2.22
±0.0
5
DL-α-amin
o-n-butyric
acid
0.20 ±
0.11
0.31
±
0.10
0.56 ±
0.10
1.43
±0.10
1.61
±0.09
1.98
±0.1
0
L-valine 0.13 ±
0.06
0.17
±
0.06
0.29 ±
0.05
0.79
± 0.08
1.12
±0.06
1.33
±0.0
6
L-leucine 0.11 ±
0.11
0.20
±
0.13
0.29 ±
0.09
0.58 ±
0.09
0.75
±
0.09
0.95
±
0.09
T = 298.15
K
Glycine 0.38
±
0.10
0.91
±
0.04
1.27
±
0.03
1.93
±
0.02
2.31
±
0.04
2.46
±
0.11
DL-α-alanine 0.28
±
0.04
0.58
±
0.04
0.90
±
0.06
1.67
±
0.04
1.97
±
0.04
2.47
±
0.10
DL-α-amino-n-butyric
acid
0.54
±
0.04
0.80
±
0.04
1.06
±
0.04
1.40
±
0.04
2.06
±
0.05
2.43
±
0.04
L-valine 0.14
±
0.03
0.27
±
0.04
0.58
±
0.03
0.75
±
0.03
1.10
±
0.07
1.47
±
0.04
L-leucine 0.43
±
0.06
0.56
±
0.05
0.65
±
0.04
0.80
±
0.04
1.14
±
0.06
1.62
±
0.07
T= 308.15 K
Glycine 0.29
±
0.08
0.37
±
0.06
1.08
±
0.09
1.72
±
0.12
2.04
±
0.09
2.55
±
0.09
DL-α-alanine 0.19
±
0.18
0.42
±
0.14
0.74
±
0.14
`
1.14
±
0.13
2.01
±
0.18
2.25
±
0.24
DL-α-amino-n-butyric
acid
0.19
±
0.14
0.27
±
0.13
0.45
±
0.13
0.98
±
0.13
1.47
±
0.14
2.19
±
0.16
L-valine 0.02
±
0.08
0.34
±
0.11
0.36
±
0.12
0.87
±
0.08
1.03
±
0.08
2.0
±
0.13
L-leucine 0.16
±
0.14
0.25
±
0.09
0.29
±
0.08
0.80
±
0.05
1.16
±
0.04
1.77
±
0.07
T = 318.15 K
Glycine 1.40
0.15
1.49
±0.
15
1.44
±
0.15
2.56
±
0.16
2.78
±
0.19
3.74
±
0.22
DL-α-alanine 0.52
±
0.24
0.50
±
0.31
1.24
±
0.26
2.21
±
0.34
2.50
±
0.27
3.17
±
0.25
DL-α-amino-n-butyric
acid
0.04
±
0.24
0.50
±
0.25
1.26
±
0.25
1.33
±
0.26
1.99
±
0.22
2.84
±
0.23
L-valine 0.29
±
0.16
0.53
±
0.18
1.13
±
0.19
1.30
±
0.21
1.70
±
0.18
2.47
±
0.20
L-leucine 0.04
±
0.21
0.27
±
0.21
0.94
±
0.20
1.11
±
0.18
1.24
±
0.20
1.73
±
0.23
Apparent molar volumes of amino acids have been calculated
as follows:
V2,=M/(o)1000/mo(1)
Where M is the molar mass of amino acid, m (molkg-1
) is the
molality of amino acid, and , 0
are the densities of solution
and solvent, respectively. At infinite dilution, the apparent
molar volumes, and partial molar volumes, are identical (V2,Φ
= V2
0
,Φ). In the case of negligible concentration dependence
ofV2,Φ = V2,
0
Φwas determined by taking the average of all the
data points. However, where finite concentration dependence
was observed,V2
0
,Φwas determined by least-squares fitting of
the data using the following equation:
V2,=V2,
0
+ Svm(2)
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-2, February 2014
46 www.erpublication.org
WhereV2,
0
is the infinite dilution apparent molar volume and
has the same meaning as the standard partial molar volume,
andSv is the experimental slope. TheV2,
0
values along with
their standard deviations are summarized in Table 2 at
(288.15, 298.15, 308.15and 318.15) K. TheV2,
0
values for
the amino acids increases with the increase in the
concentration of potassiumnitrate.
From theV2,
0
data, the standard partial molar volumes of
transfer, ΔtV0
, at infinite dilution from water to aqueous
potassium nitrate solutions have been evaluated as
follows:∆tV0
=V2
0
, (in aqueous potassium nitrate) - V2
0
,(in
water) (3)
The ∆tV0
values for the amino acids are illustrated in Figures 1
a-d
. The ∆tV0
values for the studied amino acids are positive
and increase almost linearly with the increase in concentration
of aqueous potassiumnitrate solutions. The more positive
∆tV0
values in the case of glycine indicate the dominance of
the effect of charged end groups (NH3
+
and COO-
),whereas
less positive ∆tV0
values in the case
ofDL--amino-n-butyricacid, L-valine and L-leucine indicate
the effect of the hydrophobic parts.
The cosphere model can be utilized to rationalize the
∆tV0
values in terms of solute-cosolute interactions. According
to this model, when two solute particles come close enough
together so that their cosphere overlap some cosphere
material is displaced, and this is accompanied by the change
in thermodynamic parameters. The following types of
interactions can occur between amino acids and KNO3 in
solutions:
i. Ion-ion interactions occurring between K+
ions and COO-
groups of amino acids and
between NO3
-
ions of potassium nitrate and
NH3
+
groups of amino acids.
ii. Interactions between ions (K+
, NO3
-
) of
potassium nitrate and nonpolar
(hydrophobic) groups of amino acids.
The ion-ioninteractions dominate the
ion-hydrophobic group interactions. Because of the first types
of interactions, the electrostriction of water in the
neighborhood of charged end groups (NH3
+
, COO-
) of amino
acids gets reduced, and this will contribute positively to the
volumes of transfers. Furthermore, the increase in ΔtV0
values
with increasing potassium nitrate concentration strengthens
this view. This is a qualitative interpretation of the results.
The decreasing magnitude of transfer volumes from glycine to
L-leucine indicates the building up of the ion-hydrophobic
interactions that contribute negatively to ΔtV0
values.
Franks et al. have shown that the partial molar volume of
non-electrolyte is a combination of two types of contributions
given by the following equation:
V2
0
=Vint+VS(4)
where, Vintis the intrinsic volume of non-electrolyte and VS
volume due to it’s interactions with the solvent.It has been
consideredthat Vintis made up of two types of contributions.
Vint = Vvw + Vvoid(5)
Where,Vvw, is the van der Waals volume and Vvoidis the
associated void or empty volume.Shahidi et al. further
modified above equation to include the contribution of
interactions of a non-electrolyte solute with the solvent.
V2
0
=Vvw + Vvoid + nS(6)
WhereSis the shrinkage in volume produced by the
interactions of hydrogen bonding groups present in the solute
with water molecules and n is the potential number of
hydrogen bonding sites in the molecule. For non-electrolytes
and zwitterionic solutes the shrinkage is caused by
electrostriction and finallyV2
0
can be evaluatingas:
V2
0
= Vvw + Vvoid - Vshrinkage(7)
WhereVshrinkageis the volume due to shrinkage caused by the
interaction of hydrogen bonding groups present in the solute
with water molecules. It has been reported
thatVvwandVvoidhave the same magnitude in water and in
mixed solvents for the same class of compounds. Therefore
positive ∆tV0
values can be attributed to a decrease in the
shrinkage volume in the presence of aqueous solutions of
KNO3. Because of the stronger interactions of
K+
andNO3
-
withCOO-
and NH3
+
in the amino acids, the
electrostriction of neighboring water molecules due to these
charged centers/peptide backbone will be reduced which will
result into a reduction in the shrinkage volume.
Figure 1 a
. Standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
,
of some amino acids vs. different molalities, mS, of potassium
nitrate solutions at 288.15K: , glycine; ■, DL--alanine; ▲,
DL--amino-n-butyric acid; , L- valine; , L-leucine.
Figure 1 b
. Standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
,
of some amino acids vs. different molalities, mS, of potassium
nitrate solutions at 298.15K: , glycine; ■, DL--alanine; ▲,
DL--amino-n-butyric acid; , L- valine; , L-leucine.
4. Investigations of Various Amino acids in different Aqueous Solutions of Potassium Nitrate at Various Temperatures in
terms of Partial Molar Volumes
47 www.erpublication.org
Figure 1c
. Standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
,
of some amino acids vs. different molalities, mS, of potassium
nitrate solutions at 308.15K: , glycine; ■, DL--alanine; ▲,
DL--amino-n-butyric acid; , L- valine; , L-leucine.
Figure 1d
. Standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
,
of some amino acids vs. different molalities, mS, of potassium
nitrate solutions at 318.15K: , glycine ; ■, DL--alanine; ▲,
DL--amino-n-butyric acid; , L- valine; , L-leucine.
Figure 2a
. Pair interaction coefficient, VXY, of some amino
acids vs. number of carbon atoms, nC, in the alkyl chain of
amino acids at 298.15K: (), Glycine; (), DL--alanine;
(▲), DL--amino-n-butyric acid; (■), L-valine; (),
L-leucine.
Figure 3a
. Standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
,
of some amino acids vs. number of carbon atoms, nC, in the
alkyl chain of amino acids at 288.15K: (), 0.25mS; (),
0.5mS; (▲), 0.75mS; (■), 1.0mS; (), 1.5 mS; (∆), 2.0 ms.
Figure 3b
. Standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
,
of some amino acids vs. number of carbon atoms, nC, in the
alkyl chain of amino acids at 298.15K: (), 0.25mS; (),
0.5mS; (▲), 0.75mS; (■), 1.0mS; (), 1.5 mS; (∆), 2.0 ms.
Figure 3c
. Standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
,
of some amino acids vs. number of carbon atoms, nC, in the
5. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-2, February 2014
48 www.erpublication.org
alkyl chain of amino acids at 308.15K: (), 0.25mS; (),
0.5mS; (▲), 0.75mS; (■), 1.0mS; (), 1.5 mS; (∆), 2.0 ms.
Figure 3d
. Standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
,
of some amino acids vs. number of carbon atoms, nC, in the
alkyl chain of amino acids at 318.15K: (), 0.25mS; (),
0.5mS; (▲), 0.75mS; (■), 1.0mS; (), 1.5 mS; (∆), 2.0 ms.
Figure 4a
. Contributions of :() NH3
+
, COO-
;(■) -CH2,
(▲)-CHCH3; () - CHCH2CH3 ;(∆) -CHCH2CH (CH3)2
groups to standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
vs.
different molalities, mS of potassium nitrate solutions at
288.15K.
Figure 4b
. Contributions of :() NH3
+
, COO-
;(■) -CH2,
(▲)-CHCH3; () - CHCH2CH3 ;(∆) -CHCH2CH (CH3)2
groups to standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
vs.
different molalities, mS of potassium nitrate solutions at
298.15K.
Figure 4c
. Contributions of :() NH3
+
, COO-
;(■) -CH2,
(▲)-CHCH3; () - CHCH2CH3 ;(∆) -CHCH2CH (CH3)2
groups to standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
vs.
different molalities, mS of potassium nitrate solutions at
308.15K.
Figure 4d
. Contributions of :() NH3
+
, COO-
; (■) -CH2,
(▲)-CHCH3; () - CHCH2CH3; (∆) -CHCH2CH (CH3)2
groups to standard partial molar volumes of transfer, ∆t V0
vs.
different molalities, mS of potassium nitrate solutions at
318.15K.
Figure 5a
. Partial specific volumes, 2
0
, of amino acids vs.
different molalities, ms, of sodium nitrate solutions at
298.15K: (), Glycine; (), DL--alanine; (▲),
DL--amino-n-butyric acid; (■), L-valine; (), L-leucine.
The increase ofV2
0
values with the increase in temperature
may also be attributed to the reduction in electrostriction with
6. Investigations of Various Amino acids in different Aqueous Solutions of Potassium Nitrate at Various Temperatures in
terms of Partial Molar Volumes
49 www.erpublication.org
temperature. This also gets support from the volumetric and
compressibility studies of glycine and DL--alanine in
aqueous sodium sulfate solutions by Wadi and Ramasami,
who reported that the hydration number of amino acids
decreases with increasing temperature and concentration of
sodium sulfate. The increase in positiveV2
0
values of studied
amino acids with the increase in the concentration of KNO3
may further be attributed to the formation of non-covalent
ion-pairs between the charged groups of the amino acids and
the cation (K+
) and the anion (NO3
-
) of the electrolyte. This
increases the apparent molar volume of amino acid and
decreases electrostriction of water around amino acids in the
presence of KNO3. Further the formation of the ion-pairs also
decreases the hydrophobicity of amino acid molecules arising
from the interactions of the hydrocarbon portion of amino
acids with water molecules.
The decrease in the magnitude of ∆tV0
values with the
increase of temperature can be attributed to the enhanced
thermal agitation and weakening of various interactions
involving ions resulting in the relaxation to the bulk more of
the electrostricted water molecules from the mutually
interacting regions.
Kozak et al. have proposed formalism on the basis of
McMillan-Mayer theory of solutions which permits the
formal separation of the effects due to interactions between
pairs of solute molecules and those due to interactions
involving three or more solute
molecules. Friedman and Krishnan and Franks et al.
have further discussed this approach to include the
solute-cosolute interactions in the solvation sphere. Various
workers used this approach to study the interactions of amino
acids and cosolutes in aqueous medium. The various transfer
functions of the amino acids can be expressed by the
following equation:
∆tV0
= 2VABms + 3 VABBms
2
+ 4 VABBBms
3
(8)
WhereVAB, VABBandVABBBare respectively, pair, triplet and
quartet interaction coefficients (where A stands for the amino
acids, B stands for KNO3). Using above equation volumetric
interaction parameters was calculated and are illustrated in
Figure 2a
at 298.15K. The data reveal that all pair volumetric
interaction parametersVABare positive for the five amino acids
studied and are larger than corresponding VABB values. This
shows that the interactions between the amino acids and
KNO3 are mainly pair interactions. The pair, triplet and
quartet interactions coefficients from volumes in case of
various -amino acids (glycine, DL-α-alanine,
DL-α-amino-n-butyric acid, L-valine and L-leucine) are
summarized in Table 4. The pair and quartet coefficients are
all positive while triplet negative. This shows that the pair and
quartet interactions in case of two thermodynamic properties
contribute positively while triplet contributions are negative.
The positive values of pair interactions occur due to the
overlap of hydration spheres of the various -amino acids
(glycine, DL-α-alanine, DL-α-amino-n-butyric acid, L-valine
and L-leucine) and KNO3 molecules, which supports the
conclusion drawn earlier from the cosphere overlap model.
V2
0
,= V2
0
,(int) + nH (VE
0
– VB
0
) (9)
WhereV2
0
,(int) is the intrinsic volume of a solute
molecule,VE
0
andVB
0
are the partial molar volumes of water in
the bulk state and in the hydration shell of a solution.
Following the procedure described by Milleroet al.41
(VE
0
–
VB
0
) = -2.9, -3.3, -4.0 cm3
mol-1
at 288.15 K, 298.15 K and
308.15 K, respectively. Therefore, as an approximation, the
hydration numbernH can be obtained by Eq. (9). As explained
earlier, addition of KNO3 decreases the electrostriction of
water and this also means thatnHdecreases as the
electrostricted water becomes more like bulk water.
The number of water molecules bound to the amino acids was
calculated using the method reported by Milleroet al.
nH = V2
0
(elect) / VE
0
– VB
0
(10)
WhereVE
0
is the molar volume of electrostricted water andVB
0
is the molar volume of bulk water. The electrostriction partial
molar volume,V2
0
(elect) can be estimated from
experimentally measured V2
0
using following equation:
V2
0
(elect) = V2
0
(amino acid) – V2
0
(int) (11)
The intrinsic volume,V2
0
(int), consists of two terms: the
vander Waals volume and the void volume. V2
0
(int) can be
obtained from crystal volume data. ThenH values for the
amino acids in the presence of KNO3are less than in water and
decrease with increasing concentration of KNO3, which
suggests that potassium nitrate has a dehydration effect on the
amino acids. Other workers also have reported the similar
observations that electrolytes have a dehydration effect on
amino acids. The V2
0
,increases with increasing temperature
from 288.15 to 318.15K. An increase in temperature reduces
the electrostriction and hence increases V2
0
,.The reduction in
the electrostriction with increasing temperature is confirmed
by the decreasednH. Therefore, temperature effect on the
electrostriction of water by the zwitterionic centers of the
amino acids is a predominant factor in determining
temperature dependence ofV2
0
,of the amino acids. Proposed
by Hakin et al. for the infinite dilution apparent molar
volumes of amino acids at all temperatures, these linear
relations could be reasonably represented by:
V2
0
, = V2
0
,(NH3
+
, COO-
) + nCV2
0
,(CH2) (12)
WherenC is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain of
the amino acids. A linear regression analysis ofV2
0
,, values at
any given temperature using equation givesV2
0
,values at any
given temperature using Eq. (12) givesV2
0
,(NH3
+
, COO-
), the
zwitterionic end group andV2
0
,(CH2), the methylene group
contributions. These results are illustrated in Figures 3a-d
.
However, it should be pointed out that V2
0
,(CH2) value
obtained here characterizes the mean contribution of CH and
CH3 groups to V2
0
,of the - amino acids.The alkyl chain of
the homologous series of -amino acids investigated in this
work and its contributions have been obtained using the
following equation proposed by Hakinet al.
V2
0
,(CH3)=1.5 V2
0
,(CH2)(13)
V2
0
,(CH) = 0.5 V2
0
,(CH2) (14)
It can be seen that the contributions of (NH3
+
, COO-
), groups
to V2
0
,is larger than that of the CH2group and increases with
the increasing concentration of potassium nitrate which
indicates that of the interactions between potassium nitrate
and charged end groups(NH3
+
, COO-
) of amino acids are
stronger than those between potassium nitrateand CH2
groups. TheV2
0
,(CH2) values are almost insensitive to the
concentration of potassium nitrate, and similar observations
have been reported by other worker in sodium acetate.
However, the contribution from side chains increases with the
increasing size of side chains of amino acids. The standard
partial molar volumes of transfer of zwitterionic end groups
[∆tV0(NH3
+
, COO-
)] and alkyl side chain groups [∆tV0
(R)]of
amino acids from water to aqueous
7. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-2, February 2014
50 www.erpublication.org
potassiumnitratesolutionsare illustrated in Figures 4a-d
for
different temperatures and have been calculated as follows:
∆tV0
(NH3
+
, COO-
or ∆tV2
0
(R) = V2
0
(NH3
+
,COO-
) or V2
0
(R)(in
aqueous potassium nitrate) – V2
0
(NH3
+
, COO-
) or V2
0
,(R)(in
water) (15)
The contribution of charged end groups(NH3
+
,COO-
)are
positive, and those of CH2 groups are negative. From these
observations, the overall positive ΔtV0
values suggest that the
effect of charged end groups dominates that of alkyl side
chains.
The partial specific quantities are primarily independent of
the size of the solute and reflect the ratio of the effect of the
hydrophilic hydration on the hydrophobic hydration, whereas
the partial molar quantities are the reflection of the net
changes in both hydrations. The standard partial molar
specific molar volumes,2
0
(2
0
= V2
0
/M, where M is the molar
mass for studied amino acids) in aqueous potassium nitrate
solutions are given in2
0
values from glycine to L-leucine both
in water and in aqueous potassium nitrate solutions due to the
effect of the size of the side chains of the amino acids are
illustrated in Figures 5a
at 298.15K. Furthermore, the value
of2
0
increases with the concentration of potassium nitrate
and a slight increase is also noted with the increase in
temperature, again suggesting the dominance of the
interactions between ions of potassiumnitrate for the studied
amino acids tends to be linear as the size of side chains
increases. This may be attributed to the negative contribution
from the alkyl side chains of amino acids whose magnitude
increases with the size of the side chain.
The temperature dependence of V
0
for various amino acids in
water and in aqueous potassium nitrate solutions, studied here
can be expressed by the general equation as follows:
V
0
=a + b T + c T2
(16).
The partial molar (limiting apparent molar) expansibilities,
E
= (V
/T)p, calculated from the general equation are
given in Table 7. It is found that Table 7 that E
values for
glycine, DL-α-alanine and DL-α-amino-n-butyric acid
increases in magnitude with increase in temperature while for
L-valine at0.25 molkg-1
(KNO3) and L-leucineat 0.25, 2.0
molkg-1
(KNO3) decreases with rise in temperature
indicating thereby that the behavior of L-valine and
L-leucineat this molalitiesare just like that of common salts,
because in the case of common salts the molar expansibility
should decrease with rise in temperature. It is also evident
from Table 7 that the value of E
increase in temperature for
glycine, DL-α-alanine and DL-α-amino-n-butyric acid in
water. During the past few years it has been emphasized by
different workers that Sv
*
is not the sole criterion for
determining the structure making or structure breaking nature
of any solute. Heplerdeveloped a technique of examining the
sign of (2
V
0
/T2
)pfor various solutes in terms of long-range
structure making and breaking capacity of the solutes in
aqueous solutions using the general thermodynamic
expression;
(Cp / p)T =- (2
V
0
/ T2
)p(17)
On the basis of this expression it has been deduced
that structure making solutes should have positive values,
whereas structure breaking solutes should have negative
values. It has been suggested that for a structure breaking
solute, the left side of the equation should be positive, and
therefore (2
V
0
/T2
)pvalues should be negative for structure
breaking and positive for structure making solutes. This
equation is useful for making a distinction ionic or polar
solutes and those for making a distinction between ionic or
polar solutes and those for which hydrophobic hydration is
dominant. The presently obtained (2
V
0
/T2
)p values are
positive for all amino acids which suggests that studied amino
acids are structure maker in water as well as in aqueous
KNO3.
IV. CONCLUSION
Partial molar volumes, V2
0
,, of glycine, DL-amino-n-butyric
acid, L-valine, L-leucine in aqueous and in mixed aqueous
solutions of KNO3 (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) molkg-1
,
have been determined at T = (288.15 to 318.15)K. From these
data, transfer volumes, hydration numbers, and side chain
contributions have been determined. The tV0
values are
positive in all the cases, and these increase with an increase in
the concentration of KNO3 and temperature. VXY values are
positive, and VXYY values are negative in all cases, which
suggest that interactions between amino acids and KNO3 are
mainly pair wise. nH values also decrease with concentration
of KNO3 and temperature. These parameters suggest that
ion-ion interactions between charged ends of amino acids and
ions of KNO3 dominate over the ion-hydrophobic interactions
in these systems. The positive (2
V0
/T2
)p values for all amino
acids in aqueous KNO3suggest that studied amino acids are
structure breakers in aqueous KNO3solutions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
V. Dhir is very thankful to University Grants Commissions,
India for sanctioning research project File No.8-2 (45)/ 2011
(MRP /NRCB)entitled ―Adiabatic Compressibilities of
Various Amino Acids and Peptide in Aqueous Solutions of
Various Electrolytes at Different Temperatures
(288.15-318.15 K)‖.
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