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1. Warm Up: What happened to Europe after
the fall of the Roman Empire?
In the East, the Byzantine
Empire became a center for
trade & Greco-Roman culture
2. The Middle AgesIn the West, Europe grew
weak & fell into the Middle
Ages from 500 to 1300
Also known as the “Dark Ages” or “Medieval” era
3. Europe After the Fall of RomeWhen barbarian kingdoms conquered Rome,
Europe was plagued by constant warfare
Warfare disrupted trade,
destroyed Europe’s cities, &
forced people to rural areas
Learning declined;
Few people could
read or write
Greco-Roman
culture was forgotten
Europe lost a common language; Latin mixed with
local languages to form Spanish, French, Italian
4. Germanic Tribes in the Middle AgesWithout the unity of the Roman Empire, Europe
became divided into a series of Germanic kingdoms
Germanic people lived in
small communities led by
chiefs & his loyal warriors
Family ties & loyalty
were more important
than citizenship
5. The Spread of ChristianityDuring the early Middle Ages, the Germanic
kingdoms were slowly converted to Christianity
The Catholic Pope became involved in secular
(non-religious) issues like road repair, aiding the
poor, & helping Christian kings expand their power
6. The Spread of ChristianityThe Franks were the largest & most powerful of
the Germanic kingdoms in the early Middle Ages
Frankish kings allied
with the Catholic Church
& expanded their power
In 771, Charlemagne
(“Charles the Great”)
became king of the Franks
7. Charlemagne & the Frankish EmpireCharlemagne was the greatest Medieval king
because he did something no other king was able
to do…create an organized empire –
The Holy Roman Empire (First Reich)
Charlemagne expanded
the Frankish empire
He spread
Christianity –
Missi Dominici
He valued learning & built
schools in his empire
He created schools to
train future priests
8. Charlemagne & The Holy Roman Empire
After Charlemagne’s death
in 814, his Frankish Empire
was divided & lost power…
…This was the last
opportunity to provide
unity in medieval Europe
9. ■ Text
From 800 to 1000, a 2nd major wave of invasions
struck Europe led by Vikings, Muslims &Magyars
These invasions
caused widespread
fear & suffering
Kings could not
defend against
invasion
People stopped
looking to kings
for protection
10. Feudalism
• Feudalism began in
Europe as a way to
offer protection
• Feudalism is based on
land & loyalty
• Land-owning lords
offer land (called a fief)
to knights in exchange
for their loyalty &
promise to protect the
lord’s land
• Feudalism came to
England with Norman
Invasion in 1066
Bayeaux Tapestry
11. Feudal Structure
Kings had land but
very little power
Lords (also called Nobles) were the
upper-class landowners; they had
inherited titles (“Duke,” “Earl,” “Sir”)
Knights were specially trained soldiers
who protected the lords & peasants –
vassals took an oath of fealty (loyalty)
Some peasants were serfs &
could not leave the lord’s estate
13. The Manorial System
The lord’s land was
called a manor
During the Middle Ages, the
manorial system was the way
in which people survived
The lord provided
peasants with housing,
farmland, & protection
In exchange, peasants
repaid the lord by
working his land &
providing a portion of
the food they produced
14. Manors were self-sufficient communities; Everything
that was needed was produced on the manor
Peasant life was hard: They paid taxes to use the
lord’s mill, had to get permission to get married,
& life expectancy was about 35 years old
16. The Fall of the Roman EmpireWhile the Western
Roman Empire was
in decline…
…the Eastern Roman Empire
remained strong
The Eastern Roman Empire
became known as the
Byzantine Empire
17. How did physical geography impact the
Byzantine capital of Constantinople?
■ Text
18. The Byzantine capital was Constantinople
Constantinople was a wealthy
trade city located between the
Mediterranean & Black Seas
19. The Byzantine Empire
■Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought
of themselves as Romans & they shared
some similarities with the Roman Empire:
–The Byzantine Empire kept alive
Greco-Roman culture
–Constantinople was a
center for learning
where schools taught
philosophy, medicine,
Greek and Latin
grammar, geometry
20. The Byzantine Empire
■Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought
of themselves as Romans & they shared
some similarities with the Roman Empire:
Byzantine Hagia Sophia
How was architecture similar?
Roman Pantheon
21. The Byzantine Empire
■Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought
of themselves as Romans & they shared
some similarities with the Roman Empire:
–Constantinople used Roman-style
architecture such
as arches & domes
–Byzantine cities
had forums for
trade & arenas
to entertain
citizens
22. One of the most impressive architectural
buildings in the Byzantine Empire was a
Christian cathedral called the Hagia Sophia
23. The Byzantine Empire
■Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought
of themselves as Romans & they shared
some similarities with the Roman Empire:
–The official
language
was Latin,
but most
Byzantines
spoke
Greek
24. The Byzantine Empire
■Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought
of themselves as Romans & they shared
some similarities with the Roman Empire:
Religion in the
Byzantine Empire
Religion in the
late Roman Empire
How was
religion
similar?
25. Because of its location close to Judea, most
Byzantines had converted to Christianity
before those in the Western Roman Empire
26. The Byzantine Empire
Roman
government
Byzantine
government
How was
government
similar?
■Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought
of themselves as Romans & they shared
some similarities with the Roman Empire:
–Both the Roman & Byzantine
Empires were ruled by
emperors who had absolute
power over the empire
–Justinian was the most
famous Byzantine Emperor
27. About 50 years after the fall of Rome,
Byzantine Emperor Justinian came to power
& began reconquering Roman territories
28. In addition to empire building,
what else did Emperor Justinian value?
29. The Justinian Code
■To oversee his new empire, Justinian
ordered legal experts to consolidate old
Roman laws into a single law code
–The Justinian Code served as the legal
basis for criminal justice, marriage,
property, slavery, & women’s rights
–The law code became one of the most
important legacies of the Byzantine
Empire & served as the basis for laws for
the next 900 years
30. ■In addition to expanding the empire &
creating a uniform set of laws, Emperor
Justinian also began large building projects
–He ordered the construction of the
Hagia Sophia
to show the
importance of
the church
–He built hospitals,
aqueducts,
public baths,
schools, & courts
Justinian
31. ■Justinian’s wife Theodora
had a lot of power &
influence in the
Byzantine Empire:
–She met with & wrote
to foreign leaders
–She advised Justinian
& helped him pass laws
–She encouraged
building of Christian
cathedrals
Empress Theodora
32. The Division of Christianity
■Because of the distance & lack of contact
between Byzantine Empire & Western
Europe, Christianity developed differently
–All Christians
based their
faith on Jesus
& the Bible
–But they had
different
practices
to show
their faith
33. The Division of Christianity
■Christians were organized the same way:
–Archbishops & bishops oversaw regions
where Christianity was practiced
–Priests led
individual
churches
■But, Christians
in the East &
West disagreed
over leadership
of the Church
34. The Division of Christianity
■Christians in
Western Europe:
–Believed that there
should be a Pope to
oversee bishops &
give authority to all
Christians
–Christians in Western
Europe accepted the
authority of the Pope
35. The Division of Christianity
■Christians in Eastern Europe:
–Believed that the Byzantine
Emperor had authority over
issues involving Christianity
–Byzantine emperors relied
on a Patriarch to oversee
the church, but the emperor
had final authority
–Christians in the Byzantine
Empire did not accept the
authority of the Pope
36.
37. The Division of Christianity
■One of the biggest controversies among
Christians was the use of icons:
–Icons were religious
images to help
Christians in their
prayers & worship
–Some Christians thought
this was “idol worship”
–In 730, the Byzantine
Emperor banned icons
& many Christians rioted
38. Emperor Leo III ordered
the destruction of icons
in the Byzantine Empire
Riots broke out between
people who wanted icons
& iconoclasts (those who
wanted to ban icons)
The Pope in Western Europe
supported the use of icons &
called the Byzantine Emperor a
heretic (a believer of false ideas)
The Pope
excommunicated
the emperor
(kicked him out
of the church)
39. The Division of Christianity
■These disagreements led to deep divisions
among Christians & the Great Schism (split)
occurred in 1054:
40. The Division of ChristianityChristians in Western
Europe became the
Roman Catholic Church
Christians in Eastern
Europe became the
Eastern Orthodox
Church
41. The Division of Christianity
Roman Catholics & Eastern Orthodox
Christians practice their regions differently:
• Disruption of Trade Merchants faced invasions from both land and sea. Their businesses collapsed. The breakdown of trade destroyed Europe’s
cities as economic centers. Money became scarce.
• Downfall of Cities With the fall of the Roman Empire, cities were
abandoned as centers of administration.
• Population Shifts As Roman centers of trade and government collapsed, nobles retreated to the rural areas. Roman cities were left without strong leadership. Other city dwellers also fled to the countryside, where they grew their own food. The population of western Europe became mostly rural.
The Decline of Learning The Germanic invaders who stormed Rome could not read or write. Among Romans themselves, the level of learning sank sharply as more and more families left for rural areas. Few people except priests and other church officials were literate. Knowledge of Greek, long important in Roman culture, was almost lost. Few people could read Greek works of literature, science, and philosophy. The Germanic tribes, though, had a rich oral tradition of
songs and legends. But they had no written language.
Loss of a Common Language As German-speaking peoples mixed with the Roman population, Latin changed. While it was still an official language, it was no longer understood. Different dialects developed as new words and phrases became part of everyday speech. By the 800s, French, Spanish, and other Roman-based languages had evolved from Latin. The development of various languages mirrored the continued breakup of a once-unified empire.
The Concept of Government Changes Along with shifting boundaries, the entire concept of government changed. Loyalty to public government and written law had unified Roman society. Family ties and personal loyalty, rather than citizenship in a public state, held Germanic society together. Unlike Romans, Germanic peoples lived in small communities that were governed by unwritten rules and traditions. Every Germanic chief led a band of warriors who had pledged their loyalty to him. In peacetime, these followers lived in their lord’s hall. He gave them food, weapons, and treasure. In battle, warriors fought to the death at their lord’s side. They considered it a disgrace to outlive him. But Germanic warriors felt no obligation to obey a king they did not even know. Nor would they obey an official sent to collect taxes or administer justice in the name of an emperor they had never met. The Germanic stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish orderly government for large territories.
The invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused widespread disorder and suffering. Most western Europeans lived in constant danger. Kings could not effectively defend their lands from invasion. As a result, people no longer looked to a central ruler for security. Instead, many turned to local rulers who had their own armies. Any leader who could fight the invaders gained followers and political strength.
