Overall Muslim rule in Spain and their linkage with Holy Prophet (all Muslims Caliphate)

2. • I’ll will present the
happenings in Spain from
711-1492 while Arabs
were in the Iberian
Peninsula plus their links
with Holy Prophet &
other Muslim dynasties
• Studying past Muslim
historical events shows
their influence on modern
Spain
Modern practicing Mosque in
Cordoba.

6. I.
--Berber expansion, period of conquest and
consolidation
II.
--Cordoba established by Abd al Rahman I
as capital
III.
--Abd alRahman III (caliph)
--advisers: wazirs
IV.
V.
VI.

7. • April 30th of 711, Berber
leader Tariq ibn-ziyad
landed at Gibraltar
• The Battle of Guadalete
(turning point)
• The Battle of Tours in
732
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492
Tariq ibn-ziyad

10. 756- the exiled prince Abd-ar-Rahman I
established himself as the Emir of Codoba.
And established a tenuous rule of much of Al-
Andalus
For the next century and a half, his descendants
continued as emirs of Cordoba.
In 929 Abd-al-Rahman III proclaimed himself
Caliph
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-1492

11. After the Umayyad caliphate of
Damascus was overthrown in 750
by the Abbasids, the last surviving
member of the Umayyad dynasty
fled to Spain and named himself
Emir Abd al-Rahman I. He then
created the Umayyad emirate and
made Cordoba the capital. He also
build al-Andalus and established
diplomatic ties with the northern
Christian empires, the Byzantine
empire, and North Africa.

13. • All Caliphs of Córdoba
were members of the
Umayyad dynasty
• Cordoba reached its
peak under these
Caliphate rulers
• Caliphate rule existed
until 1031 when it was
fractured into a number
of independent taifas.
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

14. Caliphate Rulers
Abd-ar-rahman III
(912–961)
Allowed tolerance
and freedom of
religion
Repelled enemies
with alliances in
Africa
al-Hakam II (961–976)
Peace with Christian kingdoms
Stability of agriculture
Economic and philosophic
improvements
Mezquita
Hisham II (976–1013)
Gained title at age ten
Almansur
Dictator rule
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

16. After the death of the caliphate in Cordoba, only a few decades passed before the
complete collapse of Muslim presence was unstoppable.
These kings, formerly known as party kings (in Arabic mulukal-tawa'if, from the
word ta'ifah), continued to improve upon modern arts and learning by competing with
one another for the most spectacular states.
In doing so, they took in many scientist and artist who needed the resources to
improve upon their own skills.
From 1008 to 1031, a period of
anarchy in the Al-Andalus caused
more or less 24 individual smaller
states to form.
These rulers, owning their own
territories, were known as the muluk
al-tawa'if, and each of these states
did not contain enough power
through force to become the sole
caliphate of the lands.
711-929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

17. • Banu Hammudids of Malaga
• Banu Ziri of Granada
• Mamluks of South East Spain
• Banu Hud of Saragosa
• Banu Dhiral-Num of Toledo
• Banu Abbad of Seville

18.  When Christian kingdoms began taking over
weak Taifa kingdoms, by "exacting tribute", no
one in the Al Andalus took action to stop the
conversions.
 Much of the north had already been taken over
by the ever increasing presence of the
Christians.
 By 1085 the Castilians conquered the important
city of Toledo and so the Taifas kings were
forced to ask the new Almoravid ruler in
Morocco (Yusuf ibn Tashufin) for assistance.
 The Almoravids (in Arabic, "The Garrisoned
Ones") were a dynasty risen from the Amazighs
(Berbers) of Morocco, and until this time were
steadfast to assist the taifa kings.
711-929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

20. After the second and third Taifas were
created as a result of fragmentation of
the Peninsula, north Africa took this
advantage to invade. The first to
invade were the Almoravides, the
second were the Almohads, and the
third were the Banu Marins. By the
middle of the 13th century, Islamic
Spain, due to their progressive
weakening, was reduced to Nasrid
kingdom in Granada, which is located
between the Strait of Gibraltar and the
Cape of Gata.

21. • Berber (Muslim dynasty) founded in the 12th century
• Conquered all Northern Africa along with Al-Andalus
known as the Moorish Iberia
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

22. • Berber dynasty from the Sahara
• 1097- Yusuf ibn Tashfin was the Amir al Muslimin
• 1119- Ali ibn Yusuf, Sintra, and Santarem were in
charge after Yusuf´s death
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

23. 1130- Abd al-Mu’Min al-
Kumi and the Almohads
defeated the ruling
Almoravids
1147- The conquered city
of Marrakech by the
Almohads marked the
end of the Almoravids
Extended his power all
over northern Africa as
far as Libya
1170- The Almohads
transferred their capital
to Seville
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

24. Gharnata
Almohads
Nasrid Dynasty
Surrendered by Boabdil
on Jan 2, 1492
Resulting Influence:
El Flamenco
Las Alpujarras
Architecture (Alhambra)
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

26. Boabdil was the last Moorish king of Granada.
In 1482, he was proclaimed the king in place of
his father who had been driven from the land.
He invaded Castile in order to gain prestige, but
was taken prisoner. He was only granted
freedom if he held Granada as a tributary
kingdom under King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella. In 1491, he was asked by the king and
queen of Castile to hand over Granada, but
because he refused, it was besieged by the
Castilians. After about a year, Granada
surrendered, and the last spot that Boabdil was
said to have looked at Granada from was is still
shown and is known as the “ last sigh of the
Moor.”

27. Almohads
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212
Almohad Army
Despeñaperros Pass
Moorish Period – Nasrid Dynasty
Political instability
Golden Age of Andalucia
Cultural Flowering
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

28. • Decline of Empire
– Records destroyed
• Possible Reasons:
– Internal Struggles
– Dynastic and factional strife
– Lacking sufficient forces
– Refusing to pay tribute to King of Castile
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

29. After the Spanish Inquisition was created,
Kind Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted
to drive out the Muslims and Jews, because
they were considered a threat to their
ambition. The army was to capture anyone
who didn’t follow the Roman Catholic faith.
To do this, the army would check men’s
genitals to see if they were circumcised. The
army would spy on them, and if they bathed
on Fridays or wore beautiful clothes of Eid,
then they were killed. Even some weak and
frail Muslims who thought the only way to be
saved was to denounce Islam and convert to
Christianity were also killed.

30. • 1453:Constantinoplefallsin East
• 1469:European Christians-Castille,Aragonand Leonunited
Ferdinand andIsabelle
• Pope Authorizes Spanish Inquisitions-originallyforlapsed
Christians
• Torquemada-HammerofSpain-GrandInquisitor
• LastChapter of AlAndalus
• 1492:Granada splitwithson ofemir-usesChristian alliestofight
father
• FerdinandandIsabelletourAlhambra
• Jews convert or expelled-endofReconquista
• 1609:Muslimconvert expelledfromSpain

32. • Jews
• Christians
• Muslims
• Influence of all 3 stillevident
today
– Synagogues
– Churches, cathedral
– Arab style architecture (Mudejar)

33. LA ALHAMBRA

34. • largest city in
Western Europe
• paved streets

35. • largest city in
Western Europe
• paved streets

36. • public baths
• fountains
• gardens
• prosperous economy
• streets lit by lamps at
night

37. • 70 libraries
– largest library had 400,000
books
• caliphs of Córdoba
wanted to outshine the
Abbasid caliphs of
Baghdad

38. mathematics
geography
astronomy
philosophy medicine

39. • Used math to create more accurate calendars

40. • developed tables that showed the location of the sun
and other planets at different times of the year

41. • Al-Idrisi
–wrote an
encyclopedia of
geographic
knowledge
• contained 70 maps
and descriptions of
the geography of
many world regions

42. • al-Zahrawi
–wrote medical
encyclopedia
• covered topics such
as surgery and how
to care for and
repair teeth

43. • Andalusian qadi, physician,
philosopher in the
Aristotelian tradition, and
author of important
commentaries on the works
of Aristotle, as well as on
music, astronomy, medicine
and jurisprudence (over
20,000 pages).

44. • the rational investigation of the truths and
principles of being, knowledge, or conduct
• Ibn Rushd
– studied Plato and Aristotle
– his work helped reintroduce classical Greek
philosophy to Europe

45. • A universal scholar, the
most influential philosopher
and physician of the Islamic
east in the Middle Ages,
who interpreted Greek
metaphysics in the
framework of Islam.
• Known in the West as the
Galen of the Muslim world.

46. • Jews were persecuted by Christian
• The Muslims tolerated “people of the book”
– Jews and Christians
• Many Jews who faced persecution came to al-Andalus

47. • Enormous influence on European
thought
• Wrote works in Arabic
• Guide to the Perplexed: An
effective synthesis of medieval
Judaism with the philosophy of
Aristotle: Reason is the primary
source of human knowledge, but
it remains acceptable to rely on
faith in cases beyond the reach
of rationality. Suggests
philosophical reasoning not
helpful to most ordinary people
who are advised to rely on faith.
• Book of Commandments codified
Talmudic law.

48. • Gardens and presence of flowers in parks and plazas
• Flamenco dance (Muslim, Jewish, and gypsy roots)
• Arabic Baths
• Architecture: gothic style, relief work, arches
• Courtyards

49. • Muslim praise and value
of gardens
• Economy
– highly developed
craftsmanship, modern
agricultural techniques
– based on money (gold
cordobesa money)
• Culture
– Library with 400,000
volumes
– Highly philosophical
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

50. Mezquita
 Cathedral and Mosque
 Constructed during the
period of the Caliphate
 Looks towards Mecca
 Horseshoe semicircular
shaped prayer room
 Muslim influence: walls
of flowers, fountains,
architecture (arches,
relief work)
 Jewish influence:
statues, stars
711-
929
929-
1031
1031-
1090
1090-
1212
1212-
1492

55. Women in Muslim society were active in
political and cultural affairs. An example of
such a woman would be Subh. Subh was
the wife of al-Hakam al-Mustansir, the
ninth Umayyad caliph. Subh was very
ambitious, but she had two major faults:
she was a foreigner and a Christian. Subh
is a perfect example of being well versed
in the history and the power of words. She
was both a poet and a linguist. Because
her husband was more interested in
knowledge and books, he left all the
management of political affairs to Subh.

56. Walladah was the daughter of the caliph of
Cordoba. In Cordoba, many women were
often scholars. Walladah inherited enough
wealth after her father’s death to guarantee
her independence. She was a well-known
poet as well the host of literary gatherings
for both men and women. She had several
love affairs, although she never married.
Her surviving poetry describes her free
spirit. She was also known for designing
robes with embroidered sleeves.

58.  Mozarabic (mustarab): a Christian living in Muslim Spain, who
conserved their eclesiastical, judicial and religious
organizations.
 Muladí (muwaladi): a Hispanic Christian who converted to
Islam during the period of Muslim rule.
 Jews: allowed to practice own religion and conserve own
community structure.
 In Christian territory: Mudejar (mudayyan): Muslim permitted
to live under Christian domination conserving own religion.

59. Many Christians living in Muslim Spain
adapted to the culture. Some people learned
Arabic, and wore the same clothes as their
rulers. Some women even began wearing the
veil. Some changed their names to Arabic
names. The Christians who did this were
known as Mozarabs. Christians had their own
rulers known as counts. These counts were
directly responsible to the Muslim emir of
caliphate. Their taxes were collected by
special agents, and they were allowed to
retain their social hierarchy, as well as use
Visigoth canon law instead of the Muslim law.

60. After the Muslims took over al-Andalusia, the
economy slowly began to patch up, because
maintaining the caliph’s court and army
required a good economy. Agriculture
especially flourished with new foods. This
was made possible by the extensive irrigation
system that was copied from the Syrians.
Better agriculture produced a healthier, higher
population. This in return allowed the
government to lower tax rates, and this
encouraged urban growth and more
industries.

61. Harvesting figs provided a greater diversity
of fruits for consumers. Malaga (a city in
Spain) was one of the most important
centers for growing figs. The city is
surrounded on all sides by fig trees. These
figs were exported by Muslims and
Christians and were sold in Baghdad as
well as India and China. The fig was valued
for it’s taste as well as the ability to
preserve for a full year.

62. After Abd al-Rahman III became the first
Spanish Caliph, the caliph had two
purposes: one was to strengthen the
Peninsular kingdom, and the other was to
consolidate the commercial routes of the
Mediterranean outside the country,
guarantee an economic relationship with
the east-Byzantium, and guarantee the
supply of gold. In 972, a Spanish city
located on the Mediterranean on the north
coast of Africa, called Melilla was
occupied, and later in the same century,
the Umayyad controlled the triangle
formed by Algeria, Siyima, and the Atlantic.

63. MUSLIM RULE IN SPAIN AND ITS IMPACT (711-1492)
Rapid growth of Muslim emp.Strongly centr. Roman state Arabs let local officials keep offices
N. Afr. Moors led by Arabs easily conquer Spain (711 CE) 
Widespread destruction due to:
Continued resistance by
Visigoths
Semi-civ. nature of
Moors
Moors rebel vs. Arab ruling
class
Christian Kingdoms of Portugal, Leon, Castile, & Leon survive in North
Franks stop
Moors in Fr
Ummayad Abd al-Rahman, fleeing fr. Abassids, takes over in 756
Highly centralized rule & cultural golden age centered at Cordoba (912-1008):
Extensive irrigation projects, &
industries Thriving ec.
Library with
400,000 books
Take title of Caliph to counter claim
by Shi’ite Fatimids in Eg.
Flourishing
archit. & music
Learning revives in W. Eur.
Rising power
of Chr. Kgd’s
Rising power
of Chr. Kgd’s
Civil wars over throne Strife b/w Berbers & Arabs
Nasrid Granada (1250-1492) hangs on in south due to exc army, help from N. Afr.,
& extensive network of forts & watchtowers
Final fall of Granada to Castile in 1492 Jews expelled & Muslims under growing
persecution & pressure to convert to Chr.
Unif. Of
Castile &
Aragon
(1469)
Unif. Of
Castile &
Aragon
(1469)
Genoa
controls
Gran’s
trade
Less help
from N.
Africa
Colder climate
in NW
Relig. Fervor of W. Eur Chr’s
who come to Sp. to fight for
the faith
Relig. Fervor of N Afr
Muslims who come to Sp.
to fight for the faith
Sp. Muslim Kgd’s
try to retake lands
Sp. Christian Kgd’s
advance vs. Sp.
Muslims
Cordoba Caliphate fragments into 6 main Taifa (party or faction)
kingdoms that revive culture & economy
By 1250, Sp. Chr.kgd’s have taken all the
Iberian Peninsula exc. Granada in S.