The document discusses the religious wars known as the Crusades between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land of Palestine from 1095 to the late 1100s. It provides background on how the Muslim conquest of Palestine in 1050 led the Pope to call for the Crusades to drive Muslims out. The first Crusade was initially successful in capturing Jerusalem, but later Crusades resulted in victories for Saladin and the Muslims as he unified Muslim forces and retook the city for Islam. The Crusades established long-term religious conflict between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land and increased trade and cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East.

1. Religious Turfs Wars Over the Holy Land

2. Background By 1050, the Muslim Empire invaded the Byzantine Empire and conquered Palestine The Christian church called for a movement to drive the Muslims out of Palestine For nearly 200 years, the Christians fought a series of religious wars known as the Crusades The wars failed to regain Palestine, but established a lasting conflict between Christians and Muslims

3. Map of the Holy Land

4. Beginning of the Crusades In the 1050’s, Muslims took over much of the Byzantine Empire, Asia Minor, and Palestine In 1095, the Byzantine Emperor asked Pope Urban the II for help The Pope agreed and at the council of Clermont, Urban encouraged French and German Bishops to recover Palestine, also known as the Holy Land Christians, Muslims, and Jews all refer to Palestine as the Holy Land Christians from all over Europe left their homes to answer the Popes call and many would never return

5. Routes of the Crusaders

6. Reasons for the Crusades There are both religious and political reasons for the Crusades The Pope believed the Crusades would increase his power Christians believed all their sins would be forgiven if they participated in the Crusades Nobles hoped to gain wealth and land Adventurers saw this as an opportunity for travel and excitement Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression

7. Christian Crusaders

8. Initial Christian Victory The Christians were victorious in the first of four major Crusades They sacked the city of Jerusalem Muslim leaders wanted to regain this territory, which will result in additional crusades

9. Muslim Christian Battle

10. Saladin and Muslim Victory In the late 1100’s, Saladin unified the Muslim world Saladin began marching towards Jerusalem and the Christians were determined to stop him Saladin forced the Christians to surrender in Jerusalem, but forbade his soldiers to kill, harm, or steal from the defeated Crusaders Richard the Lion Hearted becomes King of England and was determined to retake Jerusalem from Saladin During the third crusade, Richard won several battles and advanced to within a few miles of the city He was unable however to retake the city

11. Saladin and Richard the Lion Hearted

12. The end of the Crusades Later Crusades also resulted in Muslim victory What had started as a religious war between Christians and Muslims had turned into a battle between rival Christian factions

13. Impact of the Crusades Lasting legacy of hatred between Muslims and Christians Increase in world trade – trade increased between Europeans and people from the east. Crusaders returned to Europe with new spices, fabrics, and perfumes. Ships that were used to carry crusaders to the Middle East during the Crusades were now used for trade Learning – Europeans heightened their interest in Middle Eastern culture and learning The end of feudalism in Europe as nation states start to develop and an economy based on money takes shape