Typhoid is a life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. It occurs primarily in developing countries with poor sanitation. Symptoms include sustained high fever, weakness, stomach pain, and rash. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water. Treatment involves antibiotics, fluids, and rest. Prevention focuses on vaccination, proper handwashing, and safe food/water handling.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
In this presentation am talking about SIX KILLER DISEASES, [ tuberculosis, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, Pertussis also known as whooping cough and measles ] and you will learn more about their Causes, transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment i hope it helps you more.
An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked. The blockage can be partial or total, and it prevents passage of fluids and digested food. If intestinal obstruction happens, food, fluids, gastric acids, and gas build up behind the site of the blockage.
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system that is your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.
Typhoid Fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by high fever caused by ingesting the food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected person.
Dengue fever- a medical study ( definition, management ,prevention ,risks ,pa...martinshaji
#Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that occurs in #tropical and #subtropical areas of the #world. Mild dengue fever causes high fever, #rash, and #muscle and #joint pain. A severe form of dengue #fever, also called dengue #hemorrhagic fever, can cause severe #bleeding, a sudden drop in #blood pressure (#shock) and #death.
#Millions of cases of dengue infection occur #worldwide each year. Dengue fever is most common in #Southeast #Asia and the #western #Pacific #islands, but the #disease has been increasing rapidly in #Latin #America and the #Caribbean
please comment
thank you
Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are highly adapted for growth in both humans and animals and cause a wide spectrum of disease.
The growth of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi is restricted to human hosts, in whom these organisms cause enteric (typhoid) fever.
The remaining serotypes (non-typhoidal Salmonella or NTS) can colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of a broad range of animals, including mammals, reptiles, birds and insects.
tuberculosis lecture | pulmonary Tuberculosis
my self ritesh padghan
tuberculosis is infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis in active and latent type of tuberculosis .
BRIEF DISCUSSION INCLUDE
:-LEARNING ABOUT
Introduction
Definition
Causative organism
Risk factor
Transmission
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Medical management
In this lecture the pathophysiology and phathogenesis of tuberculosis has been discussed
HOPE YOU LIKE
#tuberculosis #respiratorysystem #chronicdiorder #TBkid #endTB #lunghealth # COVID19 #COMMUNIOTY #INFLUNZA #worldtbday # disease
Hospital Acquired Infections: A guide for preventing HAIsMarketLab Inc.
Hospital staff can reduce costs, save lives, and prevent Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) with the right combination of infection control supplies and procedures. Learn more with this presentation.
GEMC- Typhoid Fever, Infectious Diarrhea, Diphtheria, and Pertussis- for NursesOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by [[[AUTHOR]]] from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students.. this lecture is on hospital acquired infection
Typhoid fever is the bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water
contaminated with bacterium, Salmonella typhi. The typhoid fever is also called
typhoid. Typhoid fever is diagnosed by detection of Salmonella typhi in the stool
sample. Typhoid responds to anti-biotic treatment. Approximately (3-5) % of the
people becomes carrier after acute illness. Typhoid fever is gastric fever,
abdominal typhus, infantile remittent fever, slow fever, nervous fever and
pathogenic fever.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
In this presentation am talking about SIX KILLER DISEASES, [ tuberculosis, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, Pertussis also known as whooping cough and measles ] and you will learn more about their Causes, transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment i hope it helps you more.
An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked. The blockage can be partial or total, and it prevents passage of fluids and digested food. If intestinal obstruction happens, food, fluids, gastric acids, and gas build up behind the site of the blockage.
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system that is your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.
Typhoid Fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by high fever caused by ingesting the food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected person.
Dengue fever- a medical study ( definition, management ,prevention ,risks ,pa...martinshaji
#Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that occurs in #tropical and #subtropical areas of the #world. Mild dengue fever causes high fever, #rash, and #muscle and #joint pain. A severe form of dengue #fever, also called dengue #hemorrhagic fever, can cause severe #bleeding, a sudden drop in #blood pressure (#shock) and #death.
#Millions of cases of dengue infection occur #worldwide each year. Dengue fever is most common in #Southeast #Asia and the #western #Pacific #islands, but the #disease has been increasing rapidly in #Latin #America and the #Caribbean
please comment
thank you
Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are highly adapted for growth in both humans and animals and cause a wide spectrum of disease.
The growth of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi is restricted to human hosts, in whom these organisms cause enteric (typhoid) fever.
The remaining serotypes (non-typhoidal Salmonella or NTS) can colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of a broad range of animals, including mammals, reptiles, birds and insects.
tuberculosis lecture | pulmonary Tuberculosis
my self ritesh padghan
tuberculosis is infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis in active and latent type of tuberculosis .
BRIEF DISCUSSION INCLUDE
:-LEARNING ABOUT
Introduction
Definition
Causative organism
Risk factor
Transmission
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Medical management
In this lecture the pathophysiology and phathogenesis of tuberculosis has been discussed
HOPE YOU LIKE
#tuberculosis #respiratorysystem #chronicdiorder #TBkid #endTB #lunghealth # COVID19 #COMMUNIOTY #INFLUNZA #worldtbday # disease
Hospital Acquired Infections: A guide for preventing HAIsMarketLab Inc.
Hospital staff can reduce costs, save lives, and prevent Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) with the right combination of infection control supplies and procedures. Learn more with this presentation.
GEMC- Typhoid Fever, Infectious Diarrhea, Diphtheria, and Pertussis- for NursesOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by [[[AUTHOR]]] from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students.. this lecture is on hospital acquired infection
Typhoid fever is the bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water
contaminated with bacterium, Salmonella typhi. The typhoid fever is also called
typhoid. Typhoid fever is diagnosed by detection of Salmonella typhi in the stool
sample. Typhoid responds to anti-biotic treatment. Approximately (3-5) % of the
people becomes carrier after acute illness. Typhoid fever is gastric fever,
abdominal typhus, infantile remittent fever, slow fever, nervous fever and
pathogenic fever.
shigellosis presentation , communicable diseases lecture, community medicine master , university of Khartoum
contains basic information about the disease, its clinical features and treatment
What exactly is Giardiasis?
Giardiasis is a serious diarrheal disease that affects people all over the world.
The causative agent, the flagellate protozoan Giardia intestinalis (previously known as G. lamblia or G. duodenalis), is the most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the United States and the most common protozoal intestinal parasite isolated globally.
Mostly introduced about food toxic infection, Infectious toxic shock, Clinical and diagnostical algorithm.
Principles of emergency aid with position of evidence-based medicine.
Is defined as diarrhea with visible blood in
stools.
The most important and frequent cause of
acute dysentery is Shigella. Other causes
include Campylobacter jujeni, Salmonella,
and enteroinvasive E. coli.
Entameba histolytica causes dysentery in
older children but rarely in children under 5
years of age
Dysentery is specially sever in :-
1. Malnourished infants and children.
2.Those who develop clinically evident
dehydration during their illness. 3. Those who
are not breast fed. 4. Children with measles
or had measles in the preceding month.
5. Those who present with convulsion or
develop coma.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
3. TYPHOID
Typhoid, also known as typhoid
fever, is a life-threatening disease
that is caused due to an infection by
a bacteria named Salmonella typhi.
4. Epidemiology
Typhoid fever occurs worldwide, primarily in developing nations whose sanitary
conditions are poor.
It is endemic in Asia, Africa, Latin America, but 80% of cases come from
Bangladesh , China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan,
Within these countries, typhoid fever is the most common in underdeveloped
areas.
Typhoid fever infects roughly 21.6 million people (incidence of 3.6 per 1,000
population) and kills an estimated 200,000 people every year (Medscape).
In 2011, 1.06 million cases and 346 deaths were reported in India. The
prevalence rate is 88 cases/lac population and death rate is 0.029/lac population.
5. Etiology
The causative organism of typhoid, Salmonella typhi, is
present only in human beings and its transmission occurs
through contaminated food or water.
People who are infected carry the bacterium in their
intestines as well as the bloodstream, and those who have
recovered from the disease could still have the bacterium
in their system; they are known as "carriers" of the
disease.
6. Etiology
Both the infected people and the carriers shed Salmonella
typhi in their stool.
Infection is usually spread when food or water is handled by a
person who is shedding the bacterium, or leakage of sewage
into water or food that is then consumed by healthy persons.
So this disease is common in areas where proper hand
washing techniques are not followed.
7. Pathophysiology
Salmonella typhi
Enters stomach and survives in its acidity
Invasion of intestinal Peyer's patches
Bacterium enters the macrophages and survives
Spreads via lymphatics
Access to reticuloendothelial system, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and bone marrow
Emergence of the signs and symptoms (fever, abdominal pain, spleen enlargement, and
spots)
Necrosis of Peyer's patches
Perforation and bleeding
Death
8. Clinical Manifestations
Once the bacterium is ingested by a person, it quickly
multiplies within the parts of the body, for example,
stomach, Iiver or gallbladder, and finally enters the
bloodstream causing symptoms such as fever (usually
between 103°F and 104"Th rashes (fat, rose-colored
spots), vomiting, loss of appetite , headaches, general
fatigue, and malaise.
9. Clinical Manifestations
In severe cases, may suffer from intestinal perforations or
internal bleeding diarrhea, or constipation.
One of the characteristic features of typhoid is a "step
ladder fever."
This means that the fever gradually fluctuates between
very high and low-degree fever for a short period of time,
till it peaks at 103-104°F.
10. Clinical Manifestations
In patients without any complication, the
condition subsides in about 3-4 weeks after
its onset.
In about 10% of people , the condition
relapses after about 1 week of
convalescence.
11. DIAGNOSIS
A CBC will show a high number of white blood cells (WBC S)
A blood culture during the first week of the fever can show Salmonella typhi
bacteria.
Other tests that can help diagnose this condition include :
ELISA urine test to look for the bacteria that cause typhoid fever
Fluorescent antibody study to look for substances that are specific to typhoid
bacteria
Platelet count (platelet count may be low)
Stool culture
12. DIAGNOSIS
The Widal test was the main stay of typhoid fever
diagnosis for decades.
It is used to measure agglutinating antibodies against
Medical Management
Hand O antigens of S. typhi.
Neither sensitive nor specific, the Widal test is no longer
an acceptable clinical method.
13. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics that kill the Salmonella bacteria.
With appropriate antibiotic therapy- there is usually improvement within 1-2 days and
recover within 7-10 days.
Several antibiotics are effective for the treatment of typhoid fever.
Chloramphenicol was the original drug of choice for many years.
Because of rare serious side effects, chloramphenicol has been replaced by other effective
antibiotics.
If relapses occur, patients are retreated with antibiotics.
Those who become chronically ill (about 3-5% of those infected) can be treated with
prolonged antibiotics.
Often, removal of the gallbladder, the site of chronic infection, provides a cure.
14. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Chloramphenicol was the original drug of choice for many years.
Because of rare serious side effects, chloramphenicol has been
replaced by other effective antibiotics.
If relapses occur, patients are retreated with antibiotics.
Those who become chronically ill (about 3-5% of those infected)
can be treated with prolonged antibiotics.
Often, removal of the gallbladder, the site of chronic infection,
provides a cure.
15. Supportive Therapy
Other treatment steps aimed at managing symptoms include: 1.
Drinking fluids-this helps to prevent the dehydration that results
from a prolonged fever and diarrhea.
In case of severe dehydration, IV fluids must be administered. .
Eating a healthy diet—nonbulky , high-calorie meals can help
replace the nutrients being lost from the body during the course of
the disease.
16. Nursing Management
Monitor vital signs
Monitor the status of hydration.
Assess for weight loss, nausea, and vomiting.
Monitor intake of food and liquids, provide selected food, and involve the family
in meeting the nutritional needs.
Instruct the patient to enhance the intake of protein and vitamin C.
Provide assistance to meet daily needs such as food and drink, change clothes,
and watch oral hygiene, hair, genitalia, and nails.
Collaborate with other medical teams for IV fluid administration.
17. Nursing Management
Explain the purpose of bed rest to prevent complications and speed up the
healing process
Assess the level of pain, location, duration, intensity, and characteristics of pain.
Review the factors that increase pain and decrease pain.
Give warm compresses on the area of pain.
Provide analgesics as prescribed by the physician.
Assess the extent of knowledge of the patient about his or her illness.
Give health education about the disease and treatment.
18. prevention
If someone has suffered from typhoid, they should ideally
not discontinue their medication abruptly or as soon as
they feel better because typhoid has a high rate of relapse.
It is important that the patient continues his/her
medication until the doctor asks to stop.
The patient must also ensure washing hands well with an
antibacterial soap after going to the toilet and before
touching any food or water.
19. prevention
Today, there are vaccines that can protect from
contracting typhoid.
The Ty21a vaccine is administered intramuscularly and
requires the patient to take a booster shot after 5 years.
Even if a person has taken the vaccine, they should not
expose themselves to possible infectious agents.
20. prevention
Apart from the vaccine, there are some basic things that one can
take care of in order to avoid contracting typhoid
Do not eat food cooked on the road side.
Do not eat fruits and raw vegetables that have been pre cut.
Always drink either bottled water or boiled water.
Do not have ice prepared locally.
Wash hands well before cooking a meal or eating .
21. REFERENCES
Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical- Surgical Nursing ,South Asian
Edition , Volume II , Published by Wolters Kluwer . Page reffered to 1528- 1529.
https://www.slideshare.net/hanasheque/typhoid-disease
https://www.slideshare.net/sapanathakor/typhoid-fever-ppt-124654652
https://www.slideshare.net/kuldeepvyas370/typhoid-232227753
