Hypertension poses a major public health problem. It is classified as primary or secondary, with primary hypertension accounting for 90% of cases. Risk factors include age, family history, diet high in salt and saturated fat, alcohol, oral contraceptives, obesity, and lack of exercise. Prevention focuses on reducing risk factors through a healthy diet low in salt and fat, regular exercise, weight control, limiting alcohol, and managing stress. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and long-term medication to control blood pressure.

1. HYPERTENSION
PRESENTED BY:
V.RAMYA,
TUTOR.

2. HYPERTENSION

3. Hypertension
Hypertension poses as major public health
problem in population.
It has relation with cardiovascular disease.
The higher the blood pressure, the higher the
risk of coronary disease.

4. TYPES
Hypertension is divided
into primary & secondary
hypertension.

5. Primary hypertension
Primary hypertension is known as
essential hypertension.
About 90 percent of all cases of
hypertension are essential hypertension

6. Secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension is one when the some other
disease process or abnormality is involved in its causation.
For example: –
glomerulo -nephritis,
chronic pyelonephritis,
toxaemias of pregnancy
 tumours of adrenal glands etc.
Secondary hypertension accounts for 10 percent of cases
of hypertension.

7. prevalence
Hypertension is a world wide health disorder.
It is a problem in India also.
The prevalence of hypertension found to be 59.9 and 69.9
per 1000 in males & females respectively in the urban
population and 35.5 and 35.9 per 1000 in males & females
respectively in rural population in a study conducted in
Rohtak to represent urban population and other in a village
in Haryana to represent rural population in india.

8. categories
 Blood pressure has been classified into following categories :-
STAGE SYSTOLIC (mm of Hg) DIASTOLIC (mm of Hg )
Normal < 130 <85
Stage I Hypertension 140- 159 90-99
Stage II Hypertension 160-179 100-109
Stage III Hypertension >180 >110

9. Epidemiological Triad of Hypertension
 Host (Age, sex)
Agent (Saturated fat, alcohol, diet oral
contraceptives, genetic)
Environmental factor (Stress, lower socio
economic status)

10. AGENTS
 Studies have shown that blood pressure rises on an increase intake
of saturated fat.
 High alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of high
blood pressure.
 In diet, an high, intake of salt (7-8g per day) increases the blood
pressure proportionality.
 Oral contraceptive also causes hypertension because of the
oestrogen component in combined preparations.
 The studies have shown an association of blood pressure with
genetic factors.

11. Host Factors :
Blood pressure is considered to be associated with age.
 It increases with age in both sexes.
But in some populations (primitive societies) mean blood
pressure has not risen with age shown in some studies.
 There is little difference in blood pressure between sexes,
early in life.
Late in life, the difference narrows and post menopausal
changes in women are contributory factor for this change

12. Environmental factors
Psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety,
tension operate through mental processes,
consciously or unconsciously to produce
hypertension.
 High blood pressure has been noted in lower
socio-economic groups in the countries which are
in post transitional stage of economic and
epidemiological change.

13. Prevention and Control
Early case detection & treatment :–
The aim is to control the disease.
Screening is one of the effective method of
diagnosis of hypertension.
Control of hypertension reduces the incidence of
stroke & complications, which can be achieved by
identifying and treating hypertension (antihyper -
tension).

14. Prevention and Control
The treatment of high blood pressure must
normally be life long There is need to
establish compliance.
The compliance can be achieved through
education directed to patients, families and
the community.
This is a part of secondary prevention

15. Prevention and Control

16. Health promotion
Health can be promoted by reducing the risk
factors.
 Health promotion is a part of primary prevention.
It includes all the measures to reduce the incidence
of disease in a population by reducing the risk of
onset.
 This should be started early to achieve its
effectiveness.

17. Nutrition :-
Hypertension can be reduced by altering the diet.
So dietary changes are considered to be of important.
 It includes:

18. Nutrition
Reduction of salt intake to an average of not
more than 5g per day.
Reduce the intake of fat and take in moderate
amount.
Appropriate amount of calorie intake i.e.,
according to body needs.

19. Reduce the weight :
Hypertension can be controlled
by reducing the body weight as it
is associated with increased blood
pressure.

20. Physical activity & Regular Exercise :-
Physical activity and regular
exercise will cause fall in
body weight, blood lipids and
blood pressure.

21. Life style changes
 For reduction of hypertension, reduce the stress,
smoking and modify personal life-style.
Not only this, there is need to do yoga &
meditation, which can be profitable in reducing
stress.
Thereby reducing hypertension.

22. Encourage Self Care Activities
 Hypertension can be reduced by encouraging the
people to take care of self by taking his own blood
pressure & keeping a record and consulting health
care services whenever required.
Also guiding the people to achieve compliance
with medication.

23. Health Education
 The general public should be educated
related to risk factor and related health
behaviour.
 The people should be aware about the
modification to be made in their life to
prevent hypertension