This document discusses different types of roofing materials and styles. It provides details on various roof styles and describes common materials used for roof decks or sheathing, including boards, plywood, concrete, steel, and gypsum. The main roofing materials discussed are shingles, tiles, and sheet metal. Specific types of shingles outlined include wood shingles, wood shakes, asphalt shingles, and asbestos cement shingles. Roofing tile types include terra cotta and concrete. Sheet metal roofing materials covered are steel, stainless steel, copper, zinc, aluminum, and galbestos.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
“a science that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound.”
it is the science of controlling sound within buildings.
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
“a science that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound.”
it is the science of controlling sound within buildings.
Foundation wall
• The height of the foundation wall required for farm buildings depends on the soil condition of the site.
• Deeper foundation is necessary in loose soil and shallow in firm rocky soil.
• Generally the height for light farm building will vary from 18” to 30”. The thickness will vary from 9” to
12”
• a. Material used
o Foundation footing can be made of cement concrete or brick and cement mortar.
o Concrete foundation is stronger and is called monolythick foundation.
o Brick foundation is provided with stepped up increase in width towards the base. It is not so strong as
concrete.
o b. Method of putting foundation
o Trenches of suitable size are put up to receive foundation. The base is hardened, made smooth and level.
o Then the footing and foundation wall is put up to ground level.
o The surface is smoothened and levelled again.
o At this place, a 4% layer of damp proof course of asphalt or other material is introduced to prevent
absorption of moisture
(1) Wall materials
A. Bricks
a).Building bricks
o They are made out of brick earth, which are 50 per cent clay and 50 per cent sand.
o Rectangular blocks are prepared by molds and cut by machines.
o Then they are heated in the Kiln at proper temperature.
o Well made machine bricks will have standard dimensions of 9" x 4½ " x 3".
o They will have uniform shape, colour and texture and will be sharp on angles.
o They produce clear ringing sound when struck with hard objects.
b).Vitrified paving bricks
o These are hard, impervious and durable bricks paving more than 10 per cent of iron oxide.
o They are heated at very high temperature to the point of vitification.
o They are grooved on the outer surface and have a strong and hard finish. They are damp proof.
o They are special bricks made for use as flooring in animal houses.
c).Glazed bricks
o These are small bricks made of china clay and finished with glaze or enamel on the outer surface.
o They are used for providing sanitary finishes on walls and the places where hygienic condition and washable
surfaces are necessary.
o They are very costly bricks.
B. Stones
a).Granite:These are hard and natural stones. They may be black in colour or light Grey.
o They are durable and weather resistance and are commonly used for the construction of walls and floors
in animal buildings.
o The surface should be of roughened periodically by chipping.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
LSPM 201 LIVE-STOCK AND POULTRY MANAGEMENT 3(2+1)
32
b).Whin stones:
o They are also hard rocks but not so durable and weather resistant as granites.
o They are used for wall constructions and broken stones are uses as a common ingredient of cement
concrete.
o c).Sand stones
o These are immature rocks of recent formation. They are not strong and durable and not used in heavy
constructions.
o They are capable of being dressed into different shapes and patterns. Hence, they are used for architectural
works.
C. Binding Materials
a. Lime
unit 5 - building finishes - roof and roofing material.pptxSalmankhanPathan19
Doors and window are main building components.Doors and winows sizes depends on the size of room. The size of doors varies from 1 M×2.1M .The size of window depend upon utility of the room.Size of kitchen window is more as compare to size of bedroom.A roof may be defined as the upmost part of the structure. A roof is a top covering of a structure, including all accoutrements and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the structure or on uprights, furnishing protection against rain, snow, sun, axes of temperature, and wind. A roof is part of the structure envelope.
Principally, a roof consists of structural rudiments that support the roof covering. Roof and roof covering admit rain and snow more directly and in a lesser volume than do the walls. A roof must have thermal sequestration, fire resistance and sound sequestration
The rafters may be made of rustic bullies. Thatch is initially tight secured to this frame with the help of lines or ropes. Thatch may be used directly over the frame in the form of packets, each pack being laid lapped sideways over each other.
The thatch sheathing should be at least 150 mm thick. It should have a pitch of at least 45 for the proper flux down of rainwater. These types of roof covering paraphernalia are truly inflammable. Therefore some fire defying results may be applied after it has been laid over the roof.
Twisted visage tiles are the types of pipe that are used as a roof covering accoutrements. Twisted visage tiles are stronger, durable, and heavier than pot tiles. But they’re less twisted than pot tiles.
Generally, the sizes of these types of tiles are around 30 to 35 cm long and around 20 to 25 cm wide. Before laying tiles as a roof covering accoutrements, it’s necessary to do a certain quantum of the root.
Advantages of Tile RoofsRoof tiles are relatively a sight to see. They can transfigure a house into an awful masterpiece with the beauty they give.Roof tiles have a long life expectancy.Pipe roofs offer protection against nonentity boring and rotting, which also helps to promote.Pipe roofs are made from a fire-resistant material.Disadvantages of Tile RoofsTiles roofs have a delicate. It isn’t recommended to walk on the pipe due to the possibility of it breaking.The pipe is known to be heavy. This is a major debit of getting a pipe roof.Tiles roofs needed conservation.One of the biggest problems with pipe roofs is the underlayment paper and the proper ventilation.Wood shingles are a thin timber board around 1 cm thick. They are generally thick in shape. The length and breadth of this board vary from 30 to 40 cm and6.5 cm to 25 cm singly. Shingles are not common paraphernalia for the roof covering as they are liable to decay or crack under the atmospheric goods.
This type of roof covering paraphernalia is mainly used in place of ducts or swaths and where it’s available in a wide range.
Advantages of Wood ShinglesThis type of roof covers visually appealing roof styles.Wood shingles h
Similar to Types of Roofing and Roofing Materials (20)
Outlines
Introduction
What is Wi-Fi?
Wi-Fi Standards?
Hotspots
How a Wi-Fi Network works
Survey
Factors To Consider When Choosing An Internet Service Provider
Wi-Fi Providers
Limitations of Wi-Fi
Security
Maintenance
Estimated cost
Location
ICTC Requirements
Conclusion
Introduction
Imagine working on your laptop or checking
e-mailfrom anywhere in the department.
Now , imagine
doing all thesethings
easily and quickly,
withoutworrying
about finding a wired
network connection.
That is Wi-Fi !
What is Wi-Fi?
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a generic term that refers to the IEEE 802.11 communications standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs).
Wireless Technology is an alternative to Wired Technology, which is commonly used, for connecting devices in wireless using radio waves.
Allows you to access the Internet while on the move ; you can remain online while moving from one area to another, without a disconnection or loss in coverage
IEEE 802.11 Standard
In 1997, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) drafted the 802.11 standard for wireless local area networking.
In 1999, networking hardware companies accepted the standard and began manufacturing products using the 802.11b protocol which operated in the 2.4 GHz range and was capable of transmitting at speeds of 11 Mbps.
The 802.11a protocol was also released in 1999, operating at 5 GHz with transmissions speeds of 54 Mbps, but its cost was high.
What is a Hotspot ?
A Hotspot is any location where Wi-Fi network access is made publicly available.
Hotspots are equipped with a Broadband Internet connection, and one or more Access Points that allow users to access the Internet wirelessly.
Hotspots can be setup in any public location that can support an Internet connection.
How a Wi-Fi network works?
A Wi-Fi connection works
through a transmitting antenna,
which is usually connected to a
DSL or cable Internet connection.
The antenna on the router will
then beam radio signals through
a specific range. Another antenna,
which is on the laptop or personal
computer, receives the signal.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. Styles of Roofs:
• The roof greatly affects the overall appearance
of a home.
• There are many standard styles from which to
choose.
• Choose a style that complements the basic
design of the house being planned.
3.
4. Roofing Materials
There are three components of a roof.
1.Frame or skeleton.
2. Rigid inner layer or skin which is fastened
to the frame and supports the outer layer or
(only used for roofing materials that requires
the roof to be waterproofed.)
3. Exposed outer layer (roofing material).
5. When the roof is flat, the material used to form the inner
layer is called a Decking.
When the roof is sloped, the inner skin material is called
the roof sheathing.
6. Materials for roof deckings or sheatings may be boards,
plywood, concrete, steel, gypsum, rigid insulation board,
strawboards, or tile.
The exposed outer, waterproof layer of the roof is known
as the roofing.
Materials for roofing include shingles of all kinds, wooden
shakes, clay roofing tile, cement roofing
tile, slate, sheet metal, abestos cement sheet roofing,
asphalt roofing, glass and plastics.
7. 1. SHINGLES a roofing unit of wood, asphaltic material, slate, tile,
concrete, asbestos cement or other material cut to stock lengths,
widths and thickness; used as an exterior covering or sloping roofs
and side walls; applied in an overlapping fashion.
Different Kinds of Shingles
a. Wood Shingles - made from trees that are light when dry, has high
crushing strength, and slow growing trees
which produce narrow annual rings. This in turn, result in a fine, evenly
grained wood with uniform texture. Wood shingles
are also made from large trees with few knots, so that shingles free
should from blemishes and distorted grains can be produced
•in large quantities. The tree should have a low coefficient of
expansion and contraction due to changes in moisture conditions,
8. so that in changing from a wet to an air dry condition, the
shingles are less likely to split or check.
Carefully chosen logs are first sawed into 16,18, or 24 in.
lengths. Every effort is made to produce blocks which have and
edge-grain face upright, machines then saw these blocks into
shingles, graded and packed into bundles containing enough
shingles to cover 25 sq.ft. Shingles are packed green and may
be shipped green or stacked and air dried or kiln dried.
9. No shingles is allowed to be wider than 14 in. or less than 3 in.
standard lengths are 24, 18 and 16 in.
The amount that a roof shingles should be exposed to the
weather depends on the pitch of the roof and the length of shingle
used. The maximum exposure on 1/8 and 1/6 pitches should be 3
3/4 in. For 16 in. shingles, 4 1/4 in. For 18 in. shingles and 5 3/4 in.
For roofs with a pitch steeper than 1/6, tha maximum exposure for
16 in-shingles should be 5 in., for 18 in, shingles 5 1/2 in,
and for 24 in, shingles 7 1/2 in.
10. • 16"-exposure 3 3/4"
• 18"-exposure 4 1/4"
• 24"-exposure 5 3/4"
b. Wood Shakes - Shakes are used for the same purpose as
shingles but are split rather than sawed from
the blocks. This produces a much rougher face than in the case
with shingles.
Three types of Shakes are made
1. Hand Split and resawed - made by cutting planks of proper
thickness and running them throughout a bandsaw diagonally.
11. 2. Taper Split - produced by hand-splitting. A shingle like taner is
achieved by reversing the block end-for0end with each split.
12. 3. Straight-split shakes - similarly done as taper split except that
splitting is done from one end of the block only.
Hand split and resawed shakes comes in 18,24 and 32 in. length
with thicknesses of 1/2 to 3/4 to 1 1/4. The tapers split comes in 24
in, long from 1/2 to 5/8 in. taper. Straight split shakes are made in
18 and 24 and 3/8 in. thick.
c. Asphalt shingles - Made from heavy rag felt, saturtated with
asphalt and coated with high-melting point flexible asphalt.
Ceramic
coated mineral grabules are pressed into the asphalt coating on the
exposed face to provide a fire-resistant surface. A number of
weights and styles of shingles are made, each in a variety of
colors. The weights refer to the weight of the quantity of shingles
required to cover 100 sq.ft. usually referred to as a square of
shingles, This weight varies from 135 lb. for light shingles to 325
lb. for heavy ones..
13. Roof slopes should be at least 4 in., 12 shingles. Broad-
headed roofing nails or staples are used to fasten them down,
and corners if exposed tabs should be cemented down with
asphalt roofing gum to prevent damage by wind.
SHINGLES STYLES:
14. Asphalt roof shingles are also manufactured with fiber glass self-
sealing thermoplastic agent which when activated by the sun,
actually fuses the shingles together to form a "one piece roof" no
costly cementing operations are required. This shingle is fireproof
since the mat base is fiberglass and coated with high grade
waterproof asphalt.
This prevent rotting, cutting and oxidation. This shingle also has a
ceramic granule surfacing and available in sever different colors.
•size - 13 1/4 x 39 3/8"
•strips per square - 66
•weight per square - 225 lbs.
•exposure - 5 5/8"
•head lap - 2"
15.
16. d. Abestos cement shingles - Made from a combination of
asbestos fibers in portland cement paste. To mix is added
small quantities of small colored ceranic granules to produce
permmanent color. Sheets are cut into shingles of various
sizes and shaped with nail holes predrilled. Because this type
of shingle is hard and brittle, heavy felt underlay is required
and soft nails of copper or aluminum should be used. Cutting
is done with special shear.
17. e. Aluminum Shingles - Made from sheet aluminum
approximately 0.020 in. thick in the form of a 9 in. square. They
are folded on all edges with reversed folds so that adjacent
shingles will interlock. Starters are made by cutting a shingles as
shown in the figure. Each shingles is fastened down with a single
nail. This type of shingle may be used on roofs with a slope of 3
in 12 or steeper.
They are manufactured with a plain aluminum surface, with an
anodized finish, or with a baked-on vinyl enamel finish in a
variety of colors.
18. 2. Roofing Tile
a. Terra-cotta - Because of its weight, being a terra-cotta
product, wood sheathing and strong well-braced root frames
are necessary. All of the styles of terra cotta tiles should be
laid over an asphalt felt base and are fastened with copper
nails. Elastic cement is used to caulk joints that are otherwise
not watertight. Sometime corrugated galvanized sheets are
used for sheathing.
19.
20. b. Concrete roofing tile - Similiar to English tile but hav a lug accross
the underside about 3 in. from one end. They are laid without nails and
rely on their weight to hold them in place. The first course is supported
by a horizontal furring strip. Each succeeding tile is supported first
course is supported by a horizontal furring strip. Each succeeding tile
is supported by the one below.
21. 3. Sheet Metal Proofing - Materials
include, steel, stainless steel,
copper,lead zinc, aluminum and
galbestos. Joints are necessary
between sheets to produce a
waterproof skin. Different types of
fabricated joints.
a. Flat seam are used when the roof is flat.
b. Ribbed seam are used with heavier metal for appearance or
where expansion of the roofing material become a significant
factor in the roof design.
c. Roofs with a slope over 4 in 12 may have unsolderedd standing
seams.
22. a. Steel - steel strip is coated with zinc, tin, lead, or combinations of two
of these to produce steel roofing.
a-1 Galvanized Steel - Steel coated with zinc. Produced in corrugated
sheet or in plain sheets.
•gauges - (thickness) the lower the number, the thicker it is.
•gauge no.16 and no. 18 - for water tanks
•GA no. 20-22-car bodies
•GA no. 24 - gutters
•GA no. 26 - standard for roofing
•GA no. 31 - for low cost housing
inch thicknesses- 0.063, 0.051
0.039, 0.033
0.027,
24. a-2 Long span roofing
-either coated with 2 in. only
-or colored, pre painted
This long span colored roofing employs a double coating ang
double baking of zinx and coated G.O steel sheets
by a special epoxy-acrylic. Anti-corrosion system as its primer
coating and polyester as its finishing cost.
The factory delivers this colored roofing from any size up to 60
feet.
