This document defines roof and roofing materials. It discusses traditional Philippine roof designs like "dos aguas" and "quatro aguas". It then describes different types of roofing materials used in the Philippines like fiber, wood, slate tiles, metal, plastics, and reinforced concrete. For each material, it provides details on characteristics, common types, advantages, disadvantages and maintenance needs. The goal is to educate on roof designs and choices of roofing materials for Philippine buildings.
Tiles are thin slabs of clay that are fired in a kiln and commonly used for roofs, floors, walls, and other surfaces. There are many types of tiles including roof tiles, floor tiles, pebble tiles, ceiling tiles, and wall tiles. Tiles are manufactured by preparing clay powder, molding it into shapes, drying the molded tiles, and firing them in a kiln at high temperatures. The firing process hardens the tiles so they can withstand wear and tear.
Tiles are manufactured pieces of hard-wearing materials like ceramic, stone, or glass that are used to cover roofs, floors, walls, and other surfaces. They are created by quarrying raw materials from the ground like clay, then mixing and pressing them into molds before firing at high temperatures. There are many types of tiles including roof tiles, floor tiles, pebble tiles, ceiling tiles, and wall tiles that are used for both residential and commercial construction. Tiles can benefit applications in areas like counters, bathrooms, backsplashes, flooring, and wall accents due to their hygienic, moisture resistant, stain proof, fire proof, and long lasting qualities.
The document discusses tiles and provides information on their history, manufacturing process, types, and uses. It notes that tiles have been used for over 4000 years and were used decoratively in ancient civilizations. It then describes the raw materials used in tile making, the manufacturing process, and common tile types like roof tiles, floor tiles, wall tiles, and others. The document concludes by outlining various applications of tiles in locations like counters, bathrooms, floors, walls, and exteriors.
Tiles have been used for thousands of years to cover floors, walls, and roofs. They are manufactured from raw materials like clay, glass, and stone. The manufacturing process involves mixing raw materials, shaping the tiles, firing them at high temperatures, and sometimes applying a glaze. Tiles offer many advantages like durability, low maintenance, cost effectiveness, water resistance, and increasing home resale value. There are various types of tiles including ceramic, stone, glass, vinyl, and plastic tiles that are used for floors, walls, countertops, and roofs. Tiles continue to be a popular building material due to their attractive appearance and functional properties.
This document discusses different types of roof coverings. It describes flat roofs, pitched roofs, and various natural and artificial materials that can be used as roof coverings, including clay tiles, cement tiles, concrete tiles, fibre sheets, asbestos cement sheets, and aluminum sheets. Specific details are provided on the characteristics of different clay tile types like Allahabad tiles and half round country tiles. Installation methods are also outlined for some roof covering materials. Overall, the document provides an overview of common roof covering materials and their properties.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
This document discusses various surface finishing materials used in construction including stone, plaster, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, ACP sheets, wood, and glass. It then provides details on properties of different types of exterior cladding such as timber cladding, stone cladding, weatherboard cladding, vinyl cladding, metal cladding, concrete cladding, and stucco. The document also discusses types of exterior paints, properties of ceramic tiles, brick tiles, ACP, wood, fiber reinforced plastics, strength and aesthetic properties of glass.
This document defines roof and roofing materials. It discusses traditional Philippine roof designs like "dos aguas" and "quatro aguas". It then describes different types of roofing materials used in the Philippines like fiber, wood, slate tiles, metal, plastics, and reinforced concrete. For each material, it provides details on characteristics, common types, advantages, disadvantages and maintenance needs. The goal is to educate on roof designs and choices of roofing materials for Philippine buildings.
Tiles are thin slabs of clay that are fired in a kiln and commonly used for roofs, floors, walls, and other surfaces. There are many types of tiles including roof tiles, floor tiles, pebble tiles, ceiling tiles, and wall tiles. Tiles are manufactured by preparing clay powder, molding it into shapes, drying the molded tiles, and firing them in a kiln at high temperatures. The firing process hardens the tiles so they can withstand wear and tear.
Tiles are manufactured pieces of hard-wearing materials like ceramic, stone, or glass that are used to cover roofs, floors, walls, and other surfaces. They are created by quarrying raw materials from the ground like clay, then mixing and pressing them into molds before firing at high temperatures. There are many types of tiles including roof tiles, floor tiles, pebble tiles, ceiling tiles, and wall tiles that are used for both residential and commercial construction. Tiles can benefit applications in areas like counters, bathrooms, backsplashes, flooring, and wall accents due to their hygienic, moisture resistant, stain proof, fire proof, and long lasting qualities.
The document discusses tiles and provides information on their history, manufacturing process, types, and uses. It notes that tiles have been used for over 4000 years and were used decoratively in ancient civilizations. It then describes the raw materials used in tile making, the manufacturing process, and common tile types like roof tiles, floor tiles, wall tiles, and others. The document concludes by outlining various applications of tiles in locations like counters, bathrooms, floors, walls, and exteriors.
Tiles have been used for thousands of years to cover floors, walls, and roofs. They are manufactured from raw materials like clay, glass, and stone. The manufacturing process involves mixing raw materials, shaping the tiles, firing them at high temperatures, and sometimes applying a glaze. Tiles offer many advantages like durability, low maintenance, cost effectiveness, water resistance, and increasing home resale value. There are various types of tiles including ceramic, stone, glass, vinyl, and plastic tiles that are used for floors, walls, countertops, and roofs. Tiles continue to be a popular building material due to their attractive appearance and functional properties.
This document discusses different types of roof coverings. It describes flat roofs, pitched roofs, and various natural and artificial materials that can be used as roof coverings, including clay tiles, cement tiles, concrete tiles, fibre sheets, asbestos cement sheets, and aluminum sheets. Specific details are provided on the characteristics of different clay tile types like Allahabad tiles and half round country tiles. Installation methods are also outlined for some roof covering materials. Overall, the document provides an overview of common roof covering materials and their properties.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
This document discusses various surface finishing materials used in construction including stone, plaster, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, ACP sheets, wood, and glass. It then provides details on properties of different types of exterior cladding such as timber cladding, stone cladding, weatherboard cladding, vinyl cladding, metal cladding, concrete cladding, and stucco. The document also discusses types of exterior paints, properties of ceramic tiles, brick tiles, ACP, wood, fiber reinforced plastics, strength and aesthetic properties of glass.
This document provides information on building materials and construction tiles. It discusses why tiles are a good choice, how they are manufactured, and the different types of tiles based on material and application. The main types discussed are ceramic, vitrified, glass mosaic, stoneware, and terracotta tiles. Vitrified tiles are highlighted as having advantages over ceramic such as being stronger, more impact resistant, and having very low water absorption. A price range per square foot is also provided for the different tile types.
Partitions subdivide interior spaces and can be load-bearing or non-load bearing. Finishes can be thick, property-changing materials like plaster or thin, cosmetic materials like paint. External finishes include dry claddings like timber boarding and wet finishes like lime-based renders. Internal finishes include thick plaster or drywall with joint compound and paint. Proper installation of partitions and selection of appropriate finishes is important for interior construction.
1) Various types of artificial construction materials created from concrete like hollow concrete blocks, solid concrete blocks, pavement blocks, and balustrades are described.
2) Hollow concrete blocks have a core-void area greater than 25% of their total area and are used in load bearing structures and framed buildings.
3) Pavement blocks are used to pave pathways, walkways, and other areas.
4) A variety of wood-based construction materials are also discussed like plywood, particle board, wood veneer, and laminated board which are used in buildings, furniture, and other applications.
Tiles are used for roofing and paving. They are classified based on material (common, encaustic) and use (roofing, flooring, drain). Roofing tiles include plain, pan, pot, Allahabad, Mangalore, and concrete tiles. Flooring tiles vary in thickness and shape. Tiles are manufactured by selecting clay, preparing and molding it, drying and shaping, burning in a kiln at 2200°F for 3 hours, and cooling for 3-5 days.
This document provides details on various concrete surface finish techniques and materials. It discusses stucco/cement plaster finishes applied in scratch, brown, and finish coats. Other concrete finishes discussed include rubbed finish, brushed finish, tooled finish, sand-blasted finish, exposed aggregate finish, steel-troweled finish, and integral colored-cement finish. Granolithic and terrazzo floor finishes are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on tile finishes including cement tile, ceramic tile, and resilient floor finishes such as asphalt and vinyl tiles and sheets.
MANY OF THEM COME ACROSS MANY TILES BUT MIGHT NOT KNOW THE REAL USE OF IT OR HOW IT CAN BE USED IN MANY WAYS.THIS PPT CONTAINS INFORMATION ABOUT THE PARTICULAR TILE KNOWN AS PORCELAIN.NOT MANY OF THEM COME ACROSS THIS SO EVENTUALLY IT LEADS TO NO KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE TILES WHICH CAN USED EFFICIENTLY.I HOPE THIS PPT MIGHT BECOME USEFUL FOR MANY. THANKYOU .
Tiles are the most commonly used material for roofing residential buildings. They are made of ceramic, slate, or concrete and are used on both sloped and flat roofs. Tiles provide protection from water and weather while allowing vapor to pass through. Their durability and variety of shapes, textures, and colors allow tiles to both functionally seal a roof and decorate the exterior of a building. Common tile types include curved ceramic tiles for sloped roofs, slate or ceramic shingles for flat roofs, and mixed tiles that have both curved and flat sections.
building finishes,architecture,building materials and constructionNithin Thomas Alex
This document discusses various types of wall finishes for both interior and exterior surfaces. It describes flexible wall coverings like wallpaper, vinyl, fabric and cork that can be used on plaster or drywall surfaces. It also discusses different types of wood panels, plywood, and cement-based finishes like textured cement, cement plaster and marble powder finishes that provide decorative aesthetic options for walls. Mosaic tile and glass mosaic tile finishes are also covered as attractive wall covering alternatives.
Wall finishes provide decorative coverings for walls, ceilings and floors and conceal building components. Common internal wall finishes include plaster, paint, wallpaper, wood panelling, cement plaster, laminate, tiles and mirrors. Finishes are either self finishes that are inherent in the material or applied finishes that require application on site. Factors like intended use, maintenance needs and durability must be considered when selecting wall finishes. Proper application and allowing finishes to fully dry is important to prevent damage.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in rock formations. There are two main varieties: chrysotile and amphibole. Chrysotile is the only type still in production. Asbestos is used to make asbestos cement sheets and pipes, as well as products like floor tiles and insulation. Cork, felt, mica, adhesives, bakelite, and china clay are other natural and synthetic materials used in construction for purposes like insulation, waterproofing, and binding materials together. Bricks, fire resistant glass, concrete, plaster, and gypsum are some of the most common fire resistant building materials used due to their heat resistance and durability.
This document provides information on different types of tiles used in construction, including roofing tiles, flooring tiles, wall tiles, drain tiles, and sewer pipes. It describes the characteristics and manufacturing of tiles, the glazing process, and the installation process for tile flooring which involves measuring the floor, purchasing tile, preparing the surface, laying out and installing the tiles, cutting as needed, finishing edges, applying grout, and sealing the grout. The document is from a course on construction materials and finishes.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
This document discusses various wall finishes and patterns. It describes different types of finishes like cement textured, plastered, wood panels, and plywood that can be used on walls. It also discusses plaster finishes like plaster of Paris and gypsum plaster. Other finishes mentioned include laminate, marble powder, wallpapers, fabrics, and cork. The document also covers decorative paint techniques like transparent layers, trompe l'oeil, stenciling, and distressing. Finally, it summarizes mosaics, murals, graffiti style murals, and tile murals as wall covering options.
Wall finishes are used to enhance the interior or exterior appearance of structures. Common wall finishes include paint, wallpaper, tiles, and panels made of materials like wood, stone and glass. Proper installation and maintenance of wall finishes is important. Various techniques are used for different types of wall finishes to achieve unique aesthetic effects. Common types of wall finishes mentioned are cement texture finish, plaster of Paris finish, gypsum plaster finish, glass mosaic finish, laminate finish and marble powder finish.
This document discusses various types of wall finishes and coatings used for interior and exterior surfaces. It describes common finishes like plaster, roughcast plaster, sand faced plaster and their application processes. It also summarizes different types of paints used on walls, their constituents and purposes. Defects in plaster and painting work are outlined as well.
This document discusses procedures for plastering and problems that can arise. It outlines the general plastering method which involves cleaning the surface, applying a cement/sand slurry and plaster dots for reference, then applying coats of plaster while curing between coats. Problems discussed include cracking from background movement, shrinkage or poor workmanship; bond failure from a smooth surface or moisture; and hair cracks from excessive suction or rich cement mixes.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
This document provides information on cement tiles, including their composition, production process, uses, installation, and maintenance. Cement tiles are made from a mixture of cement, sand, color pigment, and marble powder that is poured into molds and compressed under high pressure. They are durable, customizable in color and design, and more environmentally friendly than other tile options like ceramic. The document outlines best practices for laying cement tiles on walls and floors, including using a cement mortar adhesive and grout and sealing the tiles before grouting. Regular cleaning and resealing of exterior tiles is recommended for maintenance.
Concrete roof tiles are durable, waterproof claddings for sloped roofs. They are made from a mixture of cement and sand, with mineral granules coated in color added. Concrete tiles are inexpensive, require low maintenance, and offer good fire protection and resistance to rot and insects. They typically last 30-50 years, weigh 9.5-12 pounds per square foot, and are installed by nailing them to battens with galvanized nails. Concrete tiles are well suited for many climates.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials, including clay tiles, concrete tiles, slates, and their properties. Clay tiles are used for sloped roofs and come in various styles like Allahabad tiles and Mangalore tiles. Concrete tiles are made from cement, sand and color pigments through an extrusion process. Slate roofing tiles are obtained from quarries as blocks and split into thin laminates. Factors that affect roofing material selection include cost, durability, appearance, and climate. Proper installation methods involve overlapping tiles, using battens and felt underlay, and nailing patterns. Regular maintenance of clay tiles involves inspecting for cracks which can be repaired with mortar.
This document provides information on building materials and construction tiles. It discusses why tiles are a good choice, how they are manufactured, and the different types of tiles based on material and application. The main types discussed are ceramic, vitrified, glass mosaic, stoneware, and terracotta tiles. Vitrified tiles are highlighted as having advantages over ceramic such as being stronger, more impact resistant, and having very low water absorption. A price range per square foot is also provided for the different tile types.
Partitions subdivide interior spaces and can be load-bearing or non-load bearing. Finishes can be thick, property-changing materials like plaster or thin, cosmetic materials like paint. External finishes include dry claddings like timber boarding and wet finishes like lime-based renders. Internal finishes include thick plaster or drywall with joint compound and paint. Proper installation of partitions and selection of appropriate finishes is important for interior construction.
1) Various types of artificial construction materials created from concrete like hollow concrete blocks, solid concrete blocks, pavement blocks, and balustrades are described.
2) Hollow concrete blocks have a core-void area greater than 25% of their total area and are used in load bearing structures and framed buildings.
3) Pavement blocks are used to pave pathways, walkways, and other areas.
4) A variety of wood-based construction materials are also discussed like plywood, particle board, wood veneer, and laminated board which are used in buildings, furniture, and other applications.
Tiles are used for roofing and paving. They are classified based on material (common, encaustic) and use (roofing, flooring, drain). Roofing tiles include plain, pan, pot, Allahabad, Mangalore, and concrete tiles. Flooring tiles vary in thickness and shape. Tiles are manufactured by selecting clay, preparing and molding it, drying and shaping, burning in a kiln at 2200°F for 3 hours, and cooling for 3-5 days.
This document provides details on various concrete surface finish techniques and materials. It discusses stucco/cement plaster finishes applied in scratch, brown, and finish coats. Other concrete finishes discussed include rubbed finish, brushed finish, tooled finish, sand-blasted finish, exposed aggregate finish, steel-troweled finish, and integral colored-cement finish. Granolithic and terrazzo floor finishes are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on tile finishes including cement tile, ceramic tile, and resilient floor finishes such as asphalt and vinyl tiles and sheets.
MANY OF THEM COME ACROSS MANY TILES BUT MIGHT NOT KNOW THE REAL USE OF IT OR HOW IT CAN BE USED IN MANY WAYS.THIS PPT CONTAINS INFORMATION ABOUT THE PARTICULAR TILE KNOWN AS PORCELAIN.NOT MANY OF THEM COME ACROSS THIS SO EVENTUALLY IT LEADS TO NO KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE TILES WHICH CAN USED EFFICIENTLY.I HOPE THIS PPT MIGHT BECOME USEFUL FOR MANY. THANKYOU .
Tiles are the most commonly used material for roofing residential buildings. They are made of ceramic, slate, or concrete and are used on both sloped and flat roofs. Tiles provide protection from water and weather while allowing vapor to pass through. Their durability and variety of shapes, textures, and colors allow tiles to both functionally seal a roof and decorate the exterior of a building. Common tile types include curved ceramic tiles for sloped roofs, slate or ceramic shingles for flat roofs, and mixed tiles that have both curved and flat sections.
building finishes,architecture,building materials and constructionNithin Thomas Alex
This document discusses various types of wall finishes for both interior and exterior surfaces. It describes flexible wall coverings like wallpaper, vinyl, fabric and cork that can be used on plaster or drywall surfaces. It also discusses different types of wood panels, plywood, and cement-based finishes like textured cement, cement plaster and marble powder finishes that provide decorative aesthetic options for walls. Mosaic tile and glass mosaic tile finishes are also covered as attractive wall covering alternatives.
Wall finishes provide decorative coverings for walls, ceilings and floors and conceal building components. Common internal wall finishes include plaster, paint, wallpaper, wood panelling, cement plaster, laminate, tiles and mirrors. Finishes are either self finishes that are inherent in the material or applied finishes that require application on site. Factors like intended use, maintenance needs and durability must be considered when selecting wall finishes. Proper application and allowing finishes to fully dry is important to prevent damage.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in rock formations. There are two main varieties: chrysotile and amphibole. Chrysotile is the only type still in production. Asbestos is used to make asbestos cement sheets and pipes, as well as products like floor tiles and insulation. Cork, felt, mica, adhesives, bakelite, and china clay are other natural and synthetic materials used in construction for purposes like insulation, waterproofing, and binding materials together. Bricks, fire resistant glass, concrete, plaster, and gypsum are some of the most common fire resistant building materials used due to their heat resistance and durability.
This document provides information on different types of tiles used in construction, including roofing tiles, flooring tiles, wall tiles, drain tiles, and sewer pipes. It describes the characteristics and manufacturing of tiles, the glazing process, and the installation process for tile flooring which involves measuring the floor, purchasing tile, preparing the surface, laying out and installing the tiles, cutting as needed, finishing edges, applying grout, and sealing the grout. The document is from a course on construction materials and finishes.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
This document discusses various wall finishes and patterns. It describes different types of finishes like cement textured, plastered, wood panels, and plywood that can be used on walls. It also discusses plaster finishes like plaster of Paris and gypsum plaster. Other finishes mentioned include laminate, marble powder, wallpapers, fabrics, and cork. The document also covers decorative paint techniques like transparent layers, trompe l'oeil, stenciling, and distressing. Finally, it summarizes mosaics, murals, graffiti style murals, and tile murals as wall covering options.
Wall finishes are used to enhance the interior or exterior appearance of structures. Common wall finishes include paint, wallpaper, tiles, and panels made of materials like wood, stone and glass. Proper installation and maintenance of wall finishes is important. Various techniques are used for different types of wall finishes to achieve unique aesthetic effects. Common types of wall finishes mentioned are cement texture finish, plaster of Paris finish, gypsum plaster finish, glass mosaic finish, laminate finish and marble powder finish.
This document discusses various types of wall finishes and coatings used for interior and exterior surfaces. It describes common finishes like plaster, roughcast plaster, sand faced plaster and their application processes. It also summarizes different types of paints used on walls, their constituents and purposes. Defects in plaster and painting work are outlined as well.
This document discusses procedures for plastering and problems that can arise. It outlines the general plastering method which involves cleaning the surface, applying a cement/sand slurry and plaster dots for reference, then applying coats of plaster while curing between coats. Problems discussed include cracking from background movement, shrinkage or poor workmanship; bond failure from a smooth surface or moisture; and hair cracks from excessive suction or rich cement mixes.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
This document provides information on cement tiles, including their composition, production process, uses, installation, and maintenance. Cement tiles are made from a mixture of cement, sand, color pigment, and marble powder that is poured into molds and compressed under high pressure. They are durable, customizable in color and design, and more environmentally friendly than other tile options like ceramic. The document outlines best practices for laying cement tiles on walls and floors, including using a cement mortar adhesive and grout and sealing the tiles before grouting. Regular cleaning and resealing of exterior tiles is recommended for maintenance.
Concrete roof tiles are durable, waterproof claddings for sloped roofs. They are made from a mixture of cement and sand, with mineral granules coated in color added. Concrete tiles are inexpensive, require low maintenance, and offer good fire protection and resistance to rot and insects. They typically last 30-50 years, weigh 9.5-12 pounds per square foot, and are installed by nailing them to battens with galvanized nails. Concrete tiles are well suited for many climates.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials, including clay tiles, concrete tiles, slates, and their properties. Clay tiles are used for sloped roofs and come in various styles like Allahabad tiles and Mangalore tiles. Concrete tiles are made from cement, sand and color pigments through an extrusion process. Slate roofing tiles are obtained from quarries as blocks and split into thin laminates. Factors that affect roofing material selection include cost, durability, appearance, and climate. Proper installation methods involve overlapping tiles, using battens and felt underlay, and nailing patterns. Regular maintenance of clay tiles involves inspecting for cracks which can be repaired with mortar.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials including natural materials like mud, timber, stone, and man-made materials like concrete, metal, and tiles. It provides details on various stone flooring options like marble, granite, and ceramic tiles. Marble flooring has advantages like being available in many colors and patterns, adding radiance, and being durable; but it has disadvantages like getting cold in winter and being expensive. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, and maintenance requirements.
Floor finishes - flooring and finish typesAnqaParvez
Floor finishes provide protective and decorative coverings for floor surfaces. Common floor finishes include concrete, terrazzo, stone, wood, brick, tile, and vinyl. Finishes are chosen based on factors like durability, maintenance requirements, aesthetics, and intended use of the space. Proper preparation, installation techniques, and sealing are important to ensure floor finishes perform as intended.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
The document provides information on various types of floor finishes that can be used for both commercial and residential projects. It discusses tile, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass, and natural stone flooring options. For each type of flooring, it provides details on the different varieties available, typical durability, usage scenarios, installation process and costs. The document also includes specifications and laying instructions for ceramic tiles and discusses various natural stone options like limestone, sandstone, quartzite, cobblestone, slate and pebblestone.
The document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses various flooring materials including carpets and rugs, tiles, terrazzo, stone, timber, cement concrete, brick, and vinyl flooring. For each type of flooring, the document outlines the components/ingredients, installation process, advantages and disadvantages. It provides details on different varieties within each flooring type, such as ceramic and porcelain tiles, marble, slate and granite stone flooring, solid and engineered timber flooring. The document is intended as a guide to floor finishes for presentation purposes.
Floors divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Basement floors must be at least 7 feet high and include smoke and carbon monoxide alarms. Ground floors rest directly on the ground. Upper floors only have stability issues since they are supported at the ends. Materials used for floors include tiles, bricks, flagstone, concrete, terrazzo, wood, and more.
7 building construction part 2 flooring,roofs,staircase and maintance - editmuhammadumairallahdi
The document discusses different types of floors and their construction. It describes seven common types of floors - brick, earth, cement concrete, mosaic/terrazzo, tile, marble, and wooden. It also outlines materials used for flooring and key factors to consider when selecting a floor, such as initial cost, appearance, durability, cleanliness, dampness, indentation, noiselessness, and maintenance requirements. The document then provides details on constructing different types of floors, including brick, cement concrete, mosaic/terrazzo, tile, glass, asphalt, and wooden floors. It also discusses types of sloping roofs and important roofing terminology.
This document provides information on various types of floorings, including wooden flooring, tiles, mosaic tiles, carpets, rugs, and resilient flooring. It discusses the different types of wooden flooring like solid hardwood, engineered hardwood, and their characteristics. It also outlines the different types of tiles like ceramic tiles and mosaic tiles, and provides details on their construction, installation, advantages, and pricing. The document compares carpets and rugs, and lists the various types of each. It concludes with an overview of resilient flooring, including materials like linoleum and cork flooring.
The document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses various flooring materials including carpets and rugs, vinyl flooring, wooden flooring, stone flooring, brick flooring, and glass flooring. For each material, it outlines the types, benefits, installation process, and precautions. The key flooring materials covered are carpet, vinyl, wood, ceramic tile, stone, brick, and glass.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials and styles. It provides details on various roof styles and describes common materials used for roof decks or sheathing, including boards, plywood, concrete, steel, and gypsum. The main roofing materials discussed are shingles, tiles, and sheet metal. Specific types of shingles outlined include wood shingles, wood shakes, asphalt shingles, and asbestos cement shingles. Roofing tile types include terra cotta and concrete. Sheet metal roofing materials covered are steel, stainless steel, copper, zinc, aluminum, and galbestos.
This document provides information about epoxy flooring. It begins by defining epoxy as a durable material made from mixing chemical compounds. Epoxy flooring involves applying an epoxy coating to concrete floors to provide a smooth, protective surface. The coating consists of resins and hardeners with additives to control properties like abrasion resistance and curing time. Epoxy floors are commonly used in industrial and commercial settings due to their durability and ability to withstand impacts, chemicals, and heavy loads. Different types of epoxy floors and their applications are described, along with the installation process and advantages like easy cleaning and slip resistance. Potential disadvantages like toxic fumes during curing and high installation costs are
Plastering is the process of covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even , smooth , regular , clean & durable surface.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. 1. They should not absorb moisture more than
20 per cent by weight.
2. They should give pleasing look.
3. They should be capable of taking load of a
man safely, after they are supported on
reapers.
4. They should be durable.
5. They should be uniform in shape and size.
3. • Type of building
• Type of framework
• Initial cost
• Maintenance requirements
• Fabrication facilities
• Appearance and special features of locality
• Availability of material
• Climate of locality
6. • Extremely low water absorption index,
less than 0.4%, which makes its resistant
to frost damage.
• Consists of bituminous slates called
eternit (generic term for fiber cement).
• Available in three colours-grey,black and
red.
• SIZE- 12’’x6’’, 6mm thickness
• COST- 25-30/Sq.ft
7. Each slab is divided into thin laminate
or slate by using splitters
Reduced to slabs after dividing into
sections using diamond or circular saw.
Slates are obtained from quarries as
blocks
8. Slates roofs tiles are usually
fixed either with nails or
with hooks.
Fixing is typically with
double nails onto timber
battens or nailed direclty
onto timbersarking boards.
nails are made up of alloy
and stainless steel.
6/16/2015
10. • Allahabad tiles are generally laid side by side and the joints are
covered with half round tiles.
• It consists of flat broad bottom under tile that alternate with
convex curved over tile.
• Unfertile is flat,tapered,with flanges at the side.
• The over tile is half round and tapered in plan with diameter
tapering from 16 cm at tail to 12 cm at the head.
• The taper in the over tile allow the tile in next course to fit in.
• Vertical battens of size 2.2cmx7.5cm are fixed between sides
of adjacent under tiles and to these half round over tiles.
• Over tiles are fixed to vertical battens with 75 mm nails.
• Cost- 55-145 Sq. t
12. Clay roofing tile is a good choice for homes with a
southwestern, Italian, or Spanish Mission design, or
even for homes with a modern, clean look.
Tile lasts a long time
Burnt clay tile roofs are only used for sloping roofs
between about 20° and 50° inclination of rafter.
Clay tiles are heavy, requiring a strong substructure
and closely spaced battens.
SIZES- 2’’x6’’
3’’x 8’’(Max)
COST-45-65/ sq.ft
13. ADVANTAGE
Tile won't rot or burn, and it
can't be harmed by insects.
The color of a clay tile is not
affected by exposure to the
elements, it can easily last for
100of years.
DISADVANTAGE
A major problem of clay tiles is the
immense loss due to cracking and
breakage.
Clay tile production is a traditional
village craft in many regions, but
uniform shapes and qualities are
difficult to achieve.
14. Special properties- Durable, waterproof
cladding for sloped roofs
Economical aspects -Low to medium costs
Resistance to earthquake- Low
Resistance to rain- Very good
Resistance to insects -Very good
Climatic suitability- All climates, but most
common in humid areas
16. Plain tiles, pan tiles, Roman
tiles, interlocking tiles, and
ridge, hip and valley tiles are
made of this material.
The mixture is composed of
normal Portland cement and
clean well-graded sand.
The body treated with mineral
granules which have been
coated with color.
pantiles
ridge
Roman tiles
17. Durability estimates range from 30 to 50
years.
Weigh between 9 1/2 and 12 pounds(1
pound =.45 gram) per square foot.
Size is 265mm by 165 mm and 12mm thick.
Require low maintenance
Offer good fire protection and are
resistant to rot and insects.
COST- INR 150 to INR 300/ Sq.ft
18.
19. The usual lap for plain tiling is 65mm, for pitched roof at 37
degree.
For pitches up to 60 degree the tiles should be twice nailed
in every third course to once nailed in each course.
For pitches exceeding 60 degree all tiles should be nailed
twice.
The nails are usually 38 mm long and may be either
galvanized wrought iron, zinc, copper or composition.