Types of research designs
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There are three main types of research designs: exploratory, descriptive/diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory research aims to formulate problems or hypotheses through literature reviews, interviews, and case studies. Descriptive and diagnostic research describes characteristics of individuals/groups and determines variable associations. Experimental research tests causal hypotheses using principles of replication, randomization, and local control to reduce bias and infer causality.
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RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research Design
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
Concept of research design
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the planned sequence of the entire research process, including the framework of methods chosen. A good research design includes accurate purpose and methodology statements, appropriate settings and techniques for data collection and analysis, and consideration of timeline and measurements. Key aspects of research design include type of data needed, participants, variables or research questions, and data analysis methods. Choosing a research design requires considering priorities, practicalities, and the type of primary or secondary, qualitative or quantitative data required, as well as how that data will be collected and analyzed.
Research types
This document discusses research methods and methodologies. It defines research methods as how to accomplish research tasks through procedures to initiate, carry out, and complete projects. Research methodology provides principles for organizing, planning, designing, and conducting research. The document then outlines different types of studies including deductive vs inductive, exploratory vs explanatory, descriptive vs analytical, basic vs applied, quantitative vs qualitative, one-time vs longitudinal, laboratory vs on-field, and test vs diagnostic research. It concludes by listing characteristics of good business research such as having a clearly defined purpose, detailed research process, thorough planning, high ethics, limitations revealed, adequate analysis, unambiguous findings, and justified conclusions.
Research design and types of research design final ppt
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the conceptual framework for a research study that includes plans for data collection, measurement, and analysis. The main components of a research design are outlined, including the problem statement, literature review, objectives, methodology, and data analysis plan. Four common types of research designs are explored in more detail: exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and quasi-experimental. Key principles of experimental design like replication, randomization, and local control are also summarized.
Introduction to research
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It also covers motivation in research, types of research approaches like quantitative vs qualitative, and the typical steps in the research process from formulating a problem to analyzing data. Finally, it discusses criteria for good research and some common problems researchers face in India such as lack of scientific training or resources.
Research Design
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
Sample size
This document discusses factors that affect sample size in research studies, including available resources, the nature of the study, sampling methods used, expected cooperation and attrition rates, and effect size. It also discusses sampling error as deviation from true population characteristics and reasons for sampling errors like chance and bias. Common types of sampling bias are self-selection, exclusion, and healthy user bias. The document provides tips to minimize bias and discusses problems with sampling like error, lack of representativeness, difficulty estimating size, lack of knowledge, resources, and cooperation.
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RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research Design
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
Concept of research design
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the planned sequence of the entire research process, including the framework of methods chosen. A good research design includes accurate purpose and methodology statements, appropriate settings and techniques for data collection and analysis, and consideration of timeline and measurements. Key aspects of research design include type of data needed, participants, variables or research questions, and data analysis methods. Choosing a research design requires considering priorities, practicalities, and the type of primary or secondary, qualitative or quantitative data required, as well as how that data will be collected and analyzed.
Research types
This document discusses research methods and methodologies. It defines research methods as how to accomplish research tasks through procedures to initiate, carry out, and complete projects. Research methodology provides principles for organizing, planning, designing, and conducting research. The document then outlines different types of studies including deductive vs inductive, exploratory vs explanatory, descriptive vs analytical, basic vs applied, quantitative vs qualitative, one-time vs longitudinal, laboratory vs on-field, and test vs diagnostic research. It concludes by listing characteristics of good business research such as having a clearly defined purpose, detailed research process, thorough planning, high ethics, limitations revealed, adequate analysis, unambiguous findings, and justified conclusions.
Research design and types of research design final ppt
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the conceptual framework for a research study that includes plans for data collection, measurement, and analysis. The main components of a research design are outlined, including the problem statement, literature review, objectives, methodology, and data analysis plan. Four common types of research designs are explored in more detail: exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and quasi-experimental. Key principles of experimental design like replication, randomization, and local control are also summarized.
Introduction to research
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It also covers motivation in research, types of research approaches like quantitative vs qualitative, and the typical steps in the research process from formulating a problem to analyzing data. Finally, it discusses criteria for good research and some common problems researchers face in India such as lack of scientific training or resources.
Research Design
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
Sample size
This document discusses factors that affect sample size in research studies, including available resources, the nature of the study, sampling methods used, expected cooperation and attrition rates, and effect size. It also discusses sampling error as deviation from true population characteristics and reasons for sampling errors like chance and bias. Common types of sampling bias are self-selection, exclusion, and healthy user bias. The document provides tips to minimize bias and discusses problems with sampling like error, lack of representativeness, difficulty estimating size, lack of knowledge, resources, and cooperation.
Research Design and Types of Research Design Arun Joseph MPhil ppt
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This document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It defines research design as the conceptual structure and plan for conducting research to answer research questions. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory design is used when little is known about a topic to discover variables and relationships. Descriptive design aims to describe phenomena by observing behaviors. Diagnostic design involves problem identification and finding causes. Experimental design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. The document provides details on each design type, including their purposes and methodologies.Formulation of Research problem.pptx
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
Research methodology
The document discusses research methods and processes. It defines research as a systematic, controlled, empirical investigation to discover facts and test hypotheses. The key steps in research include:
1) Identifying a research problem or question.
2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulating hypotheses to guide the research.
4) Developing a research design that specifies procedures like sampling, data collection and analysis.
5) Collecting both primary and secondary data according to the research design.
6) Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions about the hypotheses.
The document covers different research types and methods used in conducting systematic studies.
Research process
In this presentation I have discuss details research process and you can easily understand the main concept of research process
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This is a simple and general presentation about the health research which is prepared to present within staffs of Naulo Ghumti Nepal especially for EIHS staffs, objective if this presentation is to orient staffs about research.
Formulation of Research Problem
After study of this presentation you will be able to understand the importance of research problems and objectives and how to formulate them.
Research Design
This document discusses research design and methods for collecting data. It begins by defining a research design as the conceptual structure for conducting research that aims to balance relevance and economy. The key components of a research design are then outlined, including the research problem, data collection procedures, population, and data analysis methods. The document also discusses types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It provides details on methods for collecting primary data, such as experiments, surveys, observation, and interviews. Secondary data collection from published sources is also mentioned.
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The presentation discusses null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis expresses no difference or inequality between variables, while the alternative hypothesis expresses a difference or conflict. The null hypothesis is what researchers expect will definitely happen, while the alternative hypothesis is what researchers want to test. Examples are provided of null hypotheses stating children who eat oily fish do not show higher IQ increases than others, and that extroverts and introverts are equally healthy. The alternative hypotheses are that children eating oily fish will show higher IQ increases, and that introverts are not healthier than extroverts.
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The document discusses key aspects of research design including defining research design, the components of a research design (what, why, where, data type, sample, analysis), and features of a good design (flexible, appropriate, efficient, economical). It also covers important concepts like independent and dependent variables, extraneous variables, experimental and control groups, and treatments. Overall, the document provides an overview of how to plan and structure a research study.
Research design
This document discusses research design. It begins by defining research design as the overall framework or blueprint that guides a research project. Research design is important as it helps provide structure, direction, and organization to research operations. The document then outlines three main types of research design: exploratory design which aims to generate ideas and insights, descriptive design which describes characteristics, and hypothesis testing design which tests relationships between variables. Key aspects of each design type are also discussed such as appropriate sample sizes, objectives, and data collection methods.
Types of research designs
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses are important as they help translate research problems into predicted outcomes and guide methodology. Good hypotheses are clear, testable, and relevant to the research. Hypotheses can be simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, or non-directional. They may be generated from theoretical frameworks, previous studies, literature or experiences. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables while the research hypothesis predicts a relationship.
Types of research
This document discusses different types of research methodologies. It describes the key differences between descriptive and analytical research, applied and fundamental research, qualitative and quantitative research, and conceptual and empirical research. Descriptive research involves surveys and fact-finding to describe current phenomena, while analytical research determines the validity of hypotheses through analysis. Applied research aims to solve practical problems, whereas fundamental research satisfies intellectual curiosity. Qualitative research is non-numerical while quantitative research relies on measurements and statistics. Conceptual research develops new ideas through reasoning, and empirical research is based on verifiable data from observation or experimentation.
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This document discusses research questions and the process of formulating research problems. It begins by defining research and different types of research. It then covers developing research questions, including originating questions from prior literature and formulating questions that are feasible, interesting, novel, ethical and relevant. The document outlines steps for formulating a research problem, including selecting a broad subject area and narrowing it to specific questions. It stresses reviewing literature throughout the process and considering available data, resources, and ethics. Finally, it discusses writing research protocols that specify predictors, outcomes, populations and study plans to address potential problems.
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This document discusses different study designs used in research. It defines a study design as a specific plan for conducting a study that allows the investigator to translate a conceptual hypothesis into an operational one. The document outlines different types of study designs including descriptive studies, analytical observational studies like cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies, as well as experimental/interventional studies. For each study design, it provides details on the unit of study, study question, direction of inquiry, and key aspects of the design.
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The document discusses research design, which is a framework that specifies the procedures needed to structure and solve a research problem. It defines the information required and outlines measurement, sampling, data collection, and analysis plans. The document compares exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs and cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies. Key factors like objectives, characteristics, findings, and outcomes are contrasted for different design types. Common errors in research are also outlined.
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The document discusses two types of educational research: descriptive research and survey research. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon and focuses on "what" rather than "why". Survey research involves collecting data through surveys or questionnaires. Key points covered include characteristics and methods of descriptive research such as observational studies and case studies; examples of descriptive research topics; advantages and disadvantages. Survey research types like cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys are defined, as are their purposes, uses and steps in conducting survey research.
Research/thesis for post graduate students in dentistry.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of research, including:
- Definitions of research as finding answers to unanswered questions or a scientific search for information on a topic.
- Types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
- Research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research.
- Key parts of the research process including developing a research methodology, designing the study, formulating research questions and hypotheses, developing a research protocol, and interpreting results.
- Principles of research design for different types of studies.
The document outlines considerations for all stages of the research process from selecting a topic to analyzing
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This document discusses research methodology and defines key terms and types of research. It begins by defining research as a careful investigation to gain new knowledge. The objectives of research are described as gaining new insights, accurately portraying characteristics, determining frequencies of occurrences, and testing hypotheses. Types of research discussed include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Descriptive research aims to describe current conditions while analytical evaluates facts. The document also differentiates between research methods, which are techniques used, and methodology, which is the systematic approach.
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Research Design and Types of Research Design Arun Joseph MPhil ppt
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This document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It defines research design as the conceptual structure and plan for conducting research to answer research questions. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory design is used when little is known about a topic to discover variables and relationships. Descriptive design aims to describe phenomena by observing behaviors. Diagnostic design involves problem identification and finding causes. Experimental design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. The document provides details on each design type, including their purposes and methodologies.Formulation of Research problem.pptx
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
Research methodology
The document discusses research methods and processes. It defines research as a systematic, controlled, empirical investigation to discover facts and test hypotheses. The key steps in research include:
1) Identifying a research problem or question.
2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulating hypotheses to guide the research.
4) Developing a research design that specifies procedures like sampling, data collection and analysis.
5) Collecting both primary and secondary data according to the research design.
6) Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions about the hypotheses.
The document covers different research types and methods used in conducting systematic studies.
Research process
In this presentation I have discuss details research process and you can easily understand the main concept of research process
General Introduction to Health research (Basic)
This is a simple and general presentation about the health research which is prepared to present within staffs of Naulo Ghumti Nepal especially for EIHS staffs, objective if this presentation is to orient staffs about research.
Formulation of Research Problem
After study of this presentation you will be able to understand the importance of research problems and objectives and how to formulate them.
Research Design
This document discusses research design and methods for collecting data. It begins by defining a research design as the conceptual structure for conducting research that aims to balance relevance and economy. The key components of a research design are then outlined, including the research problem, data collection procedures, population, and data analysis methods. The document also discusses types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It provides details on methods for collecting primary data, such as experiments, surveys, observation, and interviews. Secondary data collection from published sources is also mentioned.
types of hypothesis
The presentation discusses null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis expresses no difference or inequality between variables, while the alternative hypothesis expresses a difference or conflict. The null hypothesis is what researchers expect will definitely happen, while the alternative hypothesis is what researchers want to test. Examples are provided of null hypotheses stating children who eat oily fish do not show higher IQ increases than others, and that extroverts and introverts are equally healthy. The alternative hypotheses are that children eating oily fish will show higher IQ increases, and that introverts are not healthier than extroverts.
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The document discusses key aspects of research design including defining research design, the components of a research design (what, why, where, data type, sample, analysis), and features of a good design (flexible, appropriate, efficient, economical). It also covers important concepts like independent and dependent variables, extraneous variables, experimental and control groups, and treatments. Overall, the document provides an overview of how to plan and structure a research study.
Research design
This document discusses research design. It begins by defining research design as the overall framework or blueprint that guides a research project. Research design is important as it helps provide structure, direction, and organization to research operations. The document then outlines three main types of research design: exploratory design which aims to generate ideas and insights, descriptive design which describes characteristics, and hypothesis testing design which tests relationships between variables. Key aspects of each design type are also discussed such as appropriate sample sizes, objectives, and data collection methods.
Types of research designs
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses are important as they help translate research problems into predicted outcomes and guide methodology. Good hypotheses are clear, testable, and relevant to the research. Hypotheses can be simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, or non-directional. They may be generated from theoretical frameworks, previous studies, literature or experiences. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables while the research hypothesis predicts a relationship.
Types of research
This document discusses different types of research methodologies. It describes the key differences between descriptive and analytical research, applied and fundamental research, qualitative and quantitative research, and conceptual and empirical research. Descriptive research involves surveys and fact-finding to describe current phenomena, while analytical research determines the validity of hypotheses through analysis. Applied research aims to solve practical problems, whereas fundamental research satisfies intellectual curiosity. Qualitative research is non-numerical while quantitative research relies on measurements and statistics. Conceptual research develops new ideas through reasoning, and empirical research is based on verifiable data from observation or experimentation.
Research question
This document discusses research questions and the process of formulating research problems. It begins by defining research and different types of research. It then covers developing research questions, including originating questions from prior literature and formulating questions that are feasible, interesting, novel, ethical and relevant. The document outlines steps for formulating a research problem, including selecting a broad subject area and narrowing it to specific questions. It stresses reviewing literature throughout the process and considering available data, resources, and ethics. Finally, it discusses writing research protocols that specify predictors, outcomes, populations and study plans to address potential problems.
Sampling - Probability Vs Non-Probability
This document summarizes probability and non-probability sampling methods. Probability sampling assigns all population members an equal chance of selection, allowing for random selection techniques like simple random sampling. Non-probability sampling does not give all members an equal chance, relying instead on subjective judgment in techniques like convenience sampling. The key differences are that probability sampling is random, unbiased, and allows for statistical inferences, while non-probability sampling is non-random, potentially biased, and only permits analytical conclusions.
Research Methodology Part II
The document discusses research methodology and design. It defines key concepts related to research design including dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, experimental and control groups, and treatments. It also discusses research process, sampling techniques including probability and non-probability sampling, and determining sample size for quantitative and experimental studies using statistical formulas.
Introduction to Health Research
This document is a lecture on introductory health research. It defines research as a systematic investigation to gain new knowledge. It discusses how to define a research project by considering the five W's: what, why, who, where, when. It also explains the research cycle, which involves identifying ideas, prioritizing topics, designing the study, obtaining funding, managing the research, recruiting participants, collecting and analyzing data, publishing findings, and applying the results. Finally, it outlines four purposes of research: to gain new insights, describe characteristics, determine frequencies, and test hypotheses.
Study design in research
This document discusses different study designs used in research. It defines a study design as a specific plan for conducting a study that allows the investigator to translate a conceptual hypothesis into an operational one. The document outlines different types of study designs including descriptive studies, analytical observational studies like cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies, as well as experimental/interventional studies. For each study design, it provides details on the unit of study, study question, direction of inquiry, and key aspects of the design.
Research design
The document discusses research design, which is a framework that specifies the procedures needed to structure and solve a research problem. It defines the information required and outlines measurement, sampling, data collection, and analysis plans. The document compares exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs and cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies. Key factors like objectives, characteristics, findings, and outcomes are contrasted for different design types. Common errors in research are also outlined.
Descriptive Research
The document discusses two types of educational research: descriptive research and survey research. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon and focuses on "what" rather than "why". Survey research involves collecting data through surveys or questionnaires. Key points covered include characteristics and methods of descriptive research such as observational studies and case studies; examples of descriptive research topics; advantages and disadvantages. Survey research types like cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys are defined, as are their purposes, uses and steps in conducting survey research.
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This document discusses various aspects of research, including:
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This document discusses different types of research designs:
1. Exploratory research designs are preliminary studies used when little is known about a problem to gain familiarity and insights. They have a flexible design.
2. Descriptive research designs fact find with interpretation and focus on particular aspects of a problem. They use appropriate data collection methods and provide information for more advanced studies.
3. Experimental research designs test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships between variables by manipulating the independent variable and measuring the dependent variable. They have a rigid design and use probability sampling.
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1. The document discusses research design, which is a plan for conducting research to answer questions or solve problems. It outlines the steps, methods, and strategies used to collect and analyze data.
2. Research design provides answers to questions like what is being studied, why it's being studied, where and when data will be collected, what techniques and sources will be used, and how results will be analyzed and reported.
3. Different types of research designs are explored, including those for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Key concepts discussed include variables, hypotheses, experimental setup, and treatments.
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The document discusses research design, which is the plan or blueprint for how a research study will be conducted. It involves decisions about what data to collect, where, when, and how to analyze the data. A good research design minimizes the effects of extraneous variables and establishes the relationships between independent and dependent variables. There are different types of research designs depending on whether the research is exploratory, descriptive, or testing a hypothesis. Exploratory designs gather initial insights through literature reviews, surveys, or case studies. Descriptive and diagnostic designs collect data to understand characteristics or problems. Hypothesis testing designs experimentally examine predicted relationships through variables, groups, treatments, and units of analysis.
Research design
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Research design involves decisions about what, where, when, how much, and by what means to study a research problem.
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Business Research Method - Unit II, AKTU, Lucknow Syllabus
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Experimental Design: Concept of Cause, Causal relationships, Concept of Independent & Dependent variables, concomitant variable, extraneous variable, Treatment, Control group.
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3.2 introduction to research
Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
Dissertation Session 3.pptx
This document discusses different research approaches that can be used for a dissertation, including positivist, interpretivist, and critical narrative approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as how positivist research relies on quantifiable data and statistical analysis to test hypotheses, while interpretivist research focuses on interpreting qualitative data to derive meanings. It also discusses various research techniques like interviews, questionnaires, databases, case studies, and how to properly employ them to answer research questions and issues.
Research paper writing
This document discusses the steps involved in conducting research. It begins by defining research and outlining its purposes such as building knowledge and increasing public awareness. It then describes the basic structure of a research paper as introduction, methods, results and discussion. The next sections explain each step of conducting research in detail, including identifying the research problem, literature review, specifying the research purpose and questions, developing hypotheses, choosing an appropriate methodology, collecting and verifying data, analyzing and interpreting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are discussed. The importance of verification strategies in ensuring the reliability and validity of research findings is also highlighted.
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Research can be classified in different ways such as by purpose, process, and outcomes. There are several types of research including exploratory research, descriptive research, and explanatory research. Exploratory research is conducted when little is known about a topic and aims to gain insights rather than test hypotheses. Descriptive research describes characteristics of a topic as it exists currently. Explanatory research builds on exploratory and descriptive research to understand phenomena by discovering causal relationships between variables and answering "why" questions. The goals, strengths, and weaknesses of each type of research are outlined.
ppt presentation research presentation on classification
Research can be classified in different ways such as by purpose, process, and outcomes. There are several types of research including exploratory research, descriptive research, and explanatory research. Exploratory research is conducted when little is known about a topic and aims to gain insights rather than test hypotheses. Descriptive research describes characteristics of a topic as it exists currently. Explanatory research builds on exploratory and descriptive research to understand phenomena by discovering causal relationships between variables and answering "why" questions. The goals, strengths, and weaknesses of each type of research are outlined.
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.pdf
This document provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. It defines quantitative research as deductive, using numeric data from large samples to test hypotheses and analyze relationships between variables objectively. Qualitative research is defined as inductive, relying on words from smaller samples to understand participant experiences subjectively and identify themes in the data. The key differences between the two approaches are described in terms of identifying research problems, reviewing literature, specifying research purposes and questions, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. The document also discusses research design and types of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs.
Tech.pptx
Research is a systematic process of learning that increases knowledge. There are different types of research methods, including descriptive research which focuses on describing the current state of affairs, analytical research which interprets available data, and applied research which aims to find solutions to real-world problems. Research can also be qualitative, using methods like interviews and observations to explore concepts, or quantitative, using methods like experiments and surveys to measure amounts.
Tech.pptx
Research is a systematic process of learning that increases knowledge. There are different types of research methods, including descriptive research which focuses on describing the current state of affairs, analytical research which interprets available data to evaluate it, and applied research which aims to find solutions to real-world problems. Research can also be qualitative, using methods like interviews and observations to explore concepts, or quantitative, using methods like experiments and surveys to measure amounts.
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Research/thesis for post graduate students in dentistry.
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Business Research Method - Unit II, AKTU, Lucknow Syllabus
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researchdesignandtypesofresearchdesignfinalppt-190823014804 (1).pptx
researchdesignandtypesofresearchdesignfinalppt-190823014804 (1).pptx
Common Research Methodology in Your Field (Business and Management Studies)
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Explanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptx
ppt presentation research presentation on classification
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Shortcomings of Demat Account
A demat account allows investors to hold securities digitally and trade shares online. However, demat accounts also have some shortcomings. Demat accounts require yearly fees to cover maintenance costs and force investors to trade frequently online. This level of technology literacy and high trading frequency can prevent long-term investing and result in losses. Demat account holders must also monitor stockbroker activities and may need to agree to additional contracts.
Demat Account Services
A demat account allows investors to hold shares and securities in electronic format rather than physical certificates. It provides benefits like seamless and fast transfer of shares, facilitates digitally secured storage of investments, and easy tracking of trading activities. A demat account provides a convenient way to hold shares and securities by eliminating risks of theft, forgery or damage of physical certificates. It allows for immediate digital transfer of securities once a trade is approved. Demat accounts do not require a minimum balance of shares and one can hold multiple demat accounts linked to a single PAN number.
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Depository Participant,
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Services provided in Mobile Banking
Mobile banking allows users to conduct financial transactions using a mobile device and provides services such as accessing account statements, monitoring term deposits, receiving account alerts, managing mutual funds and insurance policies, and accessing loan and card statements. It is a branch of e-commerce that uses information and communication technology for business and financial management, with mobile commerce classified into obtaining information, conducting transactions, and providing services related to a product or service.
Ombudsman scheme
The Ombudsman scheme provides independent dispute resolution between organizations and their customers. It was first established in Sweden in 1915 and has since been adopted by many governments and private entities. The SEBI Ombudsman Regulations established the Ombudsman scheme in India in 2003 to handle investor complaints against listed companies and intermediaries. The Ombudsman investigates complaints, makes recommendations, provides guidance, monitors practices, and reports on complaints regarding issues like non-receipt of shares or funds. Complaints not resolved within one month can be referred to the Ombudsman.
Factors affecting share price
The document discusses factors that affect share prices, including supply and demand, interest rates, current events, and exchange rates. Supply and demand directly impact share prices, with prices rising when demand exceeds supply and falling when supply outweighs demand. Interest rates and monetary policy decisions also influence prices, with higher rates typically lowering prices. Current domestic and global events can positively or negatively impact investor sentiment and market prices. Exchange rates also play a role, as a stronger rupee against the dollar is often correlated with economic growth and higher stock values.
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This document outlines the rights of investors as shareholders, debenture holders, and security holders. As a shareholder, investors have rights to receive dividends and inspect company records. They can also apply to have meetings called or the company wound up. As a group, shareholders can call extraordinary meetings and demand polls. As debenture holders, investors are entitled to interest payments and can take action if debentures are in default. The document stresses that investors have responsibilities to be informed, vigilant, and participate in company meetings by exercising their rights individually or as a group.
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Small investor confidence can affect stock prices, with rising confidence leading to bull markets and falling confidence resulting in bear markets. Factors like company news, economic conditions, and regulatory actions influence investor confidence. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) regulates India's securities market, but small investors may lose confidence in SEBI due to regulatory failures, lack of awareness about SEBI's role, perceived inefficiencies, or rampant insider trading. This could have negative effects like reduced market participation and investment from small investors. To regain confidence, SEBI must address transparency, communication, and strict enforcement against fraud and insider trading.
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Technological forces fueling e-commerce
This document discusses key trends driving e-commerce growth including omnichannel presence, extensive personalization, shift to mobile, conversational marketing, AI/chatbots, image search, and efficient checkout processes. It explains how technologies like video chat, co-browsing, and e-signatures allow for interconnected customer experiences across channels. Personalization is highlighted as important for understanding customer preferences and behavior. Mobile platforms and apps, location-based marketing, and augmented reality are increasing in importance.
Encryption and Decryption
Encryption is the process of converting a readable plaintext message into an unreadable cipher text message. Decryption is the reverse process of converting cipher text back into a readable plaintext format. The encryption process uses a public key at the sender's end to encrypt the message into unreadable cipher text. Decryption uses a private key at the receiver's end to decode the cipher text back into the original readable plaintext message. Encryption and decryption ensure secure transmission and storage of sensitive data that can only be accessed by authorized parties with the proper keys.
Meaning, Anatomy and Forces Fueling e-commerce
E-commerce involves the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet. It can occur between businesses, businesses and consumers, consumers and businesses, and consumers directly. E-commerce uses electronic means like websites to facilitate commercial transactions. It requires large multimedia storage servers to hold content like audio, video, images and text. Information is delivered to consumer access devices through telecom, cable, computer or wireless networks. Three key forces fueling the growth of e-commerce are economic factors like lower costs, marketing advantages of new channels and personalized service, and advancing digital technologies.
Forces Fueling e-commerce
E-commerce is the process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, and information via electronic networks and computers. It allows consumers to exchange goods and services without barriers of time or distance. Key drivers of e-commerce growth include economic, technological, market, and social factors. Economically, e-commerce enables lower-cost interactions between businesses and partners, cheaper advertising and customer service, and higher profits through reduced overhead.
Inter Organizational e-commerce
This document discusses interorganizational systems (IOS) and e-commerce. It defines IOS as occurring between two or more organizations collaborating and sharing information. It describes different levels of IOS including individual organizations, networks themselves, and wider communities. It also outlines types of IOS at different technological stages from pre-internet to modern web 2.0 systems. Key benefits of IOS include enabling efficient supply chain management, facilitating technology exchange, allowing for global communication, and reducing business risks.
Factors for the success of m-commerce
This document discusses five factors that influence the adoption of mobile commerce (m-commerce): perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived trust, perceived cost, and perceived privacy. It provides definitions and explanations of each factor, describing how researchers have proposed that higher perceptions of usefulness, ease of use, trust, and privacy as well as lower perceptions of cost would positively influence consumers' adoption of m-commerce.
Advantages of E-Commerce
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce. Some key advantages include low financial costs to start an e-business, the ability to operate 24/7 globally, and easily gaining customer data. However, disadvantages include sites crashing and customers being unable to try products before buying. Additionally, e-commerce faces high competition, potential quality issues, and security/technical challenges from poor implementation or evolving standards.
Types of E-Commerce
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1) Business-to-Business (B2B) where businesses sell products to other businesses for resale.
2) Business-to-Consumer (B2C) where businesses sell directly to consumers through websites like Amazon and Flipkart.
3) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) where individuals sell used goods to other consumers through sites like OLX and Quickr.
E-Commerce and E- Businesss
E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds and data, over the internet. It allows for commercial transactions between businesses and consumers with no barriers of time or distance. While e-commerce involves commercial transactions via the internet, e-business relies entirely on the internet for all company activities from procurement to marketing to sales. E-commerce has grown exponentially in recent decades, emerging in the 1970s on private networks and accelerating with the creation of the world wide web and first online stores in the early 1990s.
RFID
This document discusses several topics related to mobile computing and m-commerce. It begins with an overview of RFID technology, including the basic components and types of RFID tags. It then covers WiMAX and how it provides wireless broadband connectivity over large areas. Finally, it discusses SMS and its use for short text messages. The document also outlines some security issues and safety measures for mobile computing.
Electronic Data Interchange & Internet
The document discusses electronic data interchange (EDI) and the internet. It defines EDI as the electronic exchange of business documents between organizations in a standardized format. Common documents exchanged via EDI include invoices, purchase orders, and shipping notices. The document also outlines several benefits of EDI for industries like retail, manufacturing, and automobiles. It provides a brief history of the internet and defines key terms like protocols and the world wide web. EDI is useful for regular exchanges between business partners in industries like supply chain management.
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Types of research designs
- 1. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS BY RAJAKRISHNAN M
- 2. Types of Research Designs 1. Exploratory 2. Descriptive & Diagnostic 3. Experimental Exploratory Research Design • Also known as Formulative Research Design • Main purpose – is that of formulating a problem for precise investigation or developing hypotheses from an operational point of view • Major Focus – discovery of new ideas and insights • Exploratory studies must have flexibility in design to provide opportunity for considering different aspects of a problem under study
- 3. Exploratory Research Design: The following 3 methods are used: • The survey concerning literature • The experience survey • The analysis of “insight-stimulating” examples 1. The Literature Survey • The most simple and useful method of formulating the research problem or developing a hypothesis • Hypotheses stated by earlier workers may be reviewed and their usefulness evaluated as a basis for further research • Use the bibliographical survey of studies already done in one’s area of interest for formulating the problem • An attempt must be made to apply concepts and theories
- 4. 2. Experience Survey • Is the survey of people who have had practical experience with the problem • The object is to obtain insight into relationships between variables and new ideas relating to the research problem 3. Analysis of ‘insight-stimulating’ examples • The method consists of the intensive study of selected instances of the phenomenon in which one is interested • For this purpose, existing records may be examined; unstructured interviews with experts may be conducted; etc.
- 5. II. Descriptive & Diagnostic Research Design • Descriptive Studies are those which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual or of a group. • Studies concerned with specific predictions, with narration of facts and characteristics concerning individual, group or situation are ex.'s of descriptive research studies • Diagnostic Studies determine the frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else • Studies about whether certain variables are associated, are ex.’s of diagnostic studies
- 6. •The research design here must focus on the following: 1. Formulating the objective of the study 2. Designing the methods of data collection 3. Selecting the sample 4. Collecting the data 5. Processing and analyzing the data 6. Reporting the findings
- 7. III. Hypothesis-Testing research design • Generally known as Experimental Studies – where the researcher tests the hypothesis of causal relationships between variables • Such studies require procedures that not only reduce bias and increase reliability but will permit drawing of inferences about causality • Prof. R A Fisher’s name is associated with experimental designs. • He developed certain experimental designs for testing hypothesis
- 8. Principles of experimental designs The three important principles are: 1. Principle of Replication 2. Principle of Randomization 3. Principle of Local control Principle of Replication The experiment should be repeated more than once to ensure that each treatment is applied in many experimental units instead of one. By doing so the statistical accuracy is increased
- 9. Principle of Randomization Provides protection against the effect of extraneous factors in an experiment. That is, we design the experiment in such a way that the variations caused by extraneous factors can all be combined under the general heading of “chance”. Principle of Local Control Here the extraneous factor, the known source of variability, is made to vary deliberately over as wide a range as necessary and this needs to be done in such a way that the variability it causes can be measured and hence eliminated from the experimental error