This document discusses different types of research designs: 1. Exploratory research designs are preliminary studies used when little is known about a problem to gain familiarity and insights. They have a flexible design. 2. Descriptive research designs fact find with interpretation and focus on particular aspects of a problem. They use appropriate data collection methods and provide information for more advanced studies. 3. Experimental research designs test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships between variables by manipulating the independent variable and measuring the dependent variable. They have a rigid design and use probability sampling. 4. Action research simultaneously takes action and does research to create transformative social change through a cycle of planning, action, and fact-finding.

1. RESEARCH
DESIGN

2. Meaning
• “A Research Design is the logical and systematic planning in directing the
research.
• The design research from translating a general scientific model into varied
research problem.
• But in practices in most of the basis it is just a plan of study.
• The research design can either be formal or informal.

3. Definition
• 1. “It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis
of data” - Philips Bernard S
• 2. It “provides a systematic plan of procedure for the researcher to follow” -
Best John N

4. Definition
• 3. “The design research from controlling general scientific model into varied
research procedure”- P.V. Young
• 4. “A research design is “the programme that guides the investigator in the
process of collecting, analysis and interpreting observations”. – David and
Shava

5. • The research design is the conceptual structure within which research is
conducted ; it constitutes the blue print for the collection , measurement
and analysis of data.
• The research design provides the back bone structure of the study, it
supports the study and hold it's together.
• The research design refers to the researcher overall plan for answering the
research question or testing the research hypotheses.

6. • Hence Research Design is:
• a framework for the research plan of action.
• a master plan that specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and
analyzing the needed information
• a strategy for how the data will be collected.

7. A research design addressers itself to certain
key issues such as:
• a) What is the problem uncles study?
• b) What is the major research question?
• c) What is the area of the study?

8. • d) How many people will be study?
• e) How this people will be selected?
• f) What methods and techniques will be used to collect data from them?

9. Features of Research Design
• a) It is a plan that specifies the objectives of study and the hypothesis to be
tested.
• b) It is an outline that specifies the sources and types of information relevent
to the research question.

10. • c) It is a blueprint specifying the methods to be adopted for gathering and
analysis of data.
• d) It is a scheme defining the procedure involved in a research process.

11. Features of a good Design
• 1. Flexibility
• 2. Efficiency
• 3. Appropriate
• 4. Economical

12. • 5. Minimum error
• 6. Maximum reliability
• 7. Smallest experimental error
• 8. Maximum information

13. Why a Research Design?
• 1. Research Design is needed because it helps in the smooth sailing of
Research operations. A Research without a pre-drawn plan is like an ocean
voyage without mariners compus.
• 2. The Research Design helps in providing direction our study.
• 3. It prevents welter in a study.

14. • 4. The use of Research Design prevents blind search.
• 5. A Research Design fixes clear cut boundaries to a research.
• 6. It makes the research systematic
• 7. It help us to meet unexpected events.

15. Contents of a Research Design
• 1. What is the study about?
• 2. Why is the study being made?
• 3. Where will the study be carried out?
• 4. What type of data is required?
• 5. Where can the required data be found?

16. • 6. What period of time will the studied include?
• 7. What will be the sample design?
• 8. What technique of data collection will be used?
• 9. How will the data we analyse?
• 10. In what style the report will be prepared?

17. Research design must contain at least:
• a) Statement of a problem
• b) Procedure and techniques
• c) Sampling frame
• d) Processing and analysis of data

18. Types of Research Design

19. I. Exploratory Research Design (Formulative
Research)
• Exploratory Research studies are also termed as formulative research studies.
• Exploratory Research is preliminary study of an in familiar problem about
which the researcher has little or no knowledge.
• It is similar to a doctor initial investigation of patient suffering from an in
familiar malady for getting some clues for identifying.
• More flexible.

20. • Exploratory studies are those which aim at gaining familiarity with a
phenomenon or which aim at achieving insights into the phenomenon or
studies which deal with formulation of a more precise research problem or
developing a hypothesis.
• The major emphasis of such studies is on the discovery of ideas and
insights.

21. • It basically deals with exploring the Ideas and facts which are new.
• This is the primary and first research done on that Particular problem which
provides the first hand or new knowledge or discovering something new
regarding to the study or problem.
• In general, exploratory research is meaningful in any situation in which the
researcher does not have enough understanding to proceed with the research
project.

22. II. Descriptive Research Design
• Descriptive study is fact finding investigation with adequate interpretation.
• It is the simple type of research. It is more specific than the exploratory
study.
• As it has focus on particular aspects or dimensions of the problem studied.
• It is design to gather descriptive informations and provides information for
formulating more sophisticated studies.
• Data are collected by using of appropriate methods.

23. • A study which wants to portray the characteristics of a group or individual or
situation is known as descriptive study.
• Under descriptive study the researcher should specify the objectives with
sufficient precision to ensure that the data collected are relevant.

24. • Researcher can adopt both primary and secondary sources of data for this
study.
• In descriptive studies, hypotheses are generally formulated on the basis of
existing data.
• The main objective of descriptive study is to acquire knowledge.
• Descriptive studies are mainly probe into such areas where there is research
gap.

25. • Rigid Design.
• Probability sampling design.
• Pre-planned design for analysis.
• Structured instruments for collection of data.
• Advanced decisions about operational procedure

26. III. Experimental Research Design or
hypothesis-testing research studies
• Experimental studies are mainly designed to find out the cause and effect
relationships of the phenomenon under study, or the researcher tests the
hypothesis of causal relationships between the variables.
• The experimental designs are used in researches relating to the phenomena
of several disciplines.
• The experimental designs originated in the context of agricultural
operations.

27. • Experiment is a study in which the investigator manipulates or varies
(called the independent variables) & measures other variables (called
the dependent variables).

28. • The beginning of such designs was made by Professor R.A. Fisher when he
was working at Centre of Agricultural Research in England.
• The principle of replications, the principle of randomizations and the
principle of local control are the three main principles of experimental
designs given by Prof. Fisher.

29. 1. The principle of replication
• According to this , the experiment should be repeated more than once.
• Thus, each treatment is applied in many experimental units instead of one.
• By doing so, the statistical accuracy of the experiments is incresed.

30. 2. The principle of randomisation
• This provides protection against the effects of extraneous factors by
randomization.
• We may apply randomisation principle and protect ourselves against the
effects of the extraneous factors.

31. 3. The principle of local control
• According to this principle, we first divide the field into several
homogeneous parts, known as blocks, and then each such block is divided
into part equal to the number of treatments.

32. • When an experiment is possible it is the most effective method of testing a
hypothesis.
• i.e; one variable ‘X’ casually influences another variable ‘Y’

33. IV. Action Research
• Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally
applied in the social sciences.
• It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking
action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection.

34. • Kurt Lewin, then a professor at MIT, first coined the term "action research"
in 1944.
• In his 1946 paper "Action Research and Minority Problems" he described
action research as "a comparative research on the conditions and effects of
various forms of social action and research leading to social action" that uses
"a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action
and fact-finding about the result of the action".

35. Action Research
• Action Research is a type of evaluation study.
• It is a concurrent evaluation study of an action programme launched for
solving a problem.
• Action research is otherwise called Apply Research.

36. Phases in action research
• 1. A base lane survey of the pre-action situation.
• 2. A feasibility study of the proposed action programme
• 3. Planning and launching the programme.
• 4. Concurrent evaluation of the programme
• 5. Making modifications and changes in the programme and its methods of
implementations in
• the light of research finding.
• 6. Final Evaluation

37. Thank You.