There are two main types of prostheses: exoskeletal and endoskeletal. Exoskeletal prostheses have a hard outer shell that is permanently fixed and durable but heavy, while endoskeletal prostheses have an internal skeletal structure, are adjustable and lighter but less durable. Prostheses are also designed for specific uses like the upper limb, lower limb, or sports. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different prosthesis types.

1. TYPES OF PROSTHESES WITH ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
PRESENTED BY;
FEUSSOM GLADICE LARISSA

2. INTRODUCTION
 Prosthesis is an artificial substitute for a missing part of the
body.
 Prosthetic construction design
The prosthetics are designed into two types
1. Endoskeletal prostheses
2. Exoskeletal prostheses

3. EXOSKELETAL PROSTHESES
 Exoskeletal prostheses have a hard outer plastic or metal
shell in the shape of the limb. They are permanently fixed
and not adjustable. Exoskeletal prostheses are more
durable and may be preferred by people who do physical
labour or are in harsh environments that could damage
the prosthesis.
 The exoskeletal prostheses supporting structures are
outside. It is also called as conventional or crustacean
prostheses.

4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 Advantages of exoskeletal prostheses are
 Lasted for a longer period
 More resistant to external wear
 Cost effective
 Disadvantages are
 Heavy & uncomfortable for use
 Fabrication time is longer
 Alignment cannot be changed & couldn’t be adjusted
 Not suitable for through knee amputation.

6. ENDOSKELETAL PROSTHESES
 Endoskeletal prostheses have a central inner skeletal
structure and are adjustable, but less durable. The
endoskeletal system is often covered with a soft material in
the shape of the limb and a synthetic skin.
 Endoskeletal prostheses supporting structure is internal it
is also called as modular prostheses, it is the most
commonly used type of prostheses.

7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 Advantages of endoskeletal prostheses are
 Changes may be done at any point of time
 Light weight and comfortable for weight bearing
 Cosmetically acceptable and it gives the appearance of near to normal
 Suitable for all levels of amputation
 It gives adequate adjustment and good dynamic alignment.
 Disadvantages
 Less resistant to external wear
 The foam cover does not last for a longer period of time and needs to be changed often.

9. GENERAL TYPES OF UPPER LIMB PROSTHESES
 There are 5 general types of upper limb prostheses:
Passive prostheses
Body-powered prostheses
Externally powered myoelectric prostheses
Hybrid prostheses
Activity-specific prostheses

10. PASSIVE PROSTHESES
 Passive prostheses assist in balance, stabilization of
objects (such as holding down paper when writing),
and recreational/vocational activities. They look like
a natural limb and are the lightest and cheapest, but
they do not provide active hand and joint
movement.

13. BODY-POWERED PROSTHESES
 Body-powered prostheses are the most common,
because they tend to be less expensive, more durable,
and require less maintenance. A strap-cable system holds
the prosthesis on and uses the motion of the person's
shoulder blade and upper arm to operate the hand, and/or
elbow joint.

15. EXTERNALLY POWERED MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESES
 Externally powered myoelectric prostheses provide
active hand and joint movement without needing shoulder
or body motion. Sensors and other inputs use muscle
movement of the residual limb or upper body control
electrically powered actuators that provide greater grasp
force than body-powered prostheses.

17. HYBRID PROSTHESES
 Hybrid prostheses are typically used for higher
level upper-limb amputations. They combine specific
features of body power and myoelectric power. For
example, a body-powered elbow might be combined
with an externally powered hand or terminal device.

18. ACTIVITY-SPECIFIC PROSTHESES
 Activity-specific prostheses are for people who participate
in activities that could damage the residual limb or
everyday prosthesis, or when the everyday prosthesis
would not function effectively. Activity-specific terminal
devices can allow the person to grasp a hammer and other
tools.
 Others aid in various specific activities (for example,
swimming or fishing). These prostheses can be passive or
controlled by the amputee.

20. GENERAL TYPES OF LOWER LIMB PROSTHESES
 There are 3 general types of lower limb prostheses:
 Prosthetic ankle and foot systems
 Prosthetic knee systems
 Sport-specific prosthetic foot and knee systems

21. PROSTHETIC ANKLE AND FOOT SYSTEMS
 Prosthetic ankle and foot systems may include a
hydraulic system(are complicated fluid based systems for
transferring energy and converting that energy into useful
work) that dampens impact forces. Some automatically
adjust to changes in walking speed.
 Some are passive mechanisms, others provide active
propulsion, which greatly reduces energy requirements for
walking.

22. DIAGRAM

23. PROSTHETIC KNEE SYSTEMS
 Prosthetic knee systems include passive body-
powered systems with a single- or multi-axis joint.
Microprocessor-controlled knee systems lower the
amount of effort people need to use while walking
and provide greater safety and stability control of
the prosthetic knee reducing risk of falling.

24. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE
 advantages:
Very simplistic
Durable
Very light
Economical
 disadvantage
Individual use their own muscle power due to the simplicity

27. SPORT-SPECIFIC PROSTHETIC FOOT AND KNEE
SYSTEMS
 Sport-specific prosthetic foot and knee systems help
people achieve the highest level of physical performance.
 Some systems are effective for multiple sport and
recreational activities. Others are designed for specific
events (such as sprinting, long-distance running, skiing, or
swimming).

29. ADVANTAGES OF PROSTHESES
 loss of limb not only causes physical handicap but also
leads to Social, Psychological and economic effects on the
individual and family. This loss can be overcome to a
greater extent by the application of artificial limb which
restores the function as well as total body image.

30. DISADVANTAGES OF PROSTHESES
 1. Skin problems:
o Contact dermatitis most commonly caused by liner, socks, and
suspension mechanism
 2. Erythema, skin damage – due to shear forces and improperly
fit of prostheses.
 3. Painful residual limb – due to pressure in the bony
prominence.

32. THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION.