Beneficial for those who are in the field of rehabilitation. In this presentation, i have covered all the basics of mobility aids, their purposes, types of mobility aids, gait with different types of mobility aids.
Hope this presentation is beneficial for you all.
Orthosis principle #orthosis #biomedical #orthosis
an external medical device (such as a brace or splint) for supporting, immobilizing, or treating muscles, joints, or skeletal parts which are weak, ineffective, deformed, or injured a lower extremity orthosis spinal orthoses ,lumbar ,cervical orthosis.
Effects of various types of lifting like stoop lifting, squat lifting, semi-squat lifting on the body and also when to use which type of lift to help prevent or minimize the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
Mobility aids are the appliances or devices, which or useful for the mobility as well as stability purpose of an individual who cannot walk independently, these are also referred as walking aids, or Ambulatory assistive devices. There are different types of assistive devices - crutches/ canes/ walkers/ wheel chairs
mobility aids are really helpful for those who have problems in moving around independently. There are many kinds of mobility aids eg canes, crutches,wheelchair.It can be beneficial for those people who are affected by certain types of conditions like: cerebral palsy,developmental disabilities,arthritis.
Orthosis principle #orthosis #biomedical #orthosis
an external medical device (such as a brace or splint) for supporting, immobilizing, or treating muscles, joints, or skeletal parts which are weak, ineffective, deformed, or injured a lower extremity orthosis spinal orthoses ,lumbar ,cervical orthosis.
Effects of various types of lifting like stoop lifting, squat lifting, semi-squat lifting on the body and also when to use which type of lift to help prevent or minimize the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
Mobility aids are the appliances or devices, which or useful for the mobility as well as stability purpose of an individual who cannot walk independently, these are also referred as walking aids, or Ambulatory assistive devices. There are different types of assistive devices - crutches/ canes/ walkers/ wheel chairs
mobility aids are really helpful for those who have problems in moving around independently. There are many kinds of mobility aids eg canes, crutches,wheelchair.It can be beneficial for those people who are affected by certain types of conditions like: cerebral palsy,developmental disabilities,arthritis.
Hello everyone here I upload mckenzie exrercise basic details and some of its position.Its technique for use to cervical, Lumabar pain relief via particular position.Thank you.
Wheelchair is truly is mobility orthosis.
A properly prescribed wheelchair can be useful device in reintegrating a person with a disability into the community.
Basic Introduction about Joint Mobilisation and Manipulation, This article gives clear notes for the students to understand the Mobilisation techniques.
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
Mobility aids are appliances used to help people who have difficulty in walking.
Each aid gives a varying amount of stability, and accordingly, a varying extent of mobility.
They enable some of the body weight to be supported by the upper limbs and thus build up the stability and thus indirectly the mobility of a patient.
Usually the stability of an aid is inversely proportional to the mobility it can help achieve.
Selection of mobility aid depends upon diagnosis, strength of patients, gait, stability, coordination, vision, psychological factor like enthusiasm to heal, extent of disability, architectural barriers and prognosis of the disease.
It serves as the functions of to reduce weight bearing on injured part or extremity, to reduce pain, to compensate for weak musculature, for visually impaired, to give proprioceptive information and to improve balance along with indicating the bystanders of disability
Hello everyone here I upload mckenzie exrercise basic details and some of its position.Its technique for use to cervical, Lumabar pain relief via particular position.Thank you.
Wheelchair is truly is mobility orthosis.
A properly prescribed wheelchair can be useful device in reintegrating a person with a disability into the community.
Basic Introduction about Joint Mobilisation and Manipulation, This article gives clear notes for the students to understand the Mobilisation techniques.
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
Mobility aids are appliances used to help people who have difficulty in walking.
Each aid gives a varying amount of stability, and accordingly, a varying extent of mobility.
They enable some of the body weight to be supported by the upper limbs and thus build up the stability and thus indirectly the mobility of a patient.
Usually the stability of an aid is inversely proportional to the mobility it can help achieve.
Selection of mobility aid depends upon diagnosis, strength of patients, gait, stability, coordination, vision, psychological factor like enthusiasm to heal, extent of disability, architectural barriers and prognosis of the disease.
It serves as the functions of to reduce weight bearing on injured part or extremity, to reduce pain, to compensate for weak musculature, for visually impaired, to give proprioceptive information and to improve balance along with indicating the bystanders of disability
this is my first presentation in my life and i wish to be useful for every one >>
this is talk about the different types of assisted aids in physical therapy rehabilitation
this PPT contains all the detailed information about walking aids including types, measurements, advantages & disadvantages, gait training with specific aid, etc.
Well explained slides about lower limb prosthesis of knee and hip after transfemoral ans transtibial amputation. Hip disarticulation and bilateral amputation not discussed
In this i have covered the different sports injuries of upper extremities, their causes and their orthotic management.
Helpful for those, who are in the field of P & O.
Prosthetic management of different levels of amputationAamirSiddiqui56
In this presentation, i have covered all the basics about levels of amputation. I have mentioned the different levels of amputation and their prosthetic management. Beneficial for those who are in the field of P & O.
Beneficial for those, who are in the field of P & O.
I have drafted types of orthotic knee joints and their indications. Advancement of orthotic knee joints and their mechanisms.
Advantages & Disadvantages of orthotic knee joints.
Hope this is beneficial for you all.
In this i have mentioned the uses and different types of arm slings. Indications for different types of arm slings.
This is beneficial for those who are linked with prosthetics and orthotics field.
This presentation is very beneficial for those who are in the field of prosthetics & orthotics. I have covered the basics of prosthetic foot, its mechanisms & its types. I have mentioned advanced prosthetic foot also. Hope this will help you all.
In this presentation, I have drafted the complete pulley system of hand.
Types of pulleys : Anatomical Pulleys & its types
Cruciate Pulleys & its types.
I have covered all the important things which is relevant.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOBILITY AIDS
SELECTION OF MOBILITY AIDS
WHO BENEFITTED FROM MOBILITY AIDS
PARALLEL BARS
CANE & ITS TYPES
WALKING FRAMES & ITS TYPES
CRUTCHES & ITS TYPES
CRUTCH GAIT
WHEELCHAIR & ITS PARTS
BODY MEASUREMENTS FOR A WHEELCHAIR
TYPES OF WHEELCHAIRS
DAVID HART WALKER
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr. Sohan Pal,
who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful assignment of ASSISTIVE
TECHNOLOGY on MOBILITY AIDS. I came to know about many new things.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
drafting this assignment within limited time frame.
AAMIR SIDDIQUI
BPO ( THIRD YEAR )
4. INTRODUCTION
The Mobility Aids are devices, designed to assist walking and improve the mobility of people who
have difficulty in walking or people who cannot walk independently.
Purpose of mobility aids
Increase area of support or base of support
Maintain center of gravity over supported area
Redistribute weight-bearing area by decreasing force on injured or inflamed part or limb
Can be compensate for weak muscles
Decrease pain
Improve balance
Improves proprioception
6. SELECTION OF MOBILITY AIDS
Stability of the patient .
Strength of upper and lower limbs .
Co-ordination of upper and lower limbs .
Required degree of relief from weight-bearing.
7. WHO BENEFITTED FROM MOBILITY AIDS
Arthritis
Cerebral palsy
Developmental disabilities
Diabetic ulcers and wounds
Difficulties maintaining balance
Fractures broken bones in the lower limbs
Heart or lung issues
Gout
Injury to the legs, feet, or back
Spina bifida
Obesity
Sprains and strains
Walking impairment due to brain injury or stroke
Visual impairment or blindness
Older adults, people who have had an amputation, and those recovering from surgery also benefit from the use of mobility aids.
8. PARALLEL BARS
Rigid
Support through the length of bars
Enables patients to concentrate on lower limbs
A full length mirror placed at one end
Adjustment: height of the bar should be at the level
of greater trochanter
9. CANES
Most common mobility aid
Commonly made of wood or aluminium.
Transmits 20-25% of body weight
Held in hand opposite the involved side
Compensates for muscle weakness
Relieves pain
Elbow at 30° flexion
10. ADVANTAGES OF CANE
Improves balance & postural stability
Reduce biomechanical load on LE joints
Widens BOS with less lateral shifting of COM
Reduces forces on hip while walking
Reduces knee pain in OA knee patients
11. TYPES OF CANES
Standard cane.
Standard adjustable aluminium cane.
Adjustable aluminium offset cane.
Tripods.
Quadrupeds.
Hemi-cane.
Rolling Cane
12. STANDARD CANE
Single point or straight cane
Also known as C-Cane
Made of wood or acrylic
Has half circle or t-shaped handle
Inexpensive & fits anywhere
Not adjustable
14. STANDARD ADJUSTIBLE ALUMINIUM
CANE
Same as standard, made of aluminum & handle
with a molded plastic covering
Adjustable height with a push button mechanism
Approximate height is 27-38.5 inches (68-98cm)
Light weight & fits easily anywhere
Costly than standard
15. ADJUSTABLE ALUMINIUM OFFSET CANE
Proximal component of shaft of cane is offset
anteriorly – straight offset handle.
Plastic or rubber molded grip
Pressure can be given on center of the cane for
greater stability
Adjustable height, lightweight & fits anywhere.
Costly
16. TRIPODS
Made of aluminium alloy or steel
Three rubber tipped legs at corner of an equilateral
triangle
Handgrip in same plane as a line joining two legs
nearest and parallel to patient’s foot
Elbow at 30° flexion
More stable
17. QUADRUPEDS
Has four rubber tipped legs
More stable Adjustable hand grip height
Provides broad base
Each point is covered with a rubber tip
Disadvantage – pressure exerted on handle may
not be centered, causes instability; may not be
used on stairs; slower gait pattern
18. HEMI CANE
Provides a very broad base
Legs are angled to maintain floor contact to
improve stability farther from body
Handgrip is molded with plastic
Fold flat & adjustable in height
Easy for travel & storage
May not allow pressure to be centered
Can not be used on stairs
Require slow forward progression
Costly
19. ROLLING CANE
Provides wide, wheeled base allowing uninterrupted
forward progression
Includes contoured handgrip, height adjustments &
pressure sensitive break in the handle
Wheeled base allows continuous weight on cane; no need
to lift & lace it forward
Provides faster forward progression
Require sufficient UE & grip strength for breaking
mechanism
Not suitable for patients with propulsive gait pattern (such
as parkinson’s)
Costly
20. MEASUREMENT OF A CANE
Cane is placed approximately 6inches from the lateral border of the toes.
Two important landmarks for measurement are- greater trochanter & angle of
elbow
Top of cane should come at the level of greater trochanter & elbow flexed to 20-
30 degrees (allows arm to shorten & lengthen during gait cycle; provides shock
absorption mechanism)
Height should be considered with regard to patients comfort & cane’s
effectiveness in accomplishing purpose
24. WALKER (WALKING FRAME)
Used to improve balance & relieve weight
bearing
Greatest stability
Provide wide BOS, improve anterior & lateral
stability, allows UE to transfer body weight to
floor.
Typically made of aluminium with moulded
vinyl handgrip & rubber tips
Adjustable adult size- 32-37inches (81-
92cms).
26. STANDARD WALKING FRAME
Consist four almost vertical aluminium tubes joined on three
sides by upper and lower horizontal tubes
One side is left open
Handgrips on upper horizontal tube
Rubber tips at lower ends of vertical tubes
27. RECIPROCAL WALKING FRAME
Identical with standard frame
Each side of the frame can be moved forward
Swivel joints between horizontal and vertical tubes
ADVANTAGES
Allows unilateral forward progression
Useful for patients incapable of lifting the walker to move it forward
Relatively light weight & easily adjustable
DISADVANTAGES
Less inherent stability
Awkward in confined area
Eliminate arm swing
Can not be used on stairs
28. ROLLATOR WALKING FRAME
Two small wheels at front and two legs
without wheels at back or one wheel at
each leg
No need for lifting the whole device
Care to be taken for elderly patients
Best suited for children
29. CRUTCHES
Used most frequently to improve balance & to relieve weight bearing
(fully/partially)
Typically used bilaterally – to increase BOS, improve lateral stability, allows
UE to transfer body weight to the floor.
Two basic designs of crutches in clinical use are : • Axillary crutches
• Forearm crutches
30. PRE-REQUISITES FOR CRUTCHES
Good strength of upper limb muscles is required.
Range of motion of upper limb should be good.
Muscle group which should be strong are –
• Shoulder flexor, extensors and depressor
• Shoulder adductors
• Elbow and wrist extensors
• Finger flexors
31. AXILLARY CRUTCHES / UNDER ARM
CRUTCHES
Referred as standard crutches.
They are made of lightweight wood or metal with an Axillary bar, a hand
piece and double uprights joined distally by single leg covered with rubber
suction tip. • Single leg allows height variations.
Both the overall height of the crutch & height of the handgrip can be
adjusted.
Adjustable adult crutch size is 48-60 inch.
Advantages
Improve balance & lateral stability
Provide functional ambulation with restricted weight bearing
Easily adjustable
Inexpensive
Can be used for stair climbing easily
32. DISADVANTAGES OF AXILLARY
CRUTCHES
Awkward in small areas – may compromise safety when using in crowded place
Limited upper body freedom
Axillary crutches require good standing balance by the patient.
Tendency to lean forward on axillary bar (pressure on radial groove - potential
damage to vascular structures)
34. FOREARM CRUTCHES
Also known as lofstrand / elbow / canadian
crutches.
They are made of aluminum.
Design includes a single upright, a forearm cuff
& a handgrip.
It adjusts both proximally (position of forearm
cuff) & distally (height of crutch); using push
button mechanism.
Distal end of crutch is covered with rubber
suction tip.
Forearm cuffs are available with either medial or
anterior opening.
35. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
FOREARM CRUTCHES
Advantages –
Forearm cuff allows use of hands
Easily adjusted & allows functional stair climbing
Most functional for patients with bilateral KAFO’s.
Using forearm crutches requires no more energy, increased oxygen consumption or heart
rate than axillary crutches.
There is no risk of injury to the neurovascular structures in the axillary region when using
this type of crutches.
Disadvantages –
Less lateral support
They require good standing balance and upper-body strength.
Geriatric patient sometimes feel insecure.
36. CRUTCH WALKING
During first time, when the patient is to stand and walk, the physiotherapist should have an
assistant for supporting the patient.
Non-weight bearing: patient should always stand with a triangular base i.e. crutches either in
front or behind the weight bearing leg.
Partial weight bearing: The crutches and the affected leg are taken forward and put down
together. Weight is then taken through the crutches and the affected leg, while the unaffected
leg is brought through.
37.
38. GAIT PATTERN WITH CRUTCHES
FOUR- POINT
GAIT
THREE-
GAIT
TWO-POINT
GAIT
SWING-TO-
GAIT
SWING-
THROUGH
GAIT
ASCENDING
GAIT
DESCENDING
GAIT
41. WHEELCHAIR
It is an assistive device which enhance personal mobility and
facilitates participation, for a person with limitations.
PURPOSE OF PROVIDING A WHEEL CHAIR:
The fundamental purpose of a wheelchair is to promote mobility,
inclusion, and enhanced quality of life of the user.
Promotes dignity, self reliance, inclusion and participation.
Provides greater independence through enhanced mobility and
function which leads to freedom.
Prevents secondary deformities, reduce health expenditure and
avoids premature death.
44. INDICATIONS FOR A WHEELCHAIR
Paralysis
Musculoskeletal issues
Broken bones or injury to the legs or feet
Neurological issues
Balance or gait problems
Inability to walk long distances
45. TYPES OF WHEELCHAIR
Standard
Transport
Hemi Height
Tilt in Space
Power
Scooters
Sports
46.
47.
48. POWER WHEELCHAIR
Good for those with limited upper limb use
Battery life must be considered
Joy stick speed is adjustable
Can even have “sip & puff” for quadriplegic
49. STANDING WHEELCHAIR
Allows patient to function in upright position
Decreases bone loss from non-weight bearing
Some models can move while in upright position
Anti-tip features for safety
50. MOBILITY SCOOTERS
Share some features with power chairs but primarily
addressed for people with limited ability to walk, but who
might not otherwise consider themselves disabled.
Variety of designs, weights
Speed is adjustable
Four wheel is more stable than three wheel
More for persons who need mobility for long range
activities, rather than for constant daily support
53. DAVID HART WALKER
A customised orthotic walking frame which encourages a normal gait pattern. It consists of bracing
around the chest, pelvis and the lower limbs with movable joints at the hips, knees and ankles which help
guide each step while preventing any excessive or unnatural movements.
The bracing is attached to a wheeled frame. The supplier will assess, fit and monitor children with this
walker.
The Walker is suitable for 3-8 year olds who can step when standing fully supported, have head control
(need not be consistent), no fixed tightness in muscles and have reasonable vision.
The children should be able to follow instructions, be keen to move in an upright manner and have
difficulties using other types of walking frames.
The extent of the upper body bracing varies - some children may require only a simple waist strap, while
others may require support to their chest and shoulders.
The frame is fitted with front swivel wheels which can be made to turn on the spot by the child's ability to
side step. Although some children may take a little while to direct the frame, once mastered, it will
provide good manoeuvrability.
The support mechanism is adjusted as the child gains strength and co-ordination. Body bracing can be
gradually reduced.
Structured monitoring is essential.
54. CONCLUSION
Mobility aids are devices designed to help people who have problems moving
around enjoy greater freedom and independence.
Typically people who have disabilities or injuries, or older adults who are at
increased risk of falling, choose to use mobility aids.
These devices provide several benefits to users, including more independence,
reduced pain, and increased confidence and self-esteem.
A range of mobility devices is available to meet people’s needs – from canes and
crutches to wheelchairs and stair lifts.
55. REFERENCES
Physical Rehabilitation By O’Sullivan, Susan B. & Thomas J. Schmitz.
AAOS Atlas
Wheelchair Selection & Configuration By Rory A. Cooper
Joint Structure & Function By Pamela K. Levangie & Cynthia C. Norkin
Google Photos
