The document discusses the three divisions of manufacturing industry: heavy, light, and high-tech. Heavy industry involves refining raw materials like minerals and metals on a large scale, often over large areas of land, and can cause pollution. Light and high-tech industries are more "footloose," having fewer constraints on location due to smaller facilities and lower raw material needs. They are located in pleasant areas near transportation and markets. High-tech industries also locate near research centers and universities to stay innovative in fast-changing fields.

1. Learning Objectives: To understand that manufacturing industry can be categorised into 3 divisions To classify characteristics of the 3 divisions of manufacturing industry

2. Types of Secondary (Manufacturing) Industry Secondary (manufacturing) industries make goods from raw material and/or assemble parts made by other companies. Manufacturing industry can be divided into 3 divisions: Heavy Light High-tech

3. Heavy Industry Perform a variety of roles. For example, they may: Refine minerals such as crude oil, into many different products Smelt metals such as iron ore, into steel The works usually cover a large area of land; pollution from their chimneys may be obvious many kilometres away. They do not add to the scenic beauty of the landscape, but they are necessary because they provide the materials many light industries use for consumer goods.

4. Light and High-tech Industries They are combined under one heading – footloose industries. The term footloose refers to their greater freedom to choose a location compared with heavy industries. This freedom comes from having low raw material demands and the need only for small factories, which means that suitable sites are widely available Final products are high in value and low in weight, can be easily distributed by road. New factories have pleasant locations on the rural-urban fringe surrounded by green areas.

5. Footloose industries are those that do not have to locate close to raw materials. Footloose industries locate in pleasant environments near transport routes and near the markets. Footloose industries have to locate close to research centres like universities. Development in the hi-tech industry happen so fast that companies need to stay up to date to survive e.g. Science Parks around Cambridge. Footloose industries are usually non-polluting and can locate close to residential areas. Although they do bring prosperity to regions, the new industries actually employ few people in comparison to the older, declining, heavy industries. Traditional location factors have been super-seeded by newer ones. Footloose Industries

8. Involved in the making of goods from raw materials Large-scale industry Small-scale industry Make small products, mainly to be brought by individuals Make high-value products using modern technology Large factories/plants covering large areas of land Small-scale factory units on industrial estates Housed in small units on business parks Heavy capital investment needed Investment required for research and development Only a limited amount of capital investment is required. Make large products often brought by other manufacturing companies Examples include steel, oil-refining, chemicals, engineering and ship building Examples include electrical goods, clothing, food-processing and toys Examples include computers, business systems, microprocessors and communications equipment Produces high levels of pollution Their appearance spoils the landscape Also known as footloose industries Majority of finished products are transported by road. Locate on the rural-urban fringe. Test yourself! Put the following 20 statements onto the correct place on the venn diagram on the next slide!

9. Heavy Light High-tech