This document provides an overview of manufacturing industries and their classification. It discusses what manufacturing is, how industries are classified based on raw materials, size, ownership and finished goods. It also covers factors affecting industry location, examples of industrial systems, major industrial regions worldwide and in India. It describes industrial disasters, the distribution of key industries like iron/steel, textiles and IT, and compares these industries in locations like India, the US and Japan.

1. Manufacturing industries
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:-
• Industries
• Classifications on the basis of industries
• Factors affecting locations of industries
• Industrial system
• Industrial regions of the world
• Industrial region of the India
• Industrial disasters
• Distribution of major industries in the world
• Infrastructure and development
• Comparative study of industries

2. What is manufacturing?
 The converting of raw material into finished products such as cotton into cloth, wood into paper
is called manufacturing. This is done with the help of machines and technology.
 For example:- wood which is a raw material is converted into pulp and later changed into paper

3. Industries
 Any economic activity which is associated with the production of goods and services is called an
industry.
 The extraction of minerals, the production of goods or the service provider is also called an
industry.
 For example:- iron and steel industries where iron and steel is manufactured. In a coal industry,
coal is manufactured. In tourism industry, services related to tourism industry, services related to
tourism is provided.

4. Classification of industries
On the basis of raw
material
On the basis
of size
On the basis of ownership
On the basis of
finishing goods

5. On the basis of raw material
Mineral-based industries
Pastoral-based industries
Marine-based industries
Forests-based industries
Agro-based industries

6. On the basis of raw material
 Agro-based industries:- industries, which use agriculture products as raw material for
manufacturing goods is called as agro-based industries. For eg:- tea
 Mineral-based industries:- industries, which use minerals for manufacturing goods are called
as mineral-based industries. For eg:- Aluminium and cement industries.
 Pastoral-based industries:- industries, which are dependent upon animals for their raw
material are called pastoral-based industries. For eg:- dairy products.
 Marine-based industries:- industries, which are obtain raw material from water body are
called as marine based industries. For eg:- fish oil.
 Forest-based industries:- industries, that use forests material as there raw material are called
as forest-based industries. For eg:- paper, gum are some examples of raw material used by
these industries.

7. On the basis of size
Cottage industries Small-scale industries
Large-scale industries

8. On the basis of size
 Cottage industries:- cottage industries are mostly located in rural areas or in small towns. The
investment of capital is also very low. It is mostly run by member of the family. In such industries, skilled
artisans, craftsmen and farmers(in their free time) work with wood, cane, ivory, stone, brass, etc. They
make goods like ropes, baskets, cloth and leather items.
 Small-scale industries:- small-scale industries employ a relatively small number of workers. The capital
investments Is also less. These industries use power-driven machines. They are generally owned by an
individual and employ a small labor. Raw material are obtained from outside and goods are sold
through traders. They produce cloth, paper goods, toys, furniture, machine parts, and leather goods.
 Large-scale industries:- large-scale industries use heavy power-driven machines and employ
thousands of labor. The capital needed for setting up a factory, machines and purchase of raw material
is huge. They bring in raw materials from the far-off places and send the finished products to distant
market. Examples are iron and steel, textile transport equipment, petrochemicals and automobile
industries.

9. On the basis of ownership
Private sector industries
Joint sector
industries
Cooperative
sector industries
Public sector
industries
Multinational
corporations

10. On the basis of ownership
 Private sector industries:- owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals for
example:- TATA.
 Public sector industries:- the public sector industries are owned and operated by the
government. For example:- SAIL.
 Joint sector industries:- owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals. For example:- maruti udyog.
 Co-operative sector industries:- owned and operated by the producers or supplies for raw
materials, workers or both. For example:- AMUL.
 Multinational corporation:- these are set up in collaboration with foreign investors. Such
industries are owned and managed by members of two or more countries. For example:- coca
cola.

11. On the basis of finished goods
Basic
industries
Intermediate
goods
industries
Consumer
goods
industries99

12. On this basis of finished goods
 Basic industries:- the industries whose finished products are used as raw materials for other industries are
called basic or key industries. For example:- iron and steel industry provide iron and steel which are used as
raw material for making vehicles and so on.
 Intermediate goods industries:- the industries that provide finished goods which are used as components in
the manufacturing of other finished products are called intermediate goods industries. For example:- glass
industry which are used by various industries.
 Consumer goods industries:- the industries that process raw material to form finished goods are directly
used by the consumers are called consumers goods industries. For example:- textile industry use cotton to
make clothes.

13. Factors affecting
location of industries
Raw material Energy sources
water capital
Availability of
labor
Transport system
Availability of market

14. Factors affecting location of industries
 Raw material:- industries should be located close to the source of raw materials. This is done to save the money of
transport.
 Energy sources:- energy or power is required to run the industry. Power can be taken from conventional sources
and non-convectional sources.
 Water:- water is another important factor for the location of industry. It has multiple uses in industry such as
bleaching.
 Capital:- the size and location of industry is largely dependent upon capital investment. A large sum of money is
required to set up an industrial unit.
 Availability of labor:- labor is one important factor. Cheap and skilled labor should be available near an industry. It
helps to supply finished goods to the market.
 Transport system:- there should be a good transport system so that the finished goods can be transported to the
market in time.
 Availability of market:- this is an important factor for transporting the manufactured goods to the market timely
specially, for perishable items as the get spoiled if not supplied immediately to the market.

15. Industrial system:-
input
process
output
Industrial system

16. Example of industrial system
A Cotton Textile
Input
Raw material, labor and cost of
land, water and power
process
Activites that convert that
convert raw material into finished
product.
Output
End product income and earn

17. Industrial region:-
 When in any region a number of industries locate close other to share the benefits of their closeness.
 Major industries of world
 Eastern north America (the great lakes)
 Western and central Europe (Ruhr-Saar)
 Eastern Europe (London, Ukraine, Ural in Russia)
 Eastern Asia (Japan, Kobe and Osaka)
 Industrial region tend to be located in the temperate areas near sea ports and especially near cold fields.

18. Industrial regions in India:-
 Mumbai Pune cluster
 Bengal-Tamil Nadu region
 Hugli region
 Ahemdabad-Borada Chota Nagpur industrial belt
 Vishakhapatnam-guntur belt
 Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region
 Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster

19. Industrial disater:-
 In industries, accidents/disaster mainly occur due to technical failure or due to irresponsible handling of hazardous
material.
 Some of the worst disaster are: Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Gas well blowout in Gao Qiao
v On December 3, 1984 approximately 40 tones of the dangerous gas called methyl isocynate (MIC) accidently leaked
from the union carbide plant in Bhopal, india.
The gas rapidly spread over the densely populated neighbourhoods around the pant.
Thousands of people were immediately killed while the survivors suffered respiratory problems, eye irritation and
blindness.
The official death toll was 2259. Bhopal gas tradey was the worst industrial accident in history.
If you want to known about Chernobyl disaster industry then please give a like

20. Distribution of major industries in the world
The iron and steel, textile and information technology are the major industries in the world. While
iron and steel are old, information technology is a technology is a new industry. A new industry is
also called a sunrise industry. While iron and steel industry is manly located in Germany, USA, china,
japan and Russia, textile industry is manly located in india, hong kong, south korea and japan. The
major hubs of information and technology (IT) are the silicon valley of California and Bengaluru in
india.

21. Iron and steel industry
The iron and steel industry provides the base for other industries. Therefore, it is called the basic industry.
The products from the iron and steel industry are used as raw material for other industries. Thus. It is also
known as feeder Industry.
The following is the list of some of the major iron and steel plants in india.
 Salem steel pant
 Bokaro steel Ltd. In jarkhand
 Vishakapatnam steel project
 Hindustan steel Ltd. In Rourkela, odisa
 Tata iron and steel company(TISCO) in jarkhand
 Indian iron and steel company(IISCO)
 Visvesvaraya iron and steel industry Ltd.q

22. Cotton textile industry
The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. The term ‘textile’ means
‘woven fabric’. A variety of materials are used to make cloth. These materials are obtained from
various sources such as:
plants: cotton, jute, flax, hemp
animals: wool, silk
chemicals: rayon, nylon, polyester

23. Information technology(IT) industry
Information technology(IT) is the science which uses software and computers to manage
information. It is used for processing, protecting, securing, storing, receiving and retrieving
information. The computer machine is called hardware while the programme one that we use in
computer is called software. Information technology in the twenty-first century has enabled transfer
of information from one place to another. This has made communication not only cheaper but also
quicker and easily assessable. The introduction and use of high-tech application and gadgets like
iTunes, iPods and android have been revolutionary. E-commerce has given room to small businesses
to prosper. Education has been revolutionized by virtual learning tools are designed using
computers are internet, thus, enabling students to engage in virtual classrooms.

24. Infrastructure and development
 Infrastructure plays an important role in the development of a nation. It helps boosts trade and
commerce in faraway locations. After the productions of goods, they need to be transported to
other states or even countries. This require development of a good network of roads, railways,
bridges, airports, seaports, etc.
 The power and water supply to industries should not be erratic to enable continuous production
of goods without any hindrances. Advancement in technology boosts the manufacturing process.
All the developed countries of the world have a very good infrastructure in teams of roads,
highways, ports, airports, etc.

25. Comparative study of industries
Industries are located in all parts of the world. But, a textile industry in india might not function in the
same way as textile industry in the U.S. let us compare these following industries in india with other
parts of the world:-
 Iron and steel industry
 Textile industry
 Information technology industry

26. Iron and steel industry
JAMSHEDPUR:- Jamshedpur is located in jarkhand. It is the first iron and steel industry in india. It has
a strategic location, it is located between two rivers subarnarekha and kharkai. The kalimati railway
station on the Bengal-Nagpur rail route is close to sakchi. It is located close to it’s raw material, that is
iron-ore. Iron-ore is supplied to TISCO from Odisha and chhattisgargh. Kolkata which provides large
market. Is also accessible from sakchi.
DETROIT:- Detroit is located in Michigan in the united states of America. The iron and steel industry of
Detroit gets supply of raw material from lake superior region. Detroit has many automobile manufacturing
companies. Iron and steel is required in heavy quatities for the automobiles industry.
PITTISBURG, USA:- the iron and steel industry were pittisburgh’s main industries for nearly a century
and a half. From the empire state building to the golden gate bridge, steel from pittisburgh found it’s way
to all corners of the world.

27. Textile
industry

28. Ahemdabad
Ahemdabad is located in the state of gujrat in
india. Ahemdabad has many cotton growing
regions in it’s vicinity, so the supply of raw
material has never been a problem. Ahemdabad
is also known as “the Manchester of india” with
abot 70 textile mills and is the second largest
textile city after Mumbai. Water is supplied from
Sabarmati river. The cotton textile industry of
ahemdabad uses hudroelectricity. The humid
climate of ahemdabad is ideal for spinning and
weaving processes. The flat terrain and easy
availability of land is suitable for the
establishment of the mills. The densely populated
sates of gujrat and maharashtra provide both
skilled and semi-skilled labour. Well developed
road and railway network permits easy
transportation of textile to different parts of the
country, thus providing easy access to the
market. The Mumbai port nearby facilties import
of the machinery and export of cotton textiles.
Osaka
Osaka in japan is the largest exporter of cotton
textile in the world. Osaka is located on the island
of Honshu in japan and is known as ”the
Manchester of japan”. It is situated close to the
yodo river from where it gets its water supply.
However, raw material for the cotton textile
industry id import from Egypt, India, china and
USA. The finished product is mostly exported and
has a good market due to good quality and low
price. Osaka has a good supply of highly qualified
labour force. It has a warm and humid climate
suitable for spinning and waeving. The finished
goods are of very high quality and hence, it has a
flourishing world market.

29. Information technology industry
Bengaluru, india
Bengaluru is located in the state of Karnataka in
india. Bengaluru is nicknamed as the ‘silicon
valley of india’ due to it’s flourishing IT industry.
Bengaluru’s information technology(IT) industry
is divided into three main clusters-software
technology park of india, Bengaluru(STP);
international park Ltd. (ITPL) and electronic city.
Silicon valley in california,USA
 It houses most of the world’s largest IT
companies such as Apple, Google, HP and
intel. It is called the silicon valley because the
large number of silicon chips manufactures
locater here. Silicon chips are important part
of computer hardware. The silicon valley in
california has good infrastructure and
connectivity.