This document provides an overview of industries in India. It begins with defining industry and manufacturing. It then discusses the importance of industries and classifications of industries based on raw materials, size, and ownership. Key factors affecting the location of industries like raw materials, power, labor, capital, transport, markets, and government policies are outlined. Industrial systems and regions in India and worldwide are described. Specific industries discussed in more detail include iron and steel, with focuses on Tata Steel in Jamshedpur, India and the steel industry in Pittsburgh, USA. The cotton textile industry is also examined through the examples of Ahmedabad, India and Osaka, Japan.

1. INDUSTRIE
S
Class – 8
Unit – III &
IV

2. CONTENT
S. NO TOPICS
1. Introduction
2. Importance of Industries
3. Classification of Industries- 0n the basis of raw material, size,
ownership
4. Factors affecting location of Industries
5. Industrial Systems
6. Industrial Regions – World and India
7. Industrial Disasters
8. Iron and Steel Industry
9. TISCO - Jamshedpur
10. ‘Steel city of USA’ - Pittsburgh
11. Cotton Textile Industry - Ahemedabad
12. ‘Manchester of Japan’- Osaka
13. Information Technology
14. NCERT Exercise

3. HIGHLIGHTS
∙ Manufacturing industry had its origin in the New Stone Age, with the application of techniques for
grinding corn, baking clay, spinning and weaving textiles.
∙ Manufacturing industry in the early civilizations concentrated on such products as pottery, wines,
oils, and cosmetics, which had begun to circulate along the incipient trade routes before the
introduction of metals.
∙ In India, the manufacturing sector has evolved from its earlier stages of industrialization to its
current phase of global competitiveness, making it a great location for newer, smaller businesses to
manufacture.
∙ The top three manufacturing industries in India most relevant to eCommerce sellers are leather,
electronics, and the largest, textiles.
∙ When it comes to the textile industry, India boasts loads of advantages: low cost of labour,
centuries of experience, countless specializations, domestic production of raw materials, and
reliable suppliers with large production capacities.

4. MIND MAP

5. SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
OR
MANUFACTURING
Secondary activities change raw materials into
products of more value to people.
The processing of cotton to make cloth, sugarcane to
get sugar, wood pulp to get paper, mineral oil to get
petrochemicals is called manufacturing. In
modern age, these processes are carried out by large
establishments using a variety of machines, tools and
technology.

6. INDUSTRY
Industry refers to an economic
activity that is concerned with
production of goods, extraction
of minerals or provision of
services. Thus we have-
▪ Iron and steel industry
(production of goods)
▪ Coal mining industry
(extraction of mineral)
▪ Tourism industry
(service provider)

7. IMPORTANCE OF
INDUSTRIES
Increases employment
Increases GDP
Raises living standards
Increases Government revenues
Contributes in growth of other
sectors
Helps in expansion of market
Boosts Agricultural
development
Maintains Nation’s security
Increases export and decreases
import

8. CLASSIFICATION OF
INDUSTRIES
Raw
material
based
Size based
Ownership
based

9. ON THE BASIS OF RAW
MATERIAL
Agro based industries
Mineral based
industries
Marine based
industries
Forest based industries

10. RAW MATERIAL BASED
Agro-based industries- They use agricultural products or
animal products as their raw material. For example, the leather
industry is an agro based industry because the raw material is
animal skin. Similarly, the sugar industry requires sugarcane as
its raw material and cotton industry requires cotton as its raw
material. Other agro-based industries include the diary industry,
silk industry, etc.
Mineral based industries- They are primary industries
that use mineral ores as their raw materials. Besides this, the
products made in these industries are used by other industries as
well. For example, the iron industry is a mineral based industry
which requires iron ore as its raw material. The finished product
of this industry is ‘iron’. This iron is then used by other industries
for manufacturing other products like machines, construction
materials, railway coaches, furniture, etc.

11. RAW MATERIAL BASED
Marine based industries- They use products from
the sea and oceans as raw materials. For example,
sea-food processing industries and manufacturers of
cod-liver oil.
Forest based industries- They use forest products as
raw material. For example, the paper industry requires
wood pulp. Besides this, pharmaceutical industries
prepare medicines using different parts of plants or
tress. Even furniture requires wood from the trees and
fall into the category of forest based industries.

12. ON THE BASIS OF
SIZE
Cottage
Small scale
Large scale

13. SIZE BASED
Cottage industries- In cottage
industries, a few people get together and using simple
tools make things for sale. They usually work from home
and do not use machines. They are also known as
household industries. Toy-making, weaving, pottery are
some examples of cottage industries. These industries
generally make things for local consumption using local
raw materials.
However, some handicraft cottage industries do export
products. Cottage industries are encouraged in India to
enable village-based artisans to earn a living by
following traditional means of occupation like weaving
and pottery.

14. SIZE BASED
Small scale industries- They are small manufacturing
units set up with limited capital (maximum investment upto
rupees 1 crore). They hire skilled and un-skilled labour. They are
bigger than cottage industries but use lesser amount of capital and
technology as compared to large scale industries. They also
generate a great deal of employment. They play an important role
in the developing countries and produce cloth, paper goods,
furniture, machine parts, electrical goods, utensils etc.
Large scale industries- They use power-driven heavy
machines, superior technology, thousands of labour, large capital
investment (more than rupees 1 crore), complex management,
raw material from far-off places. They sell their goods even to
distant markets. Iron and steel industries, textile mills, transport
equipment, petrochemicals etc. are some examples of large scale
industries.

15. ON THE BASIS OF
OWNERSHIP
Public sector
Private sector
Joint sector
Co-operative sector

16. OWNERSHIP BASED
Public sector industries- They are owned,
managed and controlled by the state or central government.
These industries operate more for the benefit of the public
than for making profits. The price for their products is fixed
through planning. For example- the Indian Railways, Steel
Authority of India Limited, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
etc.
Private sector industries- They are owned,
managed and controlled by individuals or group of
individuals. These industries operate mainly for profit. The
price of products is determined by market forces, such as, the
demand for the goods and the corresponding supply.
Examples of some leading private sector companies in India
include the Birla Group of Industries, Reliance Industries,
Tata group of companies, etc.

17. OWNERSHIP BASED
Joint sector industries- They are owned,
managed and controlled jointly by private firms and
government agencies. These industries operate with the
dual goal of making profits, and also to ensure the
welfare of the people. For example- Maruti Udyog
Limited, Gujarat Alkalies, etc.
Co-operative sector industries- They are
owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of
raw materials, workers or both for their mutual benefit.
Some examples include the Anand Milk Union
Limited, Sudha Dairy and Indian farmers cooperative
society Ltd.

18. FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF
INDUSTRIES
Raw material- Industries are
usually concentrated in an area
where the required raw
materials are available. This is
especially true if the raw
materials are bulky and heavy
like iron or coal, or if the raw
material is perishable in nature,
like sugarcane.
Power- Availability of power
resources like coal, mineral oil,
hydroelectric power and biogas,
etc. is of great importance to
industries as they need an
adequate and steady supply of
power at low rates.

19. CONTINUED..
❖ Labour- Labour is
another important
factor required for
production. Industries
need a wide variety of
workers to function
efficiently. They need
skilled, semi-skilled
labours. Industries
also need qualified
managers and
technically qualified
people like engineers,
to function profitably.
❖ Capital- Capital
is essential for
every business.
Large scale
industries, in
particular, require
huge amounts of
capital investment.
So industries tend
to be located near
places from where
they have easy
access to capital,
like cities and
towns.
❖ Transport-
Transport helps to
move the raw
materials to the
industries and the
finished products to
the markets. An
effective network of
roadways, railways,
waterways and
airways will increase
productivity and also
take care of the
distribution of the
product to markets.

20. CONTINUED..
Market- After the
processing of raw
materials, the finished
goods should reach the
market. Nearness to market
is useful for quick sale of
goods. It reduces the cost of
transporting the finished
goods. Ready market is
most essential for the
perishable and heavy
commodities.
Government Policies- Govt.
policies play an increasingly
important role in determining
the location of industries
within a country or state. The
government develops
industrial estates to encourage
industries to set up factories in
specific areas. The government
also gives subsidies to
industries if they are located in
a particular region. Such
supportive policies of the
government can also influence
the location of an industry.

22. INDUSTRY – A COMPLETE
PROCESS
An industry is a complete system as it involves inputs,
process and output. The raw material, machine, labour,
transportation, cost of land and infrastructure make up the
input of any industry. The processes involve a wide range
of activities in which the raw material is converted into a
product. The output of the industry is the end product as
well as profit earned from it.
Example – Sugar Industry
The sugar industry requires inputs like sugarcane, labour,
machines, transport and infrastructure. The processes
involved are shredding of sugarcane to create pulp,
extraction of juice, evaporation and crystallization of juice
and refining of sugar. The outputs of this industry are the
sugar as well as profits obtained.

23. INDUSTRIAL REGIONS
Industrial regions emerge
when a large number of
industries are located in a
selected area, close to each
other. They enjoy the
privileges assured by their
governments and the benefits
of their proximity to each
other.
Industrial regions of the
world in general are highly
urbanized and densely
populated.

24. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL REGIONS OF THE
WORLD
❖ EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
❖ WESTERN AND CENTRAL
EUROPE
❖ EASTERN EUROPE
❖ EASTERN ASIA

25. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL REGIONS OF
INDIA
Mumbai-Pune cluster
Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu
region
Hugli region
Ahmedabad-Baroda region
Chottanagpur industrial
belt
Vishakhapatnam-Guntur
region
Gurugram-Delhi-Meerut
region
Kollam-Thiruvanathapura
m industrial cluster

27. DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR
INDUSTRIES
The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry,
the textile industry and the information technology industry.
The iron and steel and textile industry are the older
industries while information technology is an emerging
industry.
Industry Countries
Iron and steel industry Germany, USA, China, Japan
and Russia
Textile industry India, Hong Kong, South Korea,
Japan and Taiwan
Information technology Silicon valley of Central
California, and the Bengaluru
region of India

28. IRON AND STEEL
INDUSTRY
The iron and steel industry is most important
for the growth and development of modern
civilization. Thousands products made of iron
and steel influence our daily life. This metal is
widely used in the making of machines, tools
and a variety of durable goods. Iron in the
form of steel is important due to its hardness,
strength and durability.
The input for the industry include raw
materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone,
along with labour, capital, site and other
infrastructure. The process of converting iron
ore into steel involves many stages. The raw
material is put in the blast furnace where it
undergoes smelting. It is then refined. The
output obtained is steel which may be used by
other industries as raw material.

29. STEEL MANUFACTURING

30. “STEEL – BACKBONE OF MODERN
INDUSTRY’’
Steel is often called the backbone of modern
industry. Almost everything we use is either
made of iron or steel or has been made with
tools and machinery of these metals. Ships,
trains, trucks, pins and the needles we use are
made from steel. Oil wells are drilled with steel
machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil.
Minerals are mined with steel equipment.
Farm machines are mostly of steel. Large
buildings have steel framework.

31. STAINLESS STEEL
PRODUCTS

32. TREND OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN
INDIA
Before 1800 A.D. iron and steel industry was located
where raw materials, power supply and running
water were easily available. Later the ideal location
for the industry was near cola fields and close to
canals and railways. After 1950, iron and steel
industry began to be located on large areas of flat
land near sea ports. This is because by this time
steel works had become very large and iron ore had
to be imported from overseas.

33. FAVOURABLE FACTORS FOR IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
IN INDIA
Raw material- Raw material for this industry is available
in abundance.
Cheap labour- India has low per capita income along with
a huge population resulting in cheaper and readily available
labour as compared to most other countries.
Market- With such a huge population and big
manufacturing houses, there is a huge internal market for
the finished goods. Besides, having low cost also enables
us to Export our products to other countries.
Transport- Cost effective transport services have boost up
this industry.

34. STEEL PRODUCING CENTERS IN
INDIA
Bhilai, Durgapur,
Burnpur, Jamshedpur,
Rourkela, Bokaro. They
are situated in a region
that spans four states-
West Bengal,
Jharkhand, Odisha and
Chhattisgarh.
Bhadravati and Vijay
Nagar in Karnataka
Vishakhapatnam in
Andhra Pradesh
Salem in Tamil

35. WORLD: MAJOR IRON ORE PRODUCING
AREAS

36. JAMSHEDPUR - TISCO

37. JAMSHEDPUR -
TISCO
Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel
plant in the country- Tata Iron and Steel
Company Limited (TISCO). It was privately
owned. After independence, the government took
the initiative and set up several iron and steel
plants. TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi,
near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha
and Kharkai in Jharkhand. Later on Sakchi was
renamed as Jamshedpur. Geographically,
Jamshedpur is the most conveniently situated
iron and steel center in the country.

38. SUPPORTIVE LOCATIONAL FACTORS -
TISCO
Abundant iron ore deposits- TISCO gets iron ore from the Singhbhum
(Jharkhand) and Mayurbhanj (Odisha) mines located at a distance of
just 75 to 100 km from Jamshedpur.
Abundant coal and manganese deposits- It depends on Jharia and
Raniganj coal mines for its requirement of good quality coal. The
mines lie at a comfortable distance from Jamshedpur.
Availability of limestone and dolomite- The company’s supply of raw
materials like limestone and dolomite comes from Chhattisgarh and
Odisha.
Water sources- The Kharkai and Subarnrekha rivers ensure sufficient
water supply to the plant.
Good connectivity- Jamshedpur lies on the mainline Kolkata-Mumbai
railway route, which links it directly to the major markets and ports of
Kolkata and Mumbai.
Cheap labour- Being a thickly populated region, the plant gets an
excellent supply of cheap labour from in and around Jamshedpur.

39. CONTINUED..
In Jamshedpur, several other industrial
plants were set up after TISCO. They
produce chemicals, locomotive parts,
agricultural equipment, machinery,
tinplate, cable and wire.
The development of the iron and steel
industry opened the doors to rapid
industrial development in India. Almost
all sectors of the Indian industry depend
heavily on the iron and steel industry for
their basic infrastructure. The Indian
iron and steel industry consists of large
integrated steel plants as well as mini
steel mills. It also includes secondary
producers, rolling mills and ancillary
industries.

40. ‘STEEL CITY OF THE USA’ -
PITTSBURGH
Pittsburgh is an important steel city of the United
States of America. The steel industry at Pittsburgh
enjoys locational advantages. Some of the raw
material such as coal is available locally, while the
iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota,
about 1500km from Pittsburgh. Between these
mines and Pittsburgh is one of the world’s best
routes for shipping ore cheaply- the famous Great
Lakes waterway. Trains carry the ore from the
Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area. The Ohio, the
Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide
adequate water supply.

41. PITTSBURGH -
USA

42. CONTINUED..
Today, very few of the large steel mills are in
Pittsburgh itself. They are located in the valley of
the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers above
Pittsburgh and along the Ohio river below it.
Finished steel is transported to the market by
both land and water routes.
The Pittsburgh area has many factories other
than steel mills. These use steel as their raw
material to make many different products such as
railroad equipment, heavy machinery and rails.

43. GREAT LAKES - USA

44. COTTON TEXTILE
INDUSTRY

45. TEXTILE INDUSTRY
The making of cloth from the fibres is one of the most
ancient activities of man. The term ‘textile’ means
woven fabric. A variety of materials are used for
making cloth. Fibres can be natural or man-made.
Materials of plant origin-
cotton, jute, flax and hemp
Materials of animal origin-
wool and silk
Materials of chemical origin-
rayon, nylon and polyester

46. HISTORY OF COTTON TEXTILE IN
INDIA
The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world.
Till the industrial revolution in the 18th
century, cotton cloth was made
using hand spinning techniques (wheels) and looms. In 18th
century
power looms facilitated the development of cotton textile industry, first
in Britain and later in other parts of the world. Today India, Japan and
the USA are important producers of cotton textiles.
India has glorious tradition of producing excellent quality cotton
textiles. Before the British rule, Indian hand spun and hand woven cloth
already had a wide market.
The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut
Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were known
worldwide for their quality and design.
▪ Problems - The production of hand woven cotton textile was
expensive and time consuming. Hence, traditional cotton textile
industry could not face the competition from the new textile mills of the
West, which produced cheap and good quality fabrics through
mechanized industrial units.

47. CONTINUED..
The first successful mechanized textile mill was established
in Mumbai in 1854. The warm, moist climate, a port for
importing machinery, availability of raw material and
skilled labour resulted in rapid expansion of the industry in
the region.
Initially this industry flourished in the
states of Maharashtra and Gujarat
because of favourable humid climate.
But today, humidity can be created
artificially, and raw cotton is a pure and
not weight losing raw material, so this
industry has spread to other parts of
India. Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai,
Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Ludhiana, Puducherry and Panipat are
some of the other important centres.

48. WORLD: MAJOR COTTON TEXTILE MANUFACTURING
REGIONS

49. ‘MANCHESTER OF INDIA’ -
AHMEDABAD
Ahmedabad is located
along the bank of
Sabarmati river in
Gujarat. The first mill
was established in 1859.
It is the second most
important centre for
the textile industry in
India after Mumbai
and is thus called the
‘Manchester of India’.

50. FAVOURABLE LOCATIONAL FACTORS -
AHMEDABAD
Ahmedabad is situated very close to cotton growing area.
This ensures easy availability of raw material.
The climate is suitable for spinning and weaving.
The flat terrain and easy availability of land is suitable
for the establishment of the mills.
The densely populated states of Gujarat and
Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-skilled
labour.
Well developed road and railway network permits easy
transportation of textiles to different parts of the country,
thus providing easy access to the market.
Mumbai port nearby facilitates import of machinery and
export of cotton textiles.

51. PROBLEMS
In the recent years,
Ahmedabad textile mills
have been some problems.
Several textile mills have
closed down. This is
primarily due to the
emergence of new textile
centres in the country as
well as non-upgradation
of machines and
technology in the mills of
Ahmedabad.

52. ‘MANCHESTER OF JAPAN’-
OSAKA
Osaka is a coastal town
and also one of the
busiest ports of Japan. It
is an important textile
manufacturing centre
and is popularly called
the ‘Manchester of
Japan’. Most of the
textile mills were
destroyed during the
Second World War. A
number of cotton textile
mills were established
after the war to produce
textiles at a low cost.

53. GEOGRAPHICAL ADVANTAGES -
OSAKA
The extensive plain around Osaka ensured that
land was easily available for the growth of cotton
mills.
Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning
and weaving.
The river Yodo provides sufficient water for the
mills.
Labour is easily available.
Location of port facilities import of raw cotton
and for exporting textiles.

54. OSAKA
The textile industry at Osaka depends completely
upon imported raw materials. Cotton is imported
from Egypt, India, China and USA. The finished
products is mostly exported and has a good
market due to good quality and low price. Though
it is one of the important textile cities in the
country, of late, the cotton textile industry of
Osaka has been replaced by other industries, such
as iron and steel, machinery, shipbuilding,
automobiles, electrical equipment and cement.

55. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)
(SLIDES 55 TO 58 WILL NOT BE
TESTED)

56. INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
The Information Technology is a new addition in the service
industry. It is also known as the Knowledge-based-industry.
It primarily deals with the storage, processing and
distribution of information.
The Information Technology industry, also called the IT
industry, includes services rendered to consumers on
computers, radio, television, mobile phones, fax, etc.
The computer was first developed in USA in 1946, for the
defence purposes. It helped in storing large amount of
information on tiny chips. Although India started late but it
made rapid progress in the development of software. It
helped in reducing the brain-drain from India to western
world.

57. ‘SILICON VALLEY OF INDIA’ -
BENGALURU
In 1980, the government of
Karnataka developed an
electronic city about 18km from
the core city (Bengaluru), which
is known as the ‘Silicon Valley of
India’. Many global software
companies like IBM, Oracle,
Apple, Google, Infosys, Tata
Consultancy Services (TCS),
Hindustan Computer Limited
(HCL) and Cognizant
Technologies are based in
Bengaluru.

58. ‘SILICON VALLEY - CALIFORNIA
(USA)’
Silicon Valley is the world’s leading
centre of the IT industry- in fact,
the name ‘Silicon Valley’ has
become synonymous with the
words ‘information technology’. It
is from here that the industry
started in the 1970s and spread
rapidly across the world. Silicon
Valley, a part of Santa Clara
Valley in California, got its name
from the silicon that was used to
make chips for computers. Silicon
revolutionized computers. It
enabled the scientists to create
small computers called personal
computers (PCs).

59. CONCLUSI
ON
The onset of industry was perhaps the biggest defining
moment in human history, with almost every aspect of
life being influenced by zooming industrialization. The
rise of industries have not only exerted a humongous
influence on per capita income, but has also boosted
world-economy by many-fold. The industries have
surfaced as a boon for the economic world,
manufacturing raw materials and goods, providing
employment, solidifying economic infrastructure and
creating groundbreaking advances in matter of science
and engineering.
Indian rural economy has transformed into urban
economy under the influence of Industrialization.
‘Make In India, Made For The World’
is the ultimate aim of India.

60. Bullet Points
Definitions
NCERT Q/A

61. BULLET POINTS
• An extension of tertiary industry that is often recognized as its
own sector, quaternary industry, is concerned with
information-based or knowledge-oriented products and services.
• The global tourism industry is ranked 10th on the list of the ten
global biggest industries by revenue.
• The Healthcare Industry is the fastest growing among the
industries in India; pharmaceutical or healthcare has a huge
market in India.
• Cotton textile is the oldest industry in India and is a widespread
industry found almost in all states of India.
• The whole textile and apparel industry represents over 4% of
India’s total GDP and more than 14% of country’s export
earnings every year, making it the largest manufacturing sector
in India.
NOTE- To be done in FC on plain side with pencil or black pen

62. DEFINITIONS
1. Manufacturing- It changes raw materials into products of
more value to people.
2. Marine based industries- These industries use products
from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing
sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.
3. Forest based industries- These industries utilize forest
produce as raw materials. The industries associated with forests
are pulp and paper, furniture and buildings.
4. Small scale industries- In small scale industries
manufacturing, providing services, production are done on a
small scale. They use less amount of capital (upto rupees 1
crore) and technology. Silk weaving, food processing are
examples.

63. CONTINUED…
5. Large scale industries- In large scale industries
investment of capital is higher (more than rupees 1 crore)
and the technology used is superior. Production of
automobiles and heavy machinery are examples.
6. Emerging industries- These are the industries that are
just starting to be developed. They are also known as
‘Sunrise Industries’. These include IT, Wellness,
Hospitality and Knowledge.
7. Smelting- It is the process in which metals are extracted
from their ores by heating beyond the melting point.
Note – To be done in FC.

64. EXERCISE
1. Answer the following questions.
(i) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?
Ans. Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with
production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of
services.
(ii) Which are the main factors which influence the location
of an industry?
Ans. Following factors influence the location of an industry-
▪ Transport facilities
▪ Provision of capital
▪ Availability of land
▪ Availability of raw material
▪ Water availability
▪ Labour supply
▪ Power provision
▪ Presence of market
(Note – Draw Fig. 5.3 on plain page in front of (ii) question)

65. (iii) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of
modern industry and why?
Ans. Steel industry is often referred as the backbone of modern
industry. Almost everything we use is either made of iron or
steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these
metals. Ships, trains, trucks, and autos are made largely of
steel. Even the safety pins and the needle we use are made
from steel. Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery. Steel
pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with steel
equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. Large buildings
have steel framework.
(Note – Draw Fig. 5.6 on plain side in front of (iii) question)
(iv) Why cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai?
Ans. The warm, moist climate, a port for importing machinery,
availability of raw material and skilled labour resulted in rapid
expansion of cotton textile in Mumbai.
Note- To be done in FC.

66. Answer
(i) (a) West Bengal
(ii) (b) jute
Note – To be done in Text Book

67. 3. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING.
(I) AGRO-BASED AND MINERAL BASED
INDUSTRIES
Agro-based industries Mineral based
industries
1. These industries use plant
and animal based products as
raw material.
1. These industries use
minerals as raw materials.
2. These industries provide
employment mainly to people
in rural areas.
2. These industries provide
employment to people of rural
as well as urban areas.
3. Examples include food
processing, cotton textile
industry, dairy products.
3. Examples include iron and
steel, thermal power plant ,
heavy machinery industry.

68. (II) PUBLIC SECTOR AND JOINT SECTOR
INDUSTRY
Public sector
industries
Joint sector
industries
1. Public sector industries are
owned and operated by the
government.
1. Joint sector industries are
owned and operated by the
state and individuals or a
group of individuals.
2. Here the objective is profit
as well as social welfare.
2. Here the objective is profit
only.
3. Steel Authority of India
Limited is an example of this
sector.
3. Maruti Udyog Limited is an
example of this sector.
Note – To be done in FC

69. 4. GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF THE FOLLOWING
IN THE SPACE PROVIDED:
(i) Raw Materials: Steel and Petrochemicals industry
(ii) End products: Shirt and Safety pin
(iii) Tertiary Activities: Banking and Transport
(iv) Agro-based Industries: Sugar and Textile industry
(v) Cottage Industries: Pottery and Basket weaving
industry
(vi) Co-operatives: AMUL and Sudha dairy
Note – To be done in Text Book

70. Geography Department