In this slide contains types of crystal and intermolecular forces of crystals. Presented by: G Sai Navitha. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis). RIPER, anantapur.

1. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
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SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 1
Types of crystals
A Seminar as a part of curricular requirement for
I year M. Pharm I semester
Presented by
G.Sai Navitha
(Reg. No. 20L81S0303)
Dept of Pharmaceutics
Under the guidance/Mentorship of
Mr. E.Bhargav M.Pharm, (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Industrial Pharmacy

2. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 2
• Introduction
• Types of crystals
• Intermolecular forces
• Liquid crystal -Example
• Reference
Contents

3. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
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SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 3
• A CRYSTAL or CRYSTALLINE solid is a solid material .
•The constituents are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure,
forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
•The scientific study of crystals and crystal formation is known as
crystallography.
•The process of crystal formation via mechanisms of crystal growth is called
crystallization or solidification.
Introduction

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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 4
 Crystalline substance can be describe by the types of particles in them.
 There are four types of crystals.
• Ionic Crystalline
• Metallic Crystalline
• Covalent Crystalline
• Molecular Crystalline
Types of crystals

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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 5
1.Ionic crystalline:
• The ionic crystal structure consisting of alternating positively charged cations and
negatively charged anions.
• The ions may either be monatomic or polyatomic.
• Ionic crystals are hard and brittle.
• Ionic crystals have high melting point.
• Example : NaCl.
Types of crystals

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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 6
2.Metallic crystalline:
• The metallic crystalline consists of metallic cations surrounded a “sea” of
mobile valence electrons.
• As result, the metals are in good conductors of electricity.
• The melting points of metallic crystals displays a wide range.
• Example : Na, Ni.
Types of crystals

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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 7
3.Covalent crystalline:
• A Covalent crystal consists of atoms at the lattice points of the crystal, with each
atom being covalently bonded to its nearest neighbour atoms.
• It has extremely high melting and boiling points.
• Crystal solids are hard and brittle.
• They do not conduct electricity in any state.
• Example : Si, C(diamond)
Types of crystals

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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 8
4.Molecular crystalline:
• Molecular crystals typically consists of molecules at the lattice points of the
crystal, held together by relatively weak intramolecular forces.
• Some molecular crystals, such as ice, have molecules held together by
hydrogen bonds.
• The melting and boiling points are much lower.
• These are poor electrical conductors.
• Example: Kr,H2O
Types of crystals

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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 9
• Some of the intramolecular forces of the crystals are:
A. Dispersion Forces
B. Coulombic Attractions
C. Dipole-Dipole
D. Metallic Bond
E. Covalent Bond
Intramolecular forces

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A.Dispersion forces:
• Dispersion forces are a type of force acting between atoms and molecules that are
normally electrically symmetric.
Intramolecular forces

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2.Coulombic Attraction:
• Columbic attraction is the force of attraction between positive and negative
charges.
• It is to easy to calculate the force between two charged particles using Coulomb’s
law.
• The formula is
F=kq1q2 /r²
Intramolecular forces

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Where: F is Force
K is Coulomb’s constant
q1 is the charge on the first particle
q2 is the charge on the second particle
r is the distance between the particles.
F=kq1q2 /r²

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C. Dipole-Dipole forces:
• Dipole-Dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar
molecule and negative end of another polar molecule.
D. Metallic Bond:
• The atoms that the electrons leave behind become positive ions, and the interaction
between such ions and valence electrons gives rise to the cohesive or binding forces
that holds the metallic crystal together.
Intramolecular forces

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E. Covalent Bond:
• Covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons pairs
between atoms.
• These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs.
• The binding arises from the electrostatic attraction of their nuclei for the same
electrons.
Intramolecular forces

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• The word “liquid crystal” explains a state of matter that is intermediate between the
crystalline solid and amorphous liquid.
• They have properties in between liquids and solids, which makes them new form of
state.
• For instance, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be
oriented in a crystal-like a way.
• The liquid crystal state of matter is obtained from orientation-dependant non-
covalent interaction between molecules within condensed phases.
Liquid crystal

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• Liquid crystals are mainly classified into“lyotropic and thermotropic”.
LYOTROPIC :A liquid crystalline mesophase is called lyotropic.
These are formed by dissolving an amphiphilic mesogen in a suitable solvent, under
appropriate conditions of concentrations, temperature and pressure.
A mixture of soap and water is an everyday example of lyotropic liquid crystal.
Liquid crystal

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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 17
THERMOTROPIC: Thermotropic phases are those that occur in a certain
temperature range .
If the temperature rises is too high, thermol motion will destroy the delicate
cooperative ordering of the liquid crystal phase.
At low temperature, most liquid crystal materials will form a conventional crystal.
Liquid crystal

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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 18
Some of the applications of liquid crystal are
 Liquid crystalline formulation for topical use
 Surfactant Gel
 Ointment & Cream
 Liposome dispersion for installation into lung
 Transdermal patch
 Sustained release from solid, semisolid and liquid formulation
 Liquid crystals in Cosmetics.
Liquid crystal

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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 19
Kamal Kumar Chaudhary, Pooja Kannajia. Novel Approaches for Drug Delivery.
Liquid crystal systems in Drug Delivery. Hershey, PA 17033,USA.Publisher:IGI
Global, 701E.July 2016.
Abdul-Fatta,A.,Zhang,j.,Bennett,D,B.,& Ballesteros Lechuga,D.Journol of
Pharmaceutical Sciences. Characterization of spry-dried powders in the liquid
crystalline state.2003.
Amar Yuli, I.,& Garti. N. Transitions induced by solubilized fat reverse hexagonal
mesophases. Colloids and Surfaces. 2005.
References

20. RIPER
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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 20