The technique of paper electrophoresis is simple and inexpensive and requires only micro quantities of plasma for separation.
The support medium is a filter paper
The electrophoresis apparatus in its simplest form consists of two troughs to contain buffer solution, through which electric current is passed.
Frequently used in isolating proteins, amino acids and oligopeptides.
Sepration of molecules on the basis of applied Electric Field
Categorized into 1) Zone Electrophoresis 2) Moving Boundary Electrophoresis
We can seprate macromolecules (DNA , RNA, PROTEINS )on the basis of their charge, size shape & molecular weight
Introduction
History
Elecrophoresis
Principle
Types of electrophoresis
Application
Conclusion
Reference
When a potential difference is applied between the two electrodes in a colloidal solution, It has been observed that the colloidal particles are carried to either the positive or negative electrode.
In other words , they behave as if they are electrically charged w.r.t. the dispersion medium. This phenomenon is known as electrophoresis.
Many important biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids, possess ionisable groups and, therefore, at any given pH, exist in solution as electrically charged species either as cations or anions.
Under the influence of an electric field these charged particles will migrate either to the cathode or to the anode, depending on the nature of their net charge.
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains introduction, methods, supporting media for zone electrophoresis.
Presented by: Mary Vishali. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
The technique of paper electrophoresis is simple and inexpensive and requires only micro quantities of plasma for separation.
The support medium is a filter paper
The electrophoresis apparatus in its simplest form consists of two troughs to contain buffer solution, through which electric current is passed.
Frequently used in isolating proteins, amino acids and oligopeptides.
Sepration of molecules on the basis of applied Electric Field
Categorized into 1) Zone Electrophoresis 2) Moving Boundary Electrophoresis
We can seprate macromolecules (DNA , RNA, PROTEINS )on the basis of their charge, size shape & molecular weight
Introduction
History
Elecrophoresis
Principle
Types of electrophoresis
Application
Conclusion
Reference
When a potential difference is applied between the two electrodes in a colloidal solution, It has been observed that the colloidal particles are carried to either the positive or negative electrode.
In other words , they behave as if they are electrically charged w.r.t. the dispersion medium. This phenomenon is known as electrophoresis.
Many important biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids, possess ionisable groups and, therefore, at any given pH, exist in solution as electrically charged species either as cations or anions.
Under the influence of an electric field these charged particles will migrate either to the cathode or to the anode, depending on the nature of their net charge.
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains introduction, methods, supporting media for zone electrophoresis.
Presented by: Mary Vishali. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
Electrophoresis is the movement of charged particles through an electrode when subjected to an electric Field
Cations move towards cathode
Anions move towards anode
By this technique solutes are separated by their different rates of travel through an electric field.
Commonly used in biological analysis, particularly in the separations of proteins, peptides and nucleic acids
Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis- Principle , procedure and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
IEF separates amphoteric compounds, such as proteins, with increased resolution in a medium possessing a stable pH gradient. The protein becomes “focused” at a point on the gel as it migrates to a zone where the pH of the gel matches the protein's pI. At this point, the charge of the protein becomes zero and its migration ceases.
Electrophoresis principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
the general principle on how the electrophoresis performs.
the different types of electrophoresis and the mechanism of separation based on different character of the medium and type of electrophoresis.
Separation is brought about through molecular sieving technique, based on the molecular size of the substances. Gel material acts as a "molecular sieve”.
Gel is a colloid in a solid form (99% is water).
It is important that the support media is electrically neutral.
Different types of gels which can be used are; Agar and Agarose gel, Starch, Sephadex, Polyacrylamide gels.
In this slide contains principle, types, materials used, factors affecting gel electrophoresis.
Presented by: I. Sai Reddemma (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur.
Electrophoresis is the movement of charged particles through an electrode when subjected to an electric Field
Cations move towards cathode
Anions move towards anode
By this technique solutes are separated by their different rates of travel through an electric field.
Commonly used in biological analysis, particularly in the separations of proteins, peptides and nucleic acids
Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis- Principle , procedure and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
IEF separates amphoteric compounds, such as proteins, with increased resolution in a medium possessing a stable pH gradient. The protein becomes “focused” at a point on the gel as it migrates to a zone where the pH of the gel matches the protein's pI. At this point, the charge of the protein becomes zero and its migration ceases.
Electrophoresis principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
the general principle on how the electrophoresis performs.
the different types of electrophoresis and the mechanism of separation based on different character of the medium and type of electrophoresis.
Separation is brought about through molecular sieving technique, based on the molecular size of the substances. Gel material acts as a "molecular sieve”.
Gel is a colloid in a solid form (99% is water).
It is important that the support media is electrically neutral.
Different types of gels which can be used are; Agar and Agarose gel, Starch, Sephadex, Polyacrylamide gels.
In this slide contains principle, types, materials used, factors affecting gel electrophoresis.
Presented by: I. Sai Reddemma (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains introduction, principle, methods, factors, application and disadvantage of Horizontal Electrophoresis.
Presented by: A.Geethanjali (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains introduction, principle, application, advantage and disadvantage of Vertical Gel Electrophoresis
Presented by: Shaik Firdous Banu. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
Introduction to Analytical Techniques in Phaese III,
Spectrophotometry, Reflectance photometry, Nephelometry & Turbidimetry, Osmometry, Potentiometry, Flowcytometry, Densitometry, Electrophoresis, LC-MS, ICP-MS
Presented by
B. Kranthi Kumar
Department of Pharmacology
In this slide contains analytical techniques in phase-3 clinical trials.
Presented by: KRANTHI KUMAR BONALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
In this slide contains Interference In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and applications.
Presented by: Shaik Gouse ul azam. ( department of pharmaceutical analysis.)
RIPER, anantpur.
In this slide contains principle, types, methods and application of Western Blotting Technique.
Presented by: T.NIRANJAN REDDY (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
In this slide contains deep explanation about Ionization Techniques in LC-MS.
Presented by: G Chiranjeevi. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis)
RIPER, anantpur.
In this slide contains principle of IR spectroscopy and sampling techniques.
Presented by: R.Banuteja (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
In this slide contains principle, advantage, dis advantage and application of UPLC.
Presented by: P. Sudheer Kumar. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis)
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains principle, description of Differential Thermal analysis Application in Polymers.
Presented by: RAMY SALIHEEN (Department of pharmaceutics).
RIPER, anantapur
In this slide contains principle working of XRD and there applications.
Presented by: J Lokdeep Reddy. (Department of pharmaceutics),
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains introduction, principle and applications of differential scanning colorimetry.
Presented by: G.Kavya (Department of pharmaceutics)
RIPER,anantapur.
JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION (20L81S0402-PA & QA)
Presented by: K VENKATSAI PRASAD (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS
1. Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Types of Electrophoresis
A Seminar as a part of curricular requirement for
M . Pharmacy I year I Semester
Presented by
Aggim Sumashree
(20L81S0102)
Dept. of. Pharmacology
Under the guidance of
Mr. A .Sudheer Kumar M.Pharm, (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor
Dept. of. Pharmacology
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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Contents:
• Introduction
• Types of electrophoresis (flow chart)
• Zone electrophoresis
• Moving boundary electrophoresis
• Applications
• References
2
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Introduction:
Electrophoresis is the movement of scattered particles comparative with a fluid
under the influence of a uniform electric field.
The electrophoresis of positively charged particles (cations) is sometimes called
as cataphoresis, whereas the electrophoresis of negatively charged particles
(anions) is called as anaphoresis.
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Types of
Electrophoresi
s
Zone
Electrophoresi
s
Paper
Electrophoresi
s
Cellulose
Acetate
Membrane
Gel
Electrophoresi
s
Agarose Gel
Electrophoresi
s
Polyacrylamide
Gel
Electrophoresis
Moving
Boundary
Electrophoresi
s
Capillary
Electrophoresi
s
Isoelectric
Electrophoresi
s
Isotachophore
sis
TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS
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Zone electrophoresis
Zone electrophoresis includes methods that produce more or less differentiated
zones completely of individual components that are being separated.
It involves the migration of the charged particles on the supporting media like
(paper, cellulose acetate membrane, starch gel, polyacrylamide).
Components that are separated are distributed into discrete zones on the support
media.
This supporting media is saturated with buffer solution in a small volume of
samples and is being applied as a narrow band.
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Paper electrophoresis:
Paper electrophoresis (PE) is useful for the separation of small-charged
molecules, such as amino acids and small proteins, using a strip of paper
(chromatographic paper).
For this purpose, the strip paper that is used must contain at least α-cellulose at a
percent of (95%) and should have a slight adsorption capacity.
In this technique, the occurrence motion of a colloidal particle of solution leads
to subsequent separation along the paper strip.
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Paper electrophoresis is easier in comparison to gel electrophoresis
because it does not require much matrix preparation, and it does not
contain charges that interfere with the separation of compounds
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Cellulose acetate membranes
In cellulose acetate electrophoresis, a cellulose membrane or stripe is used as a
support matrix to separate components in the sample.
It can provide a molecular sieving effect on electrophoretic separation of the
sample, based on the size of pores between the molecules of the support matrix.
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Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size in a solid support medium
(an agarose gel).
The rate of migration is proportional to size: smaller fragments move more
quickly, and wind up at the bottom of the gel.
DNA is visualized by including in the gel an intercalating dye, ethidium
bromide.
Gel electrophoresis is of two types:
→ Agarose gel electrophoresis.
→ Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Agarose gel electrophoresis:
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by its size in a solid support
medium such as an agarose gel.
Sample (DNA) is pipetted into sample wells, followed by the application of
electric current at the anodal, negative end, which causes the negatively-charged
DNA to migrate towards the bottom (cathodal, positive) end.
The rate of migration is proportional to the size where smaller fragments move
more quickly and wind up at the bottom of the gel.
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The rate of the migration depends upon,
• The strength of the field
• The hydrophobicity of the DNA
• The ionic strength of the buffer
• The size, shape of the DNA
• The temperature of the buffer
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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis:
There are two types of polyacrylamide gels, commonly named dissociating and
non dissociating gels.
A non-dissociating gel is a gel that separates the proteins in their native form to
conserve the protein structures, functions, and activities.
A dissociating gel denatures the protein into its constituent polypeptides to
determine the polypeptide composition of the sample.
Native gel electrophoresis is a non-denaturing gel that has a higher resolving
power than that of the SDS-PAGE when used for protein separations.
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SDS-PAGE (Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis), this is an
analytical method that is used to separate components of a protein mixture based
on their size.
The technique is based upon the principle that a charged molecule will migrate in
an electric field towards an electrode stating with an opposite sign.
Here the general electrophoresis techniques cannot be used to determine the
molecular weight of biological molecules because the mobility of a substance in
the gel depends on both charge and size.
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• For this purpose, the biological samples need to be treated so
that they acquire a uniform charge; then the electrophoresis
mobility depends primarily on size.
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Moving Boundary Electrophoresis
• The moving boundary electrophoresis is the method that allows the
charged species to migrate within a free moving solution without
any need for a supporting medium.
16
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Capillary electrophoresis
Capillary electrophoresis an analytical technique that is used to separate the ions
based on their electrophoretic mobility with the use of a high applied voltage.
It is dependent upon the charge of the molecule, the viscosity, and the atom's
radius.
The rate at which the particle moves is directly proportional to that of the
applied electric field.
The greater is the field strength, the faster the mobility.
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Neutral species are not affected, where ions only move with the
electric field.
Types in capillary electrophoresis:
capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE),
capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE),
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC),
capillary electrochromatography (CEC),
capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF),
capillary isotachophoresis (CITP).
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Hypernations of capillary electrophoresis:
Capillary electrophoresis -Mass specrtrosopy (CE-MS).
Capillary electrophoresis –Inductive coupled plasma –mass spectroscopy (CE-
ICP-MS).
Capillary electrophoresis –Ionization mass spectroscopy(CE-ESI-MS)
Capillary electrophoresis –Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization –Mass
spectroscopy(CE-MALDI-MS).
Capillary electrophoresis –Nuclear magnetic resonance(CE-NMR)
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Isoelectric electrophoresis:
IEF, also known simply as electrofocusing, is a technique for separating charged
molecules, usually proteins or peptides, on the basis of their isoelectric point (pI),
i.e., the pH at which the molecule has no charge.
IEF works because in an electric field molecules in a pH gradient will migrate
towards their pI.
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Isotachophoresis:
Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a technique in analytical chemistry used for
selective separation and concentration of ionic analytes.
It is a form of electrophoresis; charged analytes are separated based on
ionic mobility, a quantity which tells how fast an ion migrates through an
electric field.
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Applications:
It is used for the estimation of the size of DNA molecules.
It is also used in the analysis of PCR products, e.g., in molecular genetics
diagnosis or genetic fingerprinting.
It is used in the separation of restricted genomic DNA before Southern
analysis or RNA before Northern analysis.
The agarose gel electrophoresis is widely employed to estimate the size of
DNA fragments after digesting with the restriction enzymes, e.g., in
restriction mapping of cloned DNA.
Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to resolve circular DNA with
different supercoiling topology and to resolve fragments that differ due to
DNA synthesis.
24
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NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
• It is commonly used in the diagnosis of several diseases such as
thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and other
mutation analysis.
• Estimation of protein size.
• It is used in the determination of protein subunits or aggregation structures
and estimation of protein purity.
• It is used to study homogeneity of a macromolecular system and in the
analysis of complex biological mixtures.
25
26. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 26
References:
Gummadi and Kandula, International journal of pharmaceutical
sciences and research 2020 vol 11(12).
Donald A. Skoog , Donald M. West, F. James Holler and Stanley R.
Crouch text book of fundamentals of analytical chemistry 9th edition
2014.
27. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 27