Tuberculosis
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Mycobacterium tuberculae causes tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs but also potentially infecting other organs like the kidneys, spine, bones, and brain. It is transmitted through the air and symptoms include coughing and chest pain. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays, skin tests, and blood tests. Treatment lasts 6-12 months and involves taking prescribed drugs exactly as directed to prevent recurrence. Directly observed therapy through government centers helps patients take medicines correctly and monitors their health. Prevention includes BCG vaccination of newborns and precautions like handwashing and protective equipment when caring for patients.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. There are two types - latent TB, where the immune system has the infection under control and there are no symptoms, and active TB, where the bacteria are multiplying causing symptoms like cough, fever and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests on sputum or blood samples and chest x-rays. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6 months.
Clinical aspect and management of tuberculosis 2
This document provides information on the clinical management of tuberculosis (TB) in adults, children, and special groups. It discusses the history, global impact, causative agents, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment regimens and categories according to WHO guidelines, complications of drug therapy, and outcomes of TB treatment. Key points include that TB is a leading infectious cause of death worldwide, killing over 2 million people annually. It is caused by bacteria from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and while usually affecting the lungs, can infect other organs. Treatment involves a combination of drugs over 6-9 months and aims to cure patients and prevent transmission or drug resistance.
Latent Tuberculosis: Identification and Treatment
This document discusses screening and treatment guidelines for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. It defines latent TB as presence of the TB bacteria without symptoms of active disease. High-risk groups for developing active TB include recent contacts of infectious cases, immunosuppressed individuals, and some medical conditions. Tuberculin skin testing is recommended for diagnosing latent TB, with different induration cut-offs based on risk group. If latent TB is diagnosed, treatment with Isoniazid for 9 months or Rifampin for 4 months is advised along with clinical and laboratory monitoring during therapy.
Latent TB
Latent TB refers to an asymptomatic, non-transmissible infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has a lifetime risk of progression to active disease of 5-10%. High risk groups for latent TB include recent immigrants from high incidence countries and those with immunocompromised conditions. Screening involves a tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay, with treatment consisting of 9 months of isoniazid or shorter rifampin-containing regimens depending on risk factors.
Adult1 05c ptb
The document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), including its causes, risk factors, transmission, diagnostic testing, treatment, and nursing management. PTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It is transmitted via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Diagnostic testing includes a tuberculin skin test, sputum cultures, chest x-rays, and other tests. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen for 6-12 months to prevent transmission and progression of the disease. Nursing care focuses on isolation precautions, education, and ensuring adherence to the medication regimen.
Tb seminar by rs
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs and can cause symptoms like cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Risk factors include HIV/AIDS, drug use, and other conditions that weaken the immune system. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment requires multiple antibiotic drugs taken for 6-9 months. Drug-resistant TB requires specialized treatment with second-line drugs.
Its time
The document discusses recent advances in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) in India. It outlines the standard first-line and MDR-TB treatment regimens used in the country, including the introduction of a shorter 9-11 month regimen for MDR-TB. It also discusses the use of newer drugs like bedaquiline and delamanid to treat more resistant forms of TB. Additionally, it covers improvements to infection control practices in healthcare facilities to help eliminate TB transmission.
Basic concepts in treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis - By Dr.Tinku Joseph
This document discusses the basic concepts in the treatment of tuberculosis. It covers the classification of first-line and second-line drugs used to treat TB, including important drugs like isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. It also outlines the history of TB treatment, from the introduction of streptomycin in 1944 to modern short course regimens. Furthermore, it explains the rationale for combination chemotherapy and prolonged treatment durations. Key aspects of developing and monitoring TB treatment regimens are presented.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. There are two types - latent TB, where the immune system has the infection under control and there are no symptoms, and active TB, where the bacteria are multiplying causing symptoms like cough, fever and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests on sputum or blood samples and chest x-rays. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6 months.
Clinical aspect and management of tuberculosis 2
This document provides information on the clinical management of tuberculosis (TB) in adults, children, and special groups. It discusses the history, global impact, causative agents, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment regimens and categories according to WHO guidelines, complications of drug therapy, and outcomes of TB treatment. Key points include that TB is a leading infectious cause of death worldwide, killing over 2 million people annually. It is caused by bacteria from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and while usually affecting the lungs, can infect other organs. Treatment involves a combination of drugs over 6-9 months and aims to cure patients and prevent transmission or drug resistance.
Latent Tuberculosis: Identification and Treatment
This document discusses screening and treatment guidelines for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. It defines latent TB as presence of the TB bacteria without symptoms of active disease. High-risk groups for developing active TB include recent contacts of infectious cases, immunosuppressed individuals, and some medical conditions. Tuberculin skin testing is recommended for diagnosing latent TB, with different induration cut-offs based on risk group. If latent TB is diagnosed, treatment with Isoniazid for 9 months or Rifampin for 4 months is advised along with clinical and laboratory monitoring during therapy.
Latent TB
Latent TB refers to an asymptomatic, non-transmissible infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has a lifetime risk of progression to active disease of 5-10%. High risk groups for latent TB include recent immigrants from high incidence countries and those with immunocompromised conditions. Screening involves a tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay, with treatment consisting of 9 months of isoniazid or shorter rifampin-containing regimens depending on risk factors.
Adult1 05c ptb
The document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), including its causes, risk factors, transmission, diagnostic testing, treatment, and nursing management. PTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It is transmitted via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Diagnostic testing includes a tuberculin skin test, sputum cultures, chest x-rays, and other tests. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen for 6-12 months to prevent transmission and progression of the disease. Nursing care focuses on isolation precautions, education, and ensuring adherence to the medication regimen.
Tb seminar by rs
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs and can cause symptoms like cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Risk factors include HIV/AIDS, drug use, and other conditions that weaken the immune system. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment requires multiple antibiotic drugs taken for 6-9 months. Drug-resistant TB requires specialized treatment with second-line drugs.
Its time
The document discusses recent advances in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) in India. It outlines the standard first-line and MDR-TB treatment regimens used in the country, including the introduction of a shorter 9-11 month regimen for MDR-TB. It also discusses the use of newer drugs like bedaquiline and delamanid to treat more resistant forms of TB. Additionally, it covers improvements to infection control practices in healthcare facilities to help eliminate TB transmission.
Basic concepts in treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis - By Dr.Tinku Joseph
This document discusses the basic concepts in the treatment of tuberculosis. It covers the classification of first-line and second-line drugs used to treat TB, including important drugs like isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. It also outlines the history of TB treatment, from the introduction of streptomycin in 1944 to modern short course regimens. Furthermore, it explains the rationale for combination chemotherapy and prolonged treatment durations. Key aspects of developing and monitoring TB treatment regimens are presented.
Tuberculosis (2)dr.noha
This document provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It defines TB as a contagious lung infection caused most commonly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB can be classified as pulmonary or extra-pulmonary depending on the affected area. Diagnosis involves tests such as sputum smears, culture, chest x-ray, and tuberculin skin test. Standard treatment is a 6 month regimen including isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Directly observed therapy is recommended to monitor patient compliance. Common adverse effects and interactions of anti-TB drugs are also outlined.
Regimens, prophylaxis of tb and dots
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimens, classifications, and guidelines according to the DOTS strategy. It covers:
- Definitions of TB cases like bacteriologically confirmed, clinically diagnosed, treatment outcomes, and drug-resistant classifications.
- Categories of TB patients based on drug sensitivity and treatment history that determine the initial and continuation phases of treatment.
- First and second-line anti-TB drugs used including isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin.
- Recommendations for treating TB in special groups like pregnant women, people with HIV/AIDS, and for chemoprophylaxis of contacts.
Tb treatment new
This document provides treatment guidelines for tuberculosis. It outlines the aims of TB treatment as curing the patient, preventing death from active or relapsed TB, decreasing transmission, and preventing drug resistance. It describes the initial and continuation phases of treatment for new and previously treated cases. It also defines different types of TB cases and provides recommended drug regimens and dosages depending on the category of TB patient. Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are first-line oral drugs, while streptomycin and thioacetazone are also mentioned. BCG vaccination guidelines are also briefly covered.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze. India has a high burden of TB cases, with 0.37 million people dying from the disease annually. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance, with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide given for 2 months followed by continued treatment for at least 4 more months. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for symptoms, ensuring treatment adherence to prevent spread, and managing nutrition to aid recovery.
Chemoprophylaxis
Chemoprophylaxis refers to administering antimicrobial agents to prevent or suppress infection before clinical symptoms occur. Prophylaxis is most effective when targeting a single pathogen from acute exposure over a short duration using a suitable drug for a lethal disease. Ineffective prophylaxis can lead to overuse of antibiotics and resistant organisms. Ideal antibiotics are narrow spectrum, cheap, and minimally toxic. Types of prophylaxis include disease-targeted (e.g. endocarditis), host-targeted (e.g. HIV), and post-exposure (e.g. tuberculosis). Surgical prophylaxis aims to prevent surgical site infections by maintaining antibiotic levels during wound closure. Prophylactic regimens depend on the targeted
Tb And Ltbi Treatment
This document provides guidance on diagnosing and treating tuberculosis (TB) and latent TB infection. It discusses diagnostic tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears and cultures, and recommends thinking TB in the differential diagnosis for those with persistent cough, fever or weight loss. Standard TB treatment involves 4 first-line drugs for 2 months followed by 2 drugs for 4 more months, with longer treatment for drug-resistant cases. Treatment of latent TB typically involves 9 months of isoniazid. Close monitoring is needed when treating TB in patients with conditions like HIV, liver disease or malnutrition.
Tuberculosis Treatment Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation
Tuberculosis Treatment Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Treatment of childhood tb
Treatment of TB in children involves using multiple drugs over an extended period to cure the infection and prevent relapse. The initial intensive phase rapidly kills many bacteria while preventing resistance, using drugs like isoniazid and rifampin daily. The continuation phase aims to sterilize lesions and prevent relapse, preferring rifampin, isoniazid and other bactericidal drugs. Special considerations are needed in dosing and treating malnourished or severely ill children. Multidrug-resistant TB requires a customized daily treatment plan using at least four effective drugs, including second-line therapies, for 12-18 months.
16007107 ade-of-anti tubercular-drugs-mdr-tb[1]
1. The document provides guidelines for categorizing TB cases and treatment regimens under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It describes 5 categories of TB cases and their standard treatment regimens.
2. The document also summarizes various adverse drug reactions associated with anti-TB medications, their causative agents, clinical presentations, and management guidelines. It provides treatment guidelines for special groups including children, pregnant women, HIV patients, and those with comorbidities.
3. Guidelines are given for diagnosis and treatment of MDR-TB and XDR-TB cases. Standardized treatment regimens are recommended depending on drug susceptibility testing results and previous treatment history. Strict treatment
Case study
John, a 45-year-old male smoker, was admitted to the hospital with chest pain and a persistent cough with blood. His initial diagnosis is tuberculosis, which would be confirmed through tests like a tuberculin skin test, TB blood test, chest X-ray or CT scan, or sputum samples. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects the lungs. It is treated with a combination of antibiotics over several months.
Koch To Quantiferon
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) testing in the United States, comparing the tuberculin skin test (TST) to the Quantiferon-TB Gold in-tube test. It discusses the history and basics of TB, describes how the TST and Quantiferon tests work, and compares their specificity, sensitivity, costs, strengths, and limitations. The document recommends replacing TST screening with Quantiferon testing in high-risk US populations to reduce the TB burden, and further validating Quantiferon for children under 5.
Antibiotics in the ICU - when, what and how?
A presentation by Fredrik Sjövall at the 2017 meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Anaestesiology and Intensive Care Medicine.
All available content from SSAI2017: https://scanfoam.org/ssai2017/
Delivered in collaboration between scanFOAM, SSAI & SFAI.
Understanding Infection
The document discusses infection and the infectious process. It defines key terms like pathogens, virulence, and susceptibility. It describes the chain of infection and factors that influence susceptibility. It also discusses infection control methods like hand hygiene, immunizations, and multidrug-resistant infections. Nursing responsibilities in managing infections include assessing patients, administering antibiotics, providing treatments and education.
Pulmonaty Tuberclosis ((PTB)
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Common symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Diagnosis involves sputum testing, chest x-rays, and culture. Treatment consists of a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection spread, promoting airway clearance and nutrition, managing activity intolerance, and ensuring patient understanding to support adherence to the treatment plan.
Antibiotics in icu
This document discusses antibiotics and their use in the intensive care unit (ICU). It begins by defining key terms like infection, SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. It then discusses the most common causes of infections in the ICU, including devices, nursing care, and antibiotic overuse. The most frequent infectious organisms in the ICU are noted as gram-positive bacteria like coagulase-negative staphylococci and Candida species. Factors predisposing patients to infection and approaches for diagnosis and empiric antibiotic therapy are also summarized.
MDR Tuberculosis Case Presentation & Some facts About MDR/XDR TB
This document presents the case of a 35-year-old male patient from Rajasthan, India who is being evaluated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB). He has a history of pulmonary TB treated one year ago. He now presents with fever, cough, weight loss and weakness. Sputum tests were positive for acid-fast bacilli and resistant to several first-line drugs. He was diagnosed with MDR TB based on drug susceptibility testing. Treatment involves a regimen under India's DOTS Plus program with multiple second-line drugs over 24 months. Management of MDR TB poses clinical challenges including drug adverse effects that require monitoring.
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Management Guideline
This document provides national guidelines for drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) management in Nepal. It outlines the background and burden of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) worldwide and in Nepal. Key points include an estimated 558,000 incident cases of MDR-TB globally in 2017, with treatment success at only 55%. In Nepal, around 1500 cases of DR-TB occur annually, though only 350-450 are notified. The guidelines cover diagnosis, treatment regimens, management, and monitoring of DR-TB.
Antibiotic choice in icu 20.10.04 final
This document discusses antibiotic choice in the ICU. It provides epidemiological data from studies on infections in ICU patients. The most common infections are pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and UTIs. The pathogens vary between different ICU profiles such as medical, surgical, and pediatric ICUs. Principles of antibiotic use include targeting the likely pathogen while minimizing toxicity. Empirical antibiotic choices are discussed for common ICU infections like pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and UTIs. Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem addressed as well.
Tuberculosis treatment
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB) treatment, including:
1. The goals of TB treatment are to cure patients, prevent death from active TB, prevent relapse, decrease transmission, and prevent acquired drug resistance.
2. Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) involves decentralized diagnosis and treatment based on existing health facilities, good program management, and an evaluation system.
3. Treatment of drug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) requires specialized multi-drug regimens using second-line drugs.
A case of MDR-TB
This document presents the case of a 26-year-old female patient who was admitted with a 5-month history of intermittent fever, weight loss, cough, and breathlessness. Her past medical history includes a previous episode of pulmonary tuberculosis that was treated. On examination, she had signs of respiratory involvement including reduced breath sounds and crackles on the right side. Investigations showed infiltrates on the right lung. She was started on treatment but did not improve. Further testing revealed she had inh resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. She was referred for specialized management and her diagnosis was confirmed as suspected MDR-TB.
Presentation (2) (2).pptx
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Initial infection occurs when bacteria enter the lungs through inhaled droplets. The bacteria are phagocytosed by macrophages but can avoid destruction, multiply within granulomas, and spread through the bloodstream. Left untreated, the infection can spread within the lungs and to other organs. Diagnosis involves sputum culture, chest imaging, and tuberculin skin testing. Standard treatment is directly observed therapy with multiple antibiotics over 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance.
Presentation final 3.0 super latestestestestestest.pptx
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including:
- Causative agent, symptoms, and modes of transmission
- Disease burden globally and in India
- Diagnostic methods under India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) including sputum smear microscopy, culture-based tests, and molecular tests
- Evolution of TB control in India from early programs to NTEP, which aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025
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This document provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It defines TB as a contagious lung infection caused most commonly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB can be classified as pulmonary or extra-pulmonary depending on the affected area. Diagnosis involves tests such as sputum smears, culture, chest x-ray, and tuberculin skin test. Standard treatment is a 6 month regimen including isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Directly observed therapy is recommended to monitor patient compliance. Common adverse effects and interactions of anti-TB drugs are also outlined.
Regimens, prophylaxis of tb and dots
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimens, classifications, and guidelines according to the DOTS strategy. It covers:
- Definitions of TB cases like bacteriologically confirmed, clinically diagnosed, treatment outcomes, and drug-resistant classifications.
- Categories of TB patients based on drug sensitivity and treatment history that determine the initial and continuation phases of treatment.
- First and second-line anti-TB drugs used including isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin.
- Recommendations for treating TB in special groups like pregnant women, people with HIV/AIDS, and for chemoprophylaxis of contacts.
Tb treatment new
This document provides treatment guidelines for tuberculosis. It outlines the aims of TB treatment as curing the patient, preventing death from active or relapsed TB, decreasing transmission, and preventing drug resistance. It describes the initial and continuation phases of treatment for new and previously treated cases. It also defines different types of TB cases and provides recommended drug regimens and dosages depending on the category of TB patient. Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are first-line oral drugs, while streptomycin and thioacetazone are also mentioned. BCG vaccination guidelines are also briefly covered.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze. India has a high burden of TB cases, with 0.37 million people dying from the disease annually. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance, with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide given for 2 months followed by continued treatment for at least 4 more months. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for symptoms, ensuring treatment adherence to prevent spread, and managing nutrition to aid recovery.
Chemoprophylaxis
Chemoprophylaxis refers to administering antimicrobial agents to prevent or suppress infection before clinical symptoms occur. Prophylaxis is most effective when targeting a single pathogen from acute exposure over a short duration using a suitable drug for a lethal disease. Ineffective prophylaxis can lead to overuse of antibiotics and resistant organisms. Ideal antibiotics are narrow spectrum, cheap, and minimally toxic. Types of prophylaxis include disease-targeted (e.g. endocarditis), host-targeted (e.g. HIV), and post-exposure (e.g. tuberculosis). Surgical prophylaxis aims to prevent surgical site infections by maintaining antibiotic levels during wound closure. Prophylactic regimens depend on the targeted
Tb And Ltbi Treatment
This document provides guidance on diagnosing and treating tuberculosis (TB) and latent TB infection. It discusses diagnostic tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears and cultures, and recommends thinking TB in the differential diagnosis for those with persistent cough, fever or weight loss. Standard TB treatment involves 4 first-line drugs for 2 months followed by 2 drugs for 4 more months, with longer treatment for drug-resistant cases. Treatment of latent TB typically involves 9 months of isoniazid. Close monitoring is needed when treating TB in patients with conditions like HIV, liver disease or malnutrition.
Tuberculosis Treatment Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation
Tuberculosis Treatment Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Treatment of childhood tb
Treatment of TB in children involves using multiple drugs over an extended period to cure the infection and prevent relapse. The initial intensive phase rapidly kills many bacteria while preventing resistance, using drugs like isoniazid and rifampin daily. The continuation phase aims to sterilize lesions and prevent relapse, preferring rifampin, isoniazid and other bactericidal drugs. Special considerations are needed in dosing and treating malnourished or severely ill children. Multidrug-resistant TB requires a customized daily treatment plan using at least four effective drugs, including second-line therapies, for 12-18 months.
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1. The document provides guidelines for categorizing TB cases and treatment regimens under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It describes 5 categories of TB cases and their standard treatment regimens.
2. The document also summarizes various adverse drug reactions associated with anti-TB medications, their causative agents, clinical presentations, and management guidelines. It provides treatment guidelines for special groups including children, pregnant women, HIV patients, and those with comorbidities.
3. Guidelines are given for diagnosis and treatment of MDR-TB and XDR-TB cases. Standardized treatment regimens are recommended depending on drug susceptibility testing results and previous treatment history. Strict treatment
Case study
John, a 45-year-old male smoker, was admitted to the hospital with chest pain and a persistent cough with blood. His initial diagnosis is tuberculosis, which would be confirmed through tests like a tuberculin skin test, TB blood test, chest X-ray or CT scan, or sputum samples. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects the lungs. It is treated with a combination of antibiotics over several months.
Koch To Quantiferon
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) testing in the United States, comparing the tuberculin skin test (TST) to the Quantiferon-TB Gold in-tube test. It discusses the history and basics of TB, describes how the TST and Quantiferon tests work, and compares their specificity, sensitivity, costs, strengths, and limitations. The document recommends replacing TST screening with Quantiferon testing in high-risk US populations to reduce the TB burden, and further validating Quantiferon for children under 5.
Antibiotics in the ICU - when, what and how?
A presentation by Fredrik Sjövall at the 2017 meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Anaestesiology and Intensive Care Medicine.
All available content from SSAI2017: https://scanfoam.org/ssai2017/
Delivered in collaboration between scanFOAM, SSAI & SFAI.
Understanding Infection
The document discusses infection and the infectious process. It defines key terms like pathogens, virulence, and susceptibility. It describes the chain of infection and factors that influence susceptibility. It also discusses infection control methods like hand hygiene, immunizations, and multidrug-resistant infections. Nursing responsibilities in managing infections include assessing patients, administering antibiotics, providing treatments and education.
Pulmonaty Tuberclosis ((PTB)
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Common symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Diagnosis involves sputum testing, chest x-rays, and culture. Treatment consists of a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection spread, promoting airway clearance and nutrition, managing activity intolerance, and ensuring patient understanding to support adherence to the treatment plan.
Antibiotics in icu
This document discusses antibiotics and their use in the intensive care unit (ICU). It begins by defining key terms like infection, SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. It then discusses the most common causes of infections in the ICU, including devices, nursing care, and antibiotic overuse. The most frequent infectious organisms in the ICU are noted as gram-positive bacteria like coagulase-negative staphylococci and Candida species. Factors predisposing patients to infection and approaches for diagnosis and empiric antibiotic therapy are also summarized.
MDR Tuberculosis Case Presentation & Some facts About MDR/XDR TB
This document presents the case of a 35-year-old male patient from Rajasthan, India who is being evaluated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB). He has a history of pulmonary TB treated one year ago. He now presents with fever, cough, weight loss and weakness. Sputum tests were positive for acid-fast bacilli and resistant to several first-line drugs. He was diagnosed with MDR TB based on drug susceptibility testing. Treatment involves a regimen under India's DOTS Plus program with multiple second-line drugs over 24 months. Management of MDR TB poses clinical challenges including drug adverse effects that require monitoring.
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Management Guideline
This document provides national guidelines for drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) management in Nepal. It outlines the background and burden of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) worldwide and in Nepal. Key points include an estimated 558,000 incident cases of MDR-TB globally in 2017, with treatment success at only 55%. In Nepal, around 1500 cases of DR-TB occur annually, though only 350-450 are notified. The guidelines cover diagnosis, treatment regimens, management, and monitoring of DR-TB.
Antibiotic choice in icu 20.10.04 final
This document discusses antibiotic choice in the ICU. It provides epidemiological data from studies on infections in ICU patients. The most common infections are pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and UTIs. The pathogens vary between different ICU profiles such as medical, surgical, and pediatric ICUs. Principles of antibiotic use include targeting the likely pathogen while minimizing toxicity. Empirical antibiotic choices are discussed for common ICU infections like pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and UTIs. Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem addressed as well.
Tuberculosis treatment
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB) treatment, including:
1. The goals of TB treatment are to cure patients, prevent death from active TB, prevent relapse, decrease transmission, and prevent acquired drug resistance.
2. Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) involves decentralized diagnosis and treatment based on existing health facilities, good program management, and an evaluation system.
3. Treatment of drug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) requires specialized multi-drug regimens using second-line drugs.
A case of MDR-TB
This document presents the case of a 26-year-old female patient who was admitted with a 5-month history of intermittent fever, weight loss, cough, and breathlessness. Her past medical history includes a previous episode of pulmonary tuberculosis that was treated. On examination, she had signs of respiratory involvement including reduced breath sounds and crackles on the right side. Investigations showed infiltrates on the right lung. She was started on treatment but did not improve. Further testing revealed she had inh resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. She was referred for specialized management and her diagnosis was confirmed as suspected MDR-TB.
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Similar to Tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Initial infection occurs when bacteria enter the lungs through inhaled droplets. The bacteria are phagocytosed by macrophages but can avoid destruction, multiply within granulomas, and spread through the bloodstream. Left untreated, the infection can spread within the lungs and to other organs. Diagnosis involves sputum culture, chest imaging, and tuberculin skin testing. Standard treatment is directly observed therapy with multiple antibiotics over 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance.
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The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including:
- Causative agent, symptoms, and modes of transmission
- Disease burden globally and in India
- Diagnostic methods under India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) including sputum smear microscopy, culture-based tests, and molecular tests
- Evolution of TB control in India from early programs to NTEP, which aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025
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Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lung parenchyma but can spread to other organs. Risk factors include close contact with an active case, immunocompromised status, substance abuse, poor living conditions, and coming from a country with high TB rates. The bacteria are transmitted via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest x-ray, and sputum culture and analysis. Treatment consists of a multi-drug regimen for 6-12 months to prevent resistance and includes isoniazid, rifampin,
tuberculosis (1).pptx
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It notes that TB is transmitted via airborne droplets and its major risk factors include close contact with active TB cases, immunosuppression, poverty, and smoking. Diagnosis involves sputum microscopy, culture, nucleic acid tests, chest imaging, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment follows the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course) strategy to cure TB and prevent drug resistance.
Tuberculosis,TB,COMMUNITY MEDICINE,MBBS,MD,BPH,MPH,DR NARENDRA KUMAR YADAV
Tuberculosis,TB,COMMUNITY MEDICINE,MBBS,MD,BPH,MPH,DR NARENDRA KUMAR YADAVKarnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS)
TB,COMMUNITY MEDICINE,MBBS,MD,BPH,MPH,DR NARENDRA KUMAR YADAVTuberculosis
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and commonly affects the lungs and central nervous system. It is transmitted through inhalation of airborne particles. The bacteria spread via the lymphatic system and blood after initial infection of the lungs. Symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, cough, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves the Mantoux skin test. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide over several months to kill active and dormant bacteria. Patients are counseled on medication side effects, lifestyle changes and preventing transmission.
FundamentalsofTB.pdf
- TB cases in the US decreased from 1953 to 1984 but increased 20% from 1985 to 1992, with 25,313 cases reported in 1993. Since then, cases have declined steadily.
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A 25-year-old man presented to the casualty ward with deep wounds on both legs from an injury the previous day. He had received the tetanus toxoid vaccine 12 years ago. The wounds were cleaned and sutured if necessary. Antibiotics were administered within 6 hours to prevent tetanus. The man also received a booster dose of the tetanus toxoid vaccine due to the long interval since his last dose to actively immunize against tetanus infection from the wounds.
Tb
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Tb
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definition of pulmonary tuberculosis, types, causes and risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, first line treatment, second line treatment, prevention, DOTs chemotherapy, surgical management of resection procedure, physiological lungs exclusion, nursing management.
Tb
This document discusses pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). PTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is an airborne infectious disease. The document defines PTB and outlines learning outcomes which include describing the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, and management of PTB. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment which involves medication administration and directly observed therapy, and nursing management are all discussed in relation to PTB.
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This document provides an overview of leprosy (Hansen's disease), including:
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- It is transmitted through droplets from the nose and mouth of untreated cases.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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- 3. Symptoms
- 6. DIAGNOSIS • Sputum test • Chest x-ray examination • Skin test and blood tests • Skin Test : Mantoux tuberculin skin test • Tuberculin is injected under the skin in lower arm • Reaction on arm is observed within 48-72 hours
- 8. Treatment • Treatment lasts for 6 to 12 months • Take drugs exactly as prescribed • Disease may reoccur if medication is interrupted or incorrect medication • DOT (Direct Observed Therapy) :government Health centers • Patient with symptoms DOT gives medicines and monitors patients health • Bedaquiline • Delamanid • Linezolid • Rifapentine (for LTBI –Latent TB infection) • Terizidone • MDR-TB (Multi-drug resistant TB ) and XDR-TB (Extensively drug resistant)
- 9. Prevention and precautions • Vaccination to newborn with BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin); Vacccination doesn’t prevents for lifetime. • After caring for patients hand wash with soap • Wear gloves and and gowns when touching the patient • Clean/disinfect the patient’s room • Place the patient in isolated room • Provide facemask to patient • Launch awareness program about spread, symptoms and treatment • Treat TB patients with standardized treatment under medical supervision
- 10. Thank you