I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari BSc from science college Multan MSC university of education Lahore i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents

1. HAFIZ
MUHAMMAD
WASEEM
LAHORE
PAKISTAN

2. Applied Ecology
ZOOL3118
UNIVESITY OF EDUCATION
LAHORE PAKISTAN

3. Key Topics
• Primary and secondary productions
• Trophic levels and energy variation with increasing trophic levels
• Energy flow, food chains and food webs

4. FUNCTION OF AN ECOSYSTEM
• Productivity of Ecosystem
amount of organic matter accumulated/ unit time
• Primary productivity: rate at which radiant energy is stored by
photosynthetic and chemosynthetic producers
• Secondary productivity: rate of energy storage at consumer level
• Net productivity: rate of storage of organic matter not used by the
heterotrophs or consumers

5. • Secondary productivity: rate of energy storage at
consumer level
• Consumers utilize already produced food in their respiration
and also convert the food matter to different tissues. So,
secondary productivity is not divided into ‘gross’ and ‘net’

7. Food Chains in Ecosystems
• The patterns of eating and being eaten forms a linear chain called food chain
which can always be traced back to the producers
• In an ecosystem energy transfers from one trophic level to other in succession
• A trophic level can be defined as the nth position of the organism in the food
chain or number of links by which it is separated from the producer

8. Food Chains in Ecosystems
• primary producers trap radiant energy and transfer that to chemical or potential
energy of organic compounds
• When a herbivore animal eats a plant, organic compounds are oxidized, the
energy liberated and some of the energy is converted into heat
• If this animal, in turn, is eaten by another one, along with transfer of energy
from a herbivore to carnivore a further decrease in useful energy
• Such transfer of energy from organism to organism sustains the ecosystem

9. • The number of steps in a food chain are always restricted
Why???
• At each trophic level in a food chain, a large portion of energy is used for its
own maintenance and ultimately lost as heat
• organisms in each trophic level pass on less and less energy than they receive
• This tends to limit the number of steps or trophic levels to four or five
• The longer the food chain, the less is the energy available to the final member

10. • In nature, basically two types of food chains
• Grazing food chain
• Detritus food chain
• Grazing food chain: Starts from the living green plants, to grazing herbivores
and on to the carnivores
• Ecosystems with such type of food chain are directly dependent on an influx of
solar radiation

11. • Detritus food chain: starts with organic wastes, exudates and dead matter
from the grazing food chain, termed detritus
• The energy contained in this detritus serves as the source of energy for
detritivores
• In grazing food chain energy storage is entirely within the tissues of living
organisms while energy storage for the detritus food chain may be largely
external to the organisms and in the detritus itself

12. Food web
• In nature simple food chains occur rarely
• The same organism may operate at more than
one trophic level
• An organism may be eaten by several
organisms
• An organism may feed upon several different
organisms
• In an ecosystem various food chains are
linked together and intersect each other to
form a complex network called food web

13. ECOLOGICAL/ ELTONIAN PYRAMIDS
• Graphical representation of trophic relationship is called “Ecological
pyramid”
• In many ecological pyramids, the producer form the base and the successive
trophic levels make up the apex

14. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• Terrestrial ecosystems and shallow water ecosystems contain gradually
sloping pyramids because producers remain large and characterized by an
accumulation of organic matter
• In aquatic ecosystems the pyramid of biomass for is inverted
• primary production is concentrated in the microscopic algae.
• At any one point in time the standing crop is low

15. Types of Ecological Pyramids
• Pyramid of number. The number of individual organisms at different trophic
levels of food chain
• Pyramid of biomass. The biomass of the members of the food chain present
at any one time forms the pyramid of the biomass
• Pyramid of energy. The pyramid indicates the amount of energy flow at each
level
15

16. Pyramid of number

17. Pyramid of biomass

18. Pyramid of energy

19. Books for reference
1. Essentials of Ecology by G. Tyler Miller and Scotte. Spoolman
2. Ecology by PS Verma and VK Aarwal
3. Ecology: Concepts and Applications by MC Molles

20. FUNCTION OF AN ECOSYSTEM
• Primary productivity
• Gross primary productivity: total rate of photosynthesis including
the organic matter used up in respiration during the period
• GPP depends on the chlorophyll content (chl/g dry weight/ unit area)
or amount of CO2 fixed/g chl/hour
• Net primary productivity. It is the rate of storage of organic matter
in plant tissues in excess of the respiratory utilization by plants during
the measurement period.