The document discusses marine ecosystems, defining them as saltwater habitats that include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries, and emphasizes their importance in providing various resources and services, including food security and natural defenses. It outlines biotic and abiotic factors that influence these ecosystems, highlights the biodiversity of marine life, and mentions significant references related to marine ecosystems and their global changes. Overall, healthy marine ecosystems are vital for both the environment and society.

1. HAFIZ
MUHAM
MAD
WASEEM
LAHORE
PAKIST
AN

2. MARINE ECOSYSTEM
UNIVESITY OF EDUCATION
LAHORE PAKISTAN

3. DEFINITION
• SEA/OCEAN WATER ECOSYSTEM
• MARINE WATER ECOSYSTEM
• WATER WITH HIGH SALT CONCENTRATION
• NaCl (SODIUM CHLORIDE)

4. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
• oceans, coral reefs and estuaries
• oceans are the world's largest
ecosystems
• are considered to cover the shore as
far as tidal waters come in

6. MARINE ECOSYTEMS
• marshes,
• tidal zones,
• estuaries,
• the mangrove forest,
• lagoons,
• sea grass beds,
• the sea floor, and
• the coral reefs

7. BIOTIC FACTORS
• Biotic factors include plants, animals,
fungi, algae, and bacteria

8. ABIOTIC FACTORS
• Abiotic factors include
• sunlight,
• temperature,
• moisture,
• wind or water currents,
• soil type, and
• nutrient availability

9. ZONES/LAYERS OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM

12. IMPORTANCE
• Healthy marine ecosystems important for
society since
• they provide services including food
security, feed for livestock ,
• raw materials for medicines,
• building materials from coral rock and
• sand, and natural defenses against hazards
such as coastal erosion and inundation.

14. • Marine ecosystems are an important part of
the world, because the marine
ecosystems give
• marine life such as: tiny plankton, fish,
crustaceans,invertebrates,reptiles, marine M
ammals, sharks, and rays a place to live and
survive. It also gives those marine animals a
place to hunt.

16. BIODIVERSITY
• Fish - Sharks, swordfish, tuna, clown
fish, grouper, stingray, flatfish, eels,
rockfish, seahorse, sunfish mola, and
gars.
• Marine mammals - Blue whales, seals,
walruses, dolphins, manatees, and
otters.

18. REFERENCES
• Barange M, Field JG, Harris RP, Eileen E, Hofmann
EE, Perry RI and Werner F (2010) Marine Ecosystems
and Global Change Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955802-5
• Boyd IL, Wanless S and Camphuysen CJ (2006) Top
predators in marine ecosystems: their role in
monitoring and management Volume 12 of
Conservation biology series. Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84773-5