Transposable elements are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. They are present in all domains of life and have been shown to drive evolution by causing mutations through insertion, deletion, and rearrangement. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize in the 1940s and was awarded a Nobel Prize for this work. Transposable elements are classified as DNA transposons or retrotransposons, and can be further divided into autonomous and non-autonomous types based on their ability to excise and transpose independently.

2. Transposone Presented by: Salar Bakhtiyari

3. They are discrete sequence in the genome that are mobile they are able to transport themselves to other location. Other names: Jumping genes Selfish DNAs Molecular parasites Controlling elements TEs are present in the genome all species of three domains Transposable Elements

4. What do we want to know about mobile genetics elements? 1 – The history of mobile genetic elements 2 – The classification of TEs 3 – The structure of TEs 4 – The mechanism of transposition 5 – The effects of TEs on gene and genome 6 – The use of TEs as molecular tools

5. Why study mobile genetic elements? They are the major forces driving evolution They can cause genome rearrangement (mutation , deletion and insertion ) They have wide range of application potentials

6. The discovery of mobile genetic elements Transposable elements Phage Plasmid DNA

7. The discovery of transposable elements Barbara Mc Clintock discovered TEs in maize (1983) Her work on chromosome breakage began by investigating genetic instability (1983) Observing variegated patterns of pigmentation in maize plant and kernels New kinds of genetic instability She spent the next tree decades for this genetic elements Controlling elements (1956)

8. Barbara Mc Clintock 1902  1980 ( noble in 1984)

9. Plasmid , phage Cell to cell conjugation Bactriophage mediated transduction Bill Hayes ( 1952 ) Ellin Wollman and Francois Jancob , 1961 Alan Campbell

10. Classification of transposable elements DNA transposons Retrotransposons

11. Autonomous and non autonomous elements Both class are subdivided into distinct superfamilies and families Structure feature , internal organization , the size of target site duplication , sequence similarities at the DNA and protein levels Autonomous : they have the ability to excise and transpose non autonomous elements They don’t transpose They become unstable only when an autonomous member of same family is present elsewhere in the genome They are derived from autonomous elements A family consists of single type of autonomous element accompanied by many varieties of non autonomous elements

13. DNA based elements Insertion sequence (IS) The simplest (smallest) transposons are called IS The IS elements are normal constituents of bacterial chromosome and plasmids Spontaneous mutation of the lac and gal operons They are autonomous units ,each of which codes only transposase

14. Structure of IS

15. Composite transposone One class of large transposons are called Composite transposons They carring the druge marker is flanked on either side by arms that consist of IS elements IS modules - identical (both functional: Tn9; Tn903) or closely related (differ in functional ability: Tn10; Tn5) 1. A functional IS module can transpose either itself or the entire transposon

16. Mechanism of transposition The stugger between the cuts determines the length of the direct repeats. The target repeat is characteristic of each transposon; reflects the geometry of the cutting enzyme Direct repeats are generated by introduction of staggered cuts whose protruding ends are linked to the transposon .

17. Mechanism of transposition 1- Replicative transpositon Replicative : Transposon is duplicated ; a copy of the original element is made at a recipient site(TnA); donor keeps original copy Transposition- an increase in the number of Tn copies ENZs: transposase (acts on the ends of original Tn) and resolvase (acts on the duplicated copies)

18. Mechanism of transposition 2 - Nonreplicative Nonreplicative : Transposon moves from one site to another and is conserved; breaks in donor repaired b) IS and Tn10 and Tn5 use this mechanism; no Tn copy increase c) ENZs: only transposase

19. The first stages of Both replicative and non-replicative transpositio are semilar IS elements, prokaryotic eukaryotic transposons, and bacteriophage Mu . Donor cut 1. Synapsis stage - two ends of transposon are brought together 3. . Nicked ends joine crosswise;covalent connection between the transposon the target 2. Transposon nicked at both ends; target nicked at both strands

20. cuts in trans transfers in trans 22 bp Mu integrates by nonreplicative transposition; during lytic cycle- number of copies amplified by replicative transposition - MuA binds to ends as tetramer forming a synapsis . - MuA subunits act in trans to cut next to R1 and L1 (coordinately; two active sites to manipulate DNA). - MuA acts in trans to cut the target site DNA and mediate in trans strand transfer

21. The chemistry of Donor and target cut The 3’-ends ends groups released from flanking DNA by donor cut reaction They are nuclophile that attack phosphodiester bonds in target DNA Cutting of both ends 3 ‘ OH 3 ‘ OH 3 ‘ OH 3 ‘ OH Cutting of 3 ‘ end only

22. The product of these reaction is strand transfer complex In strand transfer complex transposon is connected to the target site through one strand at each end Next step differs and determines the type of transposition: Strand transfer complex can be target for replication (replicative transposition) or for repair (nonreplicative transposition; breakage & reunion ) transposon target Strand transfer complex

23. Molecular mechanism of transposition (I) Replicative transposition Replicative transposition proceeds through a cointegrate . Transposition may fuse a donor and recipient replicon into a cointegrate. Resolution releases two replicons-each has copy of the transposon

24. Replicative transposition Ligation to target ends 3. 3’-ends prime replication The crossover structure contains a single stranded region at each of the staggered ends= pseudoreplication forks that provide template for DNA synthesis Donor and target cut cointegrate .

25. Non-replicative Replicative additional nicking common structure Breakage & reunion

26. Retrotransposon ( retroposons ) Use of an RNA Intermediate element is transcribed reverse transcriptase produces a double-stranded DNA copy for insertion at another site they as other elements generating short direct repeat

27. Types of Retrotransposons 1 – viral superfamily (autonomousretrotransposon) retrovirus LTR- retrotransposon LINES 2 – nonviral superfamily (non autonomous retransposons) SINES non LTR- retrotransposon

28. retrovirus RNA reverstranscriptase Liner DNA Integration provirus Transcription RNA

29. LTR - retrotrasposon pol Reverse transcriptase (RT) Integrase (IN) Ribonuclease H (RH) gag env ?

30. mechanism of transposition Integrase acts on both the retrotransposon line DNA and target DNA The integrase bring the ends of the linear DNA together Generate 2 base recessed 3’ -ends and staggered end in target DNA 3’-ends 5’-ends

31. Non – LTR retrovirus LINES = long interspersed elements SINES = short interspersed elements don’t terminate in the LTRs they are significant part of relatively short sequence of mammalian genomes .

32. Effect of transposabli elements on gene and genome TEs cause a varity of change in the genome of their hosts this ability to induce mutation depend on their of capability of transposing some arrangement can be beneficial they can advantageous for adaptation to new environment play important role in evolution . they have the ability to rearrange genomic information in several ways 1 – Modification of gene expression 2 – Alternation gene sequence 3 – Chromosomal structural changes

33. Modification of gene expression insertion of a TE within or adjacent to a gene the element blocks or alters the pattern of transcription . i nsertion of Fot1 in a intron of niad ( F . oxysporum ) different mutant transcripts all were shorter They result from: - presence of termination signal - presence of an alternative promotor

34. Alternation gene sequence cut and pate mechanism often produce variation when they excise . the excision process may result in addition of a few base pair ( footprint ) at donor site . these footprint cause diversification of nucleotide sequence and new functional alleles Example : Fot1 and Impala generally leave 4 bp – ( 108 ) or 5 – ( 63 ) foot prints excision of the Asco - 1 transposon in A .immersus Deletions of a a few to up to 1713 nucleotide in b2 gene larger deletion led to variety of phenotypes in spore coloration

35. Chromosomal structural changes TEs can produce a series of genome rearrangment through ectopic recombination deletion , duplication , inversion and translucation mediate by TEs ( Drosophila , Yeast , human ) karyoptypic variation in natural isolate in fungai high level of chromosome – length polymorphism ( Magnoporthe grisea , F. oxysporum ) translocation tox1 of Cochliobolus heterostrophus appearance of new virulence alleles in M . grisea

36. Use as strain specific diagnostic tools TEs are often restricted to specific strains identify specific pathogen in plant pathology Fot1 ( F. oxysporum f sp. albedians ) provide PCR targets a sensitive detection thechnique to prevent the introduction of pathogenic form - race of F. oxysporum responsible of carnation wilt - date palm pathogen Use of TEs as molecular tools

37. Use of TEs as molecular tools MGR 586 ( Magneporthe grisea ) oryza : 30 – 50 wheat and other ( 1 – 2 ) they have used to distinguish genetically divergent population fingerprinting of isolates pathogenic to oil palm tree. ( F. oxysporum , palm ) Tools for the analysis of population structure

38. Gene tagging with transposable elements arise mutant phenotype Disrupt target gene Use of TEs as molecular tools jumping into coding region Target gene can easily determined by PCR methods

39. Thanks for attention