Transposone And Retrotransposone
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Transposable elements are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. They are present in all domains of life and have been shown to drive evolution by causing mutations through insertion, deletion, and rearrangement. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize in the 1940s and was awarded a Nobel Prize for this work. Transposable elements are classified as DNA transposons or retrotransposons, and can be further divided into autonomous and non-autonomous types based on their ability to excise and transpose independently.
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Transposones
This document discusses transposons, which are DNA segments that can move within a genome. Transposons carry genes and can generate DNA rearrangements that impact cell survival and evolution. They encode transposase proteins that catalyze the transposition process. There are different types of transposons based on their mechanism of movement, including cut-and-paste transposons, replicative transposons, and retrotransposons. Examples like Tn3 and bacteriophage Mu are provided. Transposons can cause mutations and have played a significant role in genome alteration and evolution over time.
Retrotransposons
Retrotransposons are genetic elements that copy and paste themselves throughout the genome using an RNA intermediate and reverse transcription. There are two main types: LTR retrotransposons, which mimic retroviruses through reverse transcription of an RNA copy into DNA; and non-LTR retrotransposons like LINEs and SINEs. LINEs (Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements) are autonomous retrotransposons over 6kb with endonuclease and reverse transcriptase proteins. SINEs (Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements) are shorter than 300bp and non-autonomous, relying on LINEs to reverse transcribe themselves.
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This document discusses transposons, which are DNA segments that can move within a genome. Transposons carry genes and can generate DNA rearrangements that impact cell survival and evolution. They encode transposase proteins that catalyze the transposition process. There are different types of transposons based on their mechanism of movement, including cut-and-paste transposons, replicative transposons, and retrotransposons. Examples like Tn3 and bacteriophage Mu are provided. Transposons can cause mutations and have played a significant role in genome alteration and evolution over time.
Retrotransposons
Retrotransposons are genetic elements that copy and paste themselves throughout the genome using an RNA intermediate and reverse transcription. There are two main types: LTR retrotransposons, which mimic retroviruses through reverse transcription of an RNA copy into DNA; and non-LTR retrotransposons like LINEs and SINEs. LINEs (Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements) are autonomous retrotransposons over 6kb with endonuclease and reverse transcriptase proteins. SINEs (Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements) are shorter than 300bp and non-autonomous, relying on LINEs to reverse transcribe themselves.
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type of genes - jumping genes
Transposable elements, also called jumping genes, are DNA sequences that can move within a genome. They are found in all organisms and make up a large percentage of some genomes, such as 45% of the human genome. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize in 1948. There are two main types - retrotransposons that move via an RNA intermediate and DNA transposons that move directly as DNA. Transposition can occur through replicative or non-replicative mechanisms. Transposons can have mutagenic effects but also have applications in genetic engineering and gene discovery.
Transposable elements
Transposable elements, also known as jumping genes, are DNA sequences that can move within genomes. They were first discovered in the 1940s and are common across eukaryotes. Transposable elements are divided into two classes - retrotransposons, which move via an RNA intermediate, and DNA transposons, which move via a cut-and-paste mechanism. While transposable element movement can cause mutations, they also contribute to genetic diversity and evolution through processes like exon shuffling. Eukaryotes have developed epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and small interfering RNAs to regulate and silence transposable elements in genomes.
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS
This document discusses transposable elements (TEs), which are segments of DNA that can change positions within the genome. It classifies TEs into two classes based on their mechanism of transposition. Class 1 elements use a "cut and paste" mechanism involving transposase, while Class 2 retrotransposons use reverse transcriptase in a "copy and paste" mechanism. Examples of TEs discussed include Ac-Ds elements in maize, P elements in Drosophila, and LINEs and SINEs in humans. The effects of TE insertion include gene mutation, changes in gene regulation, gene duplication, deletion, and chromosome rearrangements. Applications of TEs include their use as cloning vectors and providing raw material for evolution
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Transposons ppt
Transposons are DNA sequences that can change position within a genome. Barbara McClintock first discovered transposons in corn in the 1940s. There are two classes of transposons: class I (retrotransposons) move via an RNA intermediate, while class II (DNA transposons) move directly via a cut-and-paste mechanism. Transposons make up a large percentage of many genomes and can cause mutations when they insert into genes, which has implications for genetic disease and genome evolution.
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Tranposable
Barbara McClintock first discovered transposable elements in corn in the 1940.
Transposable elements, transposons or even jumping genes are regions of genome that can move from one place to another.
The first transposable element is discovered in bacteria is called insertion sequences or IS elements. It turns out that these are the simplest transposons.
The final method of changing the DNA in a genome that we will consider isΒ transposition, which is the movement of DNA from one location to another. Segments of DNA with this ability to move are calledΒ transposable elements.
Reeta yadav. roll no. 02. transposable element in eukaryotes.
This document discusses transposable elements in eukaryotes. It begins by introducing transposable elements as DNA sequences that can move within genomes. It then covers the discovery of early transposable elements like Ac and Ds in maize. It describes different types of transposable elements like retrotransposons, including viral retrotransposons like Ty1 in yeast and non-viral retrotransposons like LINEs and SINEs in humans. The document concludes by discussing the significance of transposable elements in genome evolution and genetic variation.
Transposons
Transposable elements, also known as jumping genes, are DNA sequences that can move within genomes. They are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and make up over 50% of some genomes. There are three main types: DNA transposons which move DNA directly; retrotransposons which move via an RNA intermediate; and poly-A retrotransposons which encode reverse transcriptase. Transposition occurs through excision of the element from one site and insertion into another, sometimes disrupting genes and causing mutations. While causing mutations, transposons also contribute to genetic diversity.
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Reeta yadav. roll no. 01. transposable elements in prokaryotes
This document discusses bacterial transposons, which are DNA sequences that can change position within a genome. It describes different types of bacterial transposons including insertion sequence (IS) elements, composite transposons, and non-composite transposons. It notes that many bacterial transposons carry antibiotic resistance genes, allowing easy transmission of resistance between organisms via conjugation. The spread of transposons has profound medical significance in enabling the development and transmission of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
Microsatellites
Microsatellites are short tandem repeats of 1-6 base pair nucleotide motifs that are highly polymorphic and abundant throughout eukaryotic genomes. They are classified as simple if they contain one repeat type or composite if they contain more than one type. Slippage of DNA polymerase during replication causes variation in the number of repeats. Microsatellites are co-dominantly inherited, making them useful genetic markers. They are developed by creating enriched libraries with flanking sequence information needed for primer design. The polymorphic information content metric measures a marker's usefulness by considering allele frequencies. Microsatellites have been widely used for linkage analysis, forensics, and population genetics due to their abundance, high variability, and Mendelian inheritance
Banana Transposable Elements: The hAT DNA element story PAGXXIII
W071 Transposable Elements and Their Evolution in Musa
Date: Tuesday, January 13, 2015
Pat Heslop-Harrison, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
Gerhard Menzel, UniversitΓ€t Dresden, Germany
Tony Heitkam, Faisal Nouroz,Trude Schwarzacher, Thomas Schmidt
Like other plant species, DNA transposable elements and retrotransposons represent a large fraction of the Musa genome. Mobile elements can be identified 1) by homology to known elements; 2) by characteristic sequence properties such are repeats and short duplications; and 3) by studying their mobility and insertions/deletions in comparisons of homologous or homoeologous chromosome sequences. We have used all three approaches in Musa and I will show results showing the nature of unselected mobile sequences in Musa accessions. Many of the active elements proved to belong to the hAT family of DNA transposons, where there has been limited information on their diversity, abundance and chromosomal localization in plants. Chromosomal in situ hybridization, in silico analysis of genomic sequences, Southern hybridization and biodiversity panels were used to show three major families of the elements in Musa, with some 70 complete autonomous elements, and abundant hAT-related MITEs (Miniature inverted tandem elements).MuhAT transposons and MuhMITEs were localized in subtelomeric, most likely gene-rich regions, of chromosomes. Variation between homologous chromosomes and transduplications of genomic sequences indicate activity of the transposons and suggest a role for the MITEs in modulation of genomic behaviour.
Further details from www.molcyt.com;
hAt element analysis: Chromosome Research 2015 DOI 10.1007/s10577-014-9445-5.
Transposons
Presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan at Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, NewDelhi on 13.02.2014.
Microsatellite instability
This document provides background information on microsatellite instability (MSI). It discusses how microsatellites are short repetitive sequences prone to mutations during DNA replication due to slipped strand mispairing or unequal crossing over. MSI occurs when mutations inactivate DNA mismatch repair genes, leading to length alterations in microsatellite regions. This causes microsatellite instability, which is seen in certain cancers like colorectal cancer and can be assessed through testing tumor DNA for instability in microsatellite markers. Immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins or direct testing for MSI can help identify tumors associated with defective mismatch repair and microsatellite instability.
Subtle animated2
transposable genetic mateial are also known as jumping genes and they play very important role in the evolution of species.
MICROSATELITE Markers for LIVESTOCK Genetic DIVERSITY ANALYSES
This document discusses the use of microsatellite markers for analyzing genetic diversity in livestock. It begins by providing background on livestock diversity and the threats to many breeds. It then describes microsatellites and how they are useful genetic markers for studies of diversity and relatedness. The document gives examples of how microsatellite data can be collected and analyzed to assess diversity within and among populations/breeds. It discusses applications such as conservation prioritization, phylogenetics, and management of genetic resources.
minisatellites
Minisatellites are sections of DNA that contain short repeating sequences between 10-60 base pairs in length. They occur at over 1,000 locations in the human genome. Minisatellites are distinguished from microsatellites by the size of the repeating sequences, with microsatellites containing repeats of 1-7 base pairs and minisatellites containing repeats of 10-100 base pairs or more. Minisatellites contain repetitive GC-rich sequences that vary in length and are found in tandem arrays, making them useful for studying DNA mutation mechanisms. Due to their high level of polymorphism, minisatellites have been extensively used for DNA fingerprinting and genetic analysis.
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Reeta yadav. roll no. 02. transposable element in eukaryotes.
Reeta yadav. roll no. 02. transposable element in eukaryotes.
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Reeta yadav. roll no. 01. transposable elements in prokaryotes
Reeta yadav. roll no. 01. transposable elements in prokaryotes
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Banana Transposable Elements: The hAT DNA element story PAGXXIII
Banana Transposable Elements: The hAT DNA element story PAGXXIII
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MICROSATELITE Markers for LIVESTOCK Genetic DIVERSITY ANALYSES
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Similar to Transposone And Retrotransposone
transposable element presentation from Misha
Transposable elements are DNA sequences that can change positions within a genome. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock in corn in the 1940s. There are three main mechanisms of transposition: replicative, conservative, and retrotransposition. Transposable elements are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and can cause mutations, gene alterations, and genetic diversity. They have applications in mutagenesis and gene expression studies but can also contribute to genetic diseases.
Transposons
Transposons are pieces of DNA that can move within genomes. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock in the 1950s moving within corn genomes. Transposons encode transposase enzymes that facilitate their movement by cutting and pasting the transposon into new locations. They have been found in bacteria, archaea, plants and animals. Transposons can carry additional genes that provide benefits to their host like antibiotic resistance and thus facilitate horizontal gene transfer. Their movement contributes to genome evolution and diversity.
transposons
Transposable elements, also known as jumping genes, are segments of DNA that can change positions within a genome. There are two main types: transposons, which can carry additional genes, and retrotransposons, which move via an RNA intermediate. Transposition occurs through a "cut and paste" mechanism - the transposon is cut out of the donor DNA and inserted elsewhere, sometimes duplicating itself in the process. This movement can cause mutations by disrupting genes. Transposons have been useful for genetic engineering and mutagenesis experiments.
transposons.ppt
Transposable elements are segments of DNA that can change their position within the genome. They are divided into two classes based on their mechanism of movement. Class 1 elements encode reverse transcriptase and form DNA copies from RNA transcripts. Class 2 elements encode proteins that directly move the DNA. Transposable elements in prokaryotes include insertion sequences (IS elements) and transposons, while eukaryotes also contain retrotransposons similar to retroviruses. Transposition can disrupt genes or regulatory sequences and cause mutations. McClintock's work with maize introduced the concept of mobile genetic elements controlling gene expression.
Bacterial Transposons
Bacterial transposons are mobile segments of DNA that can move within bacterial genomes. There are two main types: insertion sequences, which consist only of the DNA required for transposition; and composite transposons, which contain additional genes like antibiotic resistance genes flanked by insertion sequences. Transposons can move within genomes through replicative or conservative transposition and have played an important role in bacterial evolution and antibiotic resistance.
Transposable Elements
A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genome size.
Transposition often results in duplication of the TE.
Barbara McClintock's discovery of these jumping genes earned her a Nobel Prize in 1983.
Transposable elements make up a large fraction of the genome and are responsible for much of the C-value of eukaryotic cells.
Bacterial transposable elements
Transposable elements are DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome. They are common in bacteria and include insertion sequences (IS elements) and larger transposons. IS elements are short sequences that can insert into bacterial chromosomes, while transposons are composed of IS elements flanking additional genes. Transposition occurs via either replicative or conservative mechanisms, with replicative resulting in duplication of the transposable element. Transposition can cause mutations but also increases genome flexibility and is useful for genetic engineering applications like insertional mutagenesis.
Mobile DNA elements
This document discusses different types of mobile DNA elements, including transposable elements found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes four main types of bacterial transposons: insertion sequences (IS elements), composite transposons, bacteriophage Mu, and Tn10. IS elements are the simplest, while composite transposons contain genes unrelated to transposition. Tn10 is a composite transposon containing genes for tetracycline resistance. The document also discusses retrotransposons in eukaryotes, which move via an RNA intermediate, unlike prokaryotic DNA transposons which move directly as DNA.
Transposibleelements.pptx
This document discusses transposable elements, which are mobile genetic elements that can move within genomes. It describes different types of transposable elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, examples discussed include insertion sequence (IS) elements and transposons. In eukaryotes, examples of transposable elements found in corn, yeast, and Drosophila are described. The mechanisms of both replicative and non-replicative transposition are summarized. Barbara McClintock's pioneering discoveries of transposable elements in corn through her studies of kernel color are also highlighted.
trnspsns-170820132104.pdf
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s while studying maize. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. There are two classes - Class 1 retrotransposons copy themselves via an RNA intermediate while Class 2 DNA transposons cut and paste themselves directly. Transposons make up a large percentage of many genomes and can cause mutations but also contribute to genome evolution and diversity.
Transposons in bacteria
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s while studying maize. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. There are two classes - Class 1 retrotransposons copy and paste RNA into DNA, while Class 2 DNA transposons cut and paste DNA segments. Transposons make up a large portion of many genomes and can cause mutations, but may also create genetic diversity that benefits hosts over time. McClintock received the Nobel Prize for discovering transposons and proposing they play a regulatory role in gene expression.
Transposable elements
Transposable elements are DNA sequences that can change position within a genome. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize and earned a Nobel Prize. There are three main types of transposons: cut-and-paste transposons excise and reinsert DNA; copy-and-paste transposons replicate before insertion; and retrotransposons move via an RNA intermediate. Transposons are found across organisms and can impact genome size and mutation rates.
Transposable Elements or Transposition
Transposable elements, also known as transposons or jumping genes, are sequences of DNA that can change positions within a genome. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize in the 1940s. There are two main mechanisms of transposition - replicative transposition, where the transposon replicates before moving to a new location, and non-replicative transposition, where the transposon cuts and pastes without replicating. Major bacterial transposons include insertion sequences, Tn3, and Tn10, which use different transposition mechanisms. Eukaryotic transposons were first discovered in maize and include the Ac and Ds elements, which alter maize kernel color, as
Transposition
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in corn in the 1940s. Transposons are DNA sequences that can change position within a genome through a "cut and paste" mechanism. There are two main types of transposons: those that move via a DNA intermediate, either replicatively or non-replicatively; and retrotransposons, which move via an RNA intermediate. Transposons make up about 45% of the human genome and can cause mutations by inserting into genes, though they are also used as tools for genetic engineering and mutagenesis experiments.
STRUCTURE OF TRANSPOSONS.docx
DNA transposons, also called jumping genes, can move to different locations within a genome. They move through a DNA intermediate rather than an RNA intermediate like retrotransposons. There are two main classes of DNA transposons - autonomous, which can move on their own, and non-autonomous, which require a transposase enzyme from another element to move. DNA transposons move around the genome via three main mechanisms: cut-and-paste transposition, rolling circle transposition (Helitrons), or self-synthesis (Polintons).
Transposons(jumping genes)
Transposons are segments of DNA that can move, or "jump", from one location in the genome to another. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock in her studies of maize. Transposons make up over 50% of the human genome. There are two classes - Class I retrotransposons move via an RNA intermediate, while Class II transposons move directly from DNA to DNA. Transposition occurs through a "cut and paste" mechanism where the transposon is excised from one location and inserted into a new random site in the genome. While transposons can disrupt gene function, recent evidence suggests they may also help organisms adapt to environmental stress.
Transposable elements suk
This document discusses different types of mobile genetic elements including transposable elements and retroelements. Transposable elements are divided into two classes - Class 1 contains DNA-mediated elements like transposons that can move within genomes, while Class 2 contains retroelements like retrotransposons and retroviruses that move via an RNA intermediate and can move between genomes. The document provides details on the mechanisms, structures, and roles of these different mobile genetic elements in genome evolution and their applications in genetic engineering.
Transposable elements
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s through her genetic experiments with corn. Transposons are DNA sequences that can move and insert themselves in new locations in the genome. Over 50% of the human genome consists of transposons, particularly retrotransposons, which can insert via reverse transcription. Several marker techniques have been developed that exploit the insertion polymorphisms of retrotransposons, including S-SAP, IRAP, REMAP and RBIP. These markers allow for studies of genetic variation, gene mapping and phylogenetics.
Transposons2.pptx
transposon, class of genetic elements that can βjumpβ to different locations within a genome. Although these elements are frequently called βjumping genes,β they are always maintained in an integrated site in the genome. In addition, most transposons eventually become inactive and no longer move.1
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Transposone And Retrotransposone
- 1. Β
- 8. Barbara Mc Clintock 1902 ο 1980 ( noble in 1984)
- 12. Β
- 14. Structure of IS
- 20. cuts in trans transfers in trans 22 bp Mu integrates by nonreplicative transposition; during lytic cycle- number of copies amplified by replicative transposition - MuA binds to ends as tetramer forming a synapsis . - MuA subunits act in trans to cut next to R1 and L1 (coordinately; two active sites to manipulate DNA). - MuA acts in trans to cut the target site DNA and mediate in trans strand transfer
- 23. Molecular mechanism of transposition (I) Replicative transposition Replicative transposition proceeds through a cointegrate . Transposition may fuse a donor and recipient replicon into a cointegrate. Resolution releases two replicons-each has copy of the transposon
- 24. Replicative transposition Ligation to target ends 3. 3β-ends prime replication The crossover structure contains a single stranded region at each of the staggered ends= pseudoreplication forks that provide template for DNA synthesis Donor and target cut cointegrate .
- 25. Non-replicative Replicative additional nicking common structure Breakage & reunion
- 28. retrovirus RNA reverstranscriptase Liner DNA Integration provirus Transcription RNA
- 29. LTR - retrotrasposon pol Reverse transcriptase (RT) Integrase (IN) Ribonuclease H (RH) gag env ?