EDUCATION FOR EDUCATORS IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE EDUCATION SYSTEM.THIS PRESENTATION SHOWS THE CURRENT SCENARIO OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIA.
EDUCATION FOR EDUCATORS IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE EDUCATION SYSTEM.THIS PRESENTATION SHOWS THE CURRENT SCENARIO OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIA.
difference between naturalism,idealism and pragmatism.pptxDr. Harpal Kaur
This slide share explains main differences between four schools of philosophy i.e. idealism, naturalism, pragmatism and realism. All philosophies have been described in detail.
Scope and importance of educational psychologyAnnieThakur3
This presentation is intended to understand
Educational psychology : scope and its importance
Educational Psychology is important because it trains us to watch for different learning situations and how to adapt to those situations accordingly.
Interpretation construction (icon) design modelThiyagu K
One major and popular instructional model based the constructivist approach is Interpretation Construction Model or ICON model which emphasizes on learners’ encounter with authentic issues in pair or groups, on constructing interpretation by the learners in groups, searching for information about the problems in groups and facing different interpretations about the problems in groups. In other words, it is group-based teaching-learning co-operative as well as collaborative approach which, as it is evident, lays emphasis and importance on the inclusive and all round socio-academic growth of the learners and also in way has drawn insights from the concept of Multiple Intelligences as propounded by the eminent cognitive scientist Gardner (1993). ICON Model, as Tsai, Chin-Chung. 2011 and other scholars in educational psychology argue, mainly rests on the principles such as observation in authentic activities (Understanding Zone), contextualizing prior knowledge and interpretation construction (Understanding Zone), cognitive conflict and apprenticeship (Understanding Zone), collaboration (Application Zone), multiple interpretations (Higher Order Thinking Skill zone), and multiple manifestations (Higher Order Thinking Skill zone).
Teaching and learning is a process that includes many variables. These variables interact as learners work toward their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviours, and skills that add to their range of learning experiences.
This model guides teachers to go to the depth of the content. And helps students to attain new concepts. So the model has a great attribute on teaching -learning process.
in this ppt, we will discuss subject centred curriculum, it's characteristics, approach, assumptions, merits and demerits of subject centred curriculum
difference between naturalism,idealism and pragmatism.pptxDr. Harpal Kaur
This slide share explains main differences between four schools of philosophy i.e. idealism, naturalism, pragmatism and realism. All philosophies have been described in detail.
Scope and importance of educational psychologyAnnieThakur3
This presentation is intended to understand
Educational psychology : scope and its importance
Educational Psychology is important because it trains us to watch for different learning situations and how to adapt to those situations accordingly.
Interpretation construction (icon) design modelThiyagu K
One major and popular instructional model based the constructivist approach is Interpretation Construction Model or ICON model which emphasizes on learners’ encounter with authentic issues in pair or groups, on constructing interpretation by the learners in groups, searching for information about the problems in groups and facing different interpretations about the problems in groups. In other words, it is group-based teaching-learning co-operative as well as collaborative approach which, as it is evident, lays emphasis and importance on the inclusive and all round socio-academic growth of the learners and also in way has drawn insights from the concept of Multiple Intelligences as propounded by the eminent cognitive scientist Gardner (1993). ICON Model, as Tsai, Chin-Chung. 2011 and other scholars in educational psychology argue, mainly rests on the principles such as observation in authentic activities (Understanding Zone), contextualizing prior knowledge and interpretation construction (Understanding Zone), cognitive conflict and apprenticeship (Understanding Zone), collaboration (Application Zone), multiple interpretations (Higher Order Thinking Skill zone), and multiple manifestations (Higher Order Thinking Skill zone).
Teaching and learning is a process that includes many variables. These variables interact as learners work toward their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviours, and skills that add to their range of learning experiences.
This model guides teachers to go to the depth of the content. And helps students to attain new concepts. So the model has a great attribute on teaching -learning process.
in this ppt, we will discuss subject centred curriculum, it's characteristics, approach, assumptions, merits and demerits of subject centred curriculum
Heutagogy is self determined learning. A new approach of Learning in the fast paced world of Technology.
This theory is developed by Stewart Hase of Southern Cross University and Chris Kenyon in Australia in 2000.
Adult Student Success: How Does Awareness Correlate to Program Completion?Cengage Learning
Adult Student Success: How Does Awareness Correlate to Program Completion?
Presented by: Dr. Barbara Calabro and Dr. Melanie Yerk
Date Recorded: 12/9/2014
This installment of Cengage Learning’s College Success Faculty Engagement Webinar Series will help instructors and administrators to better understand the multi-faceted approaches to adult student success and retention by exploring the factors that specifically impact how adult students learn (including motivation, personality development, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as they relate to adult students, self-esteem, and financial literacy) and by discussing the foundational competencies necessary for success both in college and in the workplace.
Unit 3.3 Cognitive Processes
Constructivism: Knowledge Construction/Concept learning
In the quotation above, “filling up the pail” is more linked to rote learning and behaviorism. It connotes that teaching is dominated by the teacher and the learners are passive receivers of knowledge. “Lighting the fire” is related to the cognitive perspective and constructivism.
Two Views of Constructivism
Individual Constructivism. This is also called cognitive constructivism. It emphasizes individual, internal construction of knowledge. It is largely based on Piaget’s theory.
Social Constructivism. This view emphasizes that “knowledge exists in a social context and is initially shared with others instead of being represented solely in the mind of an individual”.
Characteristics of Constructivism
1. Learners construct understanding. As discussed earlier, constructivists do not view learners as just empty vessels waiting to be filled up. They see learners as active thinkers who interpret new information based on what they already know. They construct knowledge in a way that makes sense to them.
2. New learning depends on current understanding. Background information is very important. It is through the present views or scheme that the learner has, that new information will be interpreted.
3. Learning is facilitated by social interaction. Constructivists believe in creating a “community of learners” within classrooms. Learning communities help learners take responsibility for their own learning.
4. Meaningful learning occurs within authentic learning tasks. An authentic task is one that involves a learning activity that involves constructing knowledge and understanding that is so akin to the knowledge and understanding needed when applied in the real world.
Organizing Knowledge
Concepts. A concept is a way of grouping or categorizing objects or events in our mind. A concept of teach, includes a group of tasks such as model, discuss, illustrate, explain, assist, etc.
Concepts as Feature Lists. Learning a concept involves learning specific features that characterize positive instances of the concept. Included here are defining features and correlational feature. A defining feature is a characteristic present in ALL instances.
A correlational feature is one that is present in many positive instances but not essential for concept membership. For example, a mother is loving.
Concepts as Prototypes. A prototype is an idea or a visual image of a “typical example. It is usually formed based on the positive instances that learners encounter most often.
Concepts as Exemplars. Exemplars represent a variety of examples. It allows learners to know that an example under a concept may have variability.
Making Concept-learning Effective. As a future teacher, you can help students learn concepts by doing the following:
• Provide a clear definition of the concept
• Make the defining features very concrete and prominent
• Gi
Diverse Learning Styles Essay
Five Types Of Teaching Essay
The Different Types of Plagiarism Essay
Individual Learning Styles Essay
Essay about Teachers and Students
Types Of Slackers Essay
The Different Types of Sports Essay
Different Learning Styles Essay
Best Ways To Study Essay
What Kind Of Student I Am
Diversity in the Classroom Essay
Characteristics Of A Good Student Essay
Classification Essay Students
Essay about Types of Assessment Test
Different types of Bullying Essay
Types of Study Skills Essays
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. NAME: Shendkar Rupali P.
COURSE NO: 103
Teaching and Learning
UNIT: Transfer of Learning
3. Imitation
Imitation as an end is more akin to mimicry in which a
person copies another act to repeat that action again.
This kind of imitation is often observed in animals.
Imitation with a purpose utilizes the imitative act as a
means to accomplish something more significant.
4. Transfer of learning
Def-
“ The carry over habits of thinking, feeling or working of
knowledge or of skills from one learning to another
usually is referred to as transfer of leaning.” Crow &
Crow
“ Transfer of learning occurs when a person’s learning in
one situation influences his learning and performance
in other situations.”
B.L.Bigge
5. Transfer of learning
Meaning
The application or carry over learning from one act of
learning to another is called transfer of learning.
Implies the application of knowledge learnt in various
subjects and fields.
Basic to education.
Assumes that child will use whatever is taught in
school to solve problems or life after completing
formal education.
6. Forms/types of transfer of learning
1. Positive T.
2. Negative T.
3. Zero T.
1.Positive transfer-
When something previously learnt benefits performance
of learning in a new situation.
e.g. learning of math's helps in solving numerical
problems in physics.
7. Forms/types of transfer of learning
2. Negative transfer-
Previous learning hinders performance or learning in new
situation.e.g.having learnt to pronounce ‘put’ correctly
child had difficulty in learning to pronounce ‘but.’
3. Zero transfer-
in case previous learning makes no difference to learning in
a new situations.
Something previous learning may partly help and partly
hinder new learning.
e.g. learning to play baseball after learning to play tennis.
8. Forms/types of transfer of learning
3. Zero transfer-
in case previous learning makes no difference to
learning in a new situations.
Something previous learning may partly help and
partly hinder new learning.
e.g. learning to play baseball after learning to play
tennis.
9. Blind faith, superstations, traditions are accepted by
our Indians that's why new ideas, innovations we
don’t accept easily. This is the example of negative
transfer.
To remove untouchability there are so many laws
made. But if u go in the village wt do u see? The same
things is followed by the people. No one follows the
rules. High class perople don’t marry to low class
people. This is the example of
10. If a student knows to read a dictionary then he can even
read ---------------of the dictionary
The person who knows to play violoin can eaily learn
any other string instument.
The persons who knows to ride a cycle
11. Factors helpful for transfer of learning
1. Degree of transfer is closely related to the learner’s
intelligence. Transfer depends upon one's ability to
generalize and the ability to perceive relationships
between two situations. A dull students is unable to
see relationship between two situations, since he
fails to grasp the meaning of the material taught. He
learns by repetition and hence cannot apply it to a
new situations.
12. 2. Formation of attitudes and ideals helps one to
transfer the knowledge and the skill from one
situation to another.
3. the mere presence of identical elements in two
situations does not result in effective transfer. Proper
study habits have to be developed, so that students
try to see relationship between various situations and
try to apply what they know to other situations.
13. 4. Transfer relies heavily on meaningfulness of material.
when teachers teach everything and do not encourage
pupils to see relationships or generalise, students fail
to apply and thus fail to transfer what they have learnt.
14. 5. Methods of teaching which are teacher- centered
adversely affect transfer of leaning. These methods
deprive the children of the opportunity to seek
relationships and applications.
15. Educational implications
1- we have seen that transfer of learning takes place
because of similarity of content technique, method or
because of generlisation. If a student fails to detect the
two similarity between two situations, transfer will not
take place. Remember that transfer of learning does
not take place automatically. We have to teach with
transfer in mind.
16. 2. Teachers many times teach specific facts, without
getting meaningful generalizations. In the teaching of
geometry students are generally taught bisecting a
single angle in a partticular position, many of them fail
to bisect the three angles of a triangle simple because
they are acuainted with the bisection of an angle in
one one particualr position. teacher should provide
varied experiences.problems in algebra should not be
worked out only with unknowns such as x and y but
also with other unkonwns such as m,n,a, b, p,q and so
on.
17. 3. Make the learning experiences as much as possible
similar to life like situations. If democratic way of life is
accepted by the society, it should be practiced in the
school through activities such as the election of a
students council.
18. 4.sometimes, opportunities for transfer are lost because
teachers do not alert students to look for relationships and
to see how material which is being learned can be of
future usefulness. In studies of transfer value of foreign
languages it has been found that the greatest effect of
english vocabulary occurs when relationship between
english words and their latin,french, or spanish roots are
shown as a planned part of the teaching procedure.
19. In the teaching of regional languages, teachers should
show how many of the words are derived from regional
sanskrit roots.
20. 5- bad habits of work may transfer from one situation to
another and may have a detrimental effect on learning.
Students develop faulty habits of study in the early
years of schooling which they carry over at a later stage
even when they join a college.
Many college students use fingers for counting while
adding two numbers. Teachers should pay attention to
the development of proper methods of study and
habits of work.
21. 6. It is now well established that greater transfer from
subject matter can be achieved by changing the
methods of teaching. If the subject matter is taught in
isolation from the problems of daily life, the utility of
the knowledge gained is extremely limited.
In one study 16% increase in transfer was obtained by
simply telling the student that the material they were
learning would be useful in other situation
22. 7. Teachers should remember that transfer is not
accomplished with equal facility or in equal amounts
by all individuals. It depends upon one’s ability to
generalize his experiences and the ability to perceive
relationships between two situations. It is thus
positively related to intelligence.
23. 8. Emphasis should be given on developing ideals and
attitudes. If a child is brought up to practice fair play
and to accept it as the proper way of behavior, it is
likely that the child may display it in all is dealings in
adult life.
24. 9. Teachers are ordinarily advised not to present in close
succession methods or ideas which might easily be
confused and thus cause negative transfer. In solving a
problem,if two different methods are shown in
succession without properly fixing the first there is
interfenence while learning the second method and
the student gets confused.
25. 10. If the teacher does not encourage critical thinking on
the part of students andif he does not emphsis
understanding of principles but encourage mere rote
learning,students fail to adapt to new situations. A
student can learn to multiply fractions without
understanding the procedure ,he may do well on task
like –
Multiply: ( 3/4 x4/5) 0r (7/12x12/17)
26. He gets the answer by cancelling the common digit. If he
does this without understanding,he is likely to carry
over the procedure blindly.
When he comes to solve(1 1/2x 2/5) and get 1 1/5 for the
answer.
27. Several studies have shown that maximum trasnfer
occurs among students who understand the
underlying principles. Hence teaching for transfer
mainly consists in helping the students to arrive at
understanding of general principles and a
recongintion of their applicability.
28. Imitation
Types of learning- Verbal learning, motor learning,
concept learning etc.
Human beings can learn by imitation.
Imitation requires- ability to observe
and to see relationship
29. Imitation
Studies have shown that children can be taught to
imitate certain responses when the basic principles of
learning and motivation are followed.
The factor of maturation also plays a part. A child who
is not mature enough, cannot learn to walk,write
swim or to read just by observation. Similarly just by
observation, a child cannot learn to repair a complex
machnism.
30. Imitation
It enables the learner to save time and effort which
might otherwise be wasted in making incorrect
approaches.
Observing skilled performance not only gives general
orientation but it also gives the observer certain
insights at the start.
Imitation should not be considered as an independent
theory of learning. Imitation may come in the picture
in different types of learning such as motor learning,
verbal learning problem solving etc. If imitation is
carried on without proper observation, learning may
amount to trial and error learning.
32. Maturation:
Development of child takes place of two basic but complex process
1- Learning
2- maturation
When the development results from the natural growth of the
physiological system, it is called maturation.
Learning is possible when certain stage of maturation is reached.
33. Maturation:
Maturation may be physical or mental.
Maturation is reflected in the readiness of the child to do certain
activity.
Pacing means presenting activities at a rate commensurate with the
development of the child.
Do not force the child to read and write in the KG class as the child
may not be mature enough and hence may not be ready to do the
activities.
The more mature organism, the less training is needed to reach a
given level of proficiency.
34. Maturation:
The principle of maturation merely warns us against enforcing
training on a child when he is not mature to learn the specific skills.
Otherwise the child may develop wrong habits, may lose interest and
then will require more time to unlearn the wrong habits.
teacher should explain this principle to parents who are over
ambitious and over enthusiastic in the education of their 3 or 4 years
old child.
35. Intelligence
Intelligence goes on growing up to the age of 16 to 20 years but he I.Q. for
most individuals remains constant
.the I.Q. provides a ratio for determining how bright an individualk is as
comopared to other age
36. Intelligence
Intelligence is expressed by an IQ score in an intelligence test is positivity
related to training.
Generally, people with higher IQs learn new material rapidly. However,
higher IQ in itself is no guarantee for rapid learning since other factors
such as motivation of the learner and the method used for learning are also
important.
37. Attention
Attention is always present is consious life and is common to all types of
mental activity.
We must attend before we know, feel or act.
It is a characteristic of all conscious life.
Attention as the selective activity of consciousness or as a process of getting
an object of thought clearly before the mind.
38. Why do we attend?
Internal and external factors
Conditions that control attention may be termed as objective and
subjective, those that are found in the objects ( external) and those
that lie within the subject ( internal).
40. External factors or objective conditions of attention
Intensity
Size
Repetition
Change
Movement
Contrast
novelty
41. Intensity-
A strong stimulus is more likely to be noticed than a weak one.
A loud noise has the advantage over a soft whisper, the bright head-light of a
car catches our attention more easily than the dull lamp of a cycle.
42. Size-
Other things being equal, a large object will draw our attention more readily
than a small one, a big advertisement or a tall building or an elephant will
easily attract our attention.
43. Repetition-
The alarm of a clock would go unnoticed, if it strikes only
once. To Attract your attention, advertisers repeat a particular
slogan while advertising t.hrough radio and tv
44. Change-
To attract attention, change should not be gradual one but a sudden one, the
tickling of wall clock goes unnoticed, but it arrests attention as soon as it
stops. A Speaker modulates his voice to attract the attention of the audience.
45. Contrast-
Anything that is different from its surrounding is likely to stand out and catch
the eye. An ink blot on a white sari is likely to attract attention more readily
than one on a colored sari. A tall and a short person walking together attract
our attention more quickly.
46. Novelty-
A strange object generally arouses attention. An
advertisement printed upside down or a student wearing a
western style dress with a turban on his head is likely to
attract attention.
47. Internal factors (Subjective) or
conditions of Attention
How much and in what way a person will attend to a stimulus
depends not only upon the characteristics of that stimulus
or the favourable environmental conditions but also upon
the persons own interest, motives, Interest. We attend to
objects in which we are interested. these internal actors
are of many kinds but they can put into six classes-
1-Emotions
2- Interest
3-mood
4-Attitude
5-Motives
6-Instincts
48. 1.Emotions-
emotions are said to be the “ internal motivation” of
attention. In joy and affection we attend to certain
things. In sorrow we like nothing. hence the teacher
should try to make the classroom situation pleasant so
that so student can attend and gain the maximum.
49. 2 Interest and attention-
Interest is a very helpful factor in securing attention. We
attend to objects in which we are interested and we do
not attend to those in which we do not have interest.
A boy interested in hockey will be more interested in
watching a hockey match than football or the
volleyball matches being played at the same time on
adjacent grounds.
Teacher should make his lesson interesting by
connecting it with their basic need,drives and interest.
50. 3.Mood-
3. the more the pleasant mood of the child the greater
the level of attention.it also leads to less distraction
when pleasant.
Our mood always influences the direction of attention.
If somebody is seriously ill at home, you find it
difficult to pay attention your study. if you are in a
pleasant mood, you pay attention easily.
Our mood always influences the direction of attention.
If somebody is seriously ill at home, you find it
difficult to pay attention your study. if you are in a
pleasant mood, you pay attention easily.
51. 4.Attitude-
The attitude of the child towards something will
determine his attention level. Positive attitude will
lead to higher level of attention or negative attitude
will lead to less or no attention.
52. 5 Motives-
The basic drives and urges of the individual are very
important in securing his attention. Thirst, hunger, sex,
curiosity, fear are some of the important motives that
exercise a definite influence upon attention. A hungry
person will definitely notice the smell of cooking.
The sex drive occupies a unique place among the
different drives. Even the most inattentive student in
the class can be made to sit on the edge of his chair if
the teacher annonunces that he is going to talk about
the sex practices of American hippies.now a days in
the world of advertsing,sex is the drive that has been
most widely exploited. We can see the shapely girls in
bathing suits to sell such unrelated items as
tyres,bolts and tractors.
53. 6.Instincts
They are the “prime movers” of our behaviour. So the
things which appeal to our instincts attract our
attention.hence the teacher should appeal to the
instincts of the students in order to catch their
attention and make lesson success.
A hungry child pays attention to food, a cat looks for a
mice, mother pays attention to her sick child, etc.