The document provides a comprehensive overview of curriculum development, detailing the steps involved in creating an effective curriculum which include planning, articulating content, implementing strategies, and evaluating success. It discusses various approaches to curriculum development, such as subject-centered, learner-centered, and community-centered, while highlighting the characteristics, merits, and demerits of a subject-centered curriculum. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of a well-organized and systematic approach to education.

2. CURRICULUM
Curriculum is a comprehensive overview of
what students should learn, how they will
learn it, what role the instructor is playing and
the framework in which learning and teaching
will take place.

3. Curriculum development
• Curriculum development is defined as planned,
purposeful, progressive and systematic process in order
to create positive improvements in the educational
system.
Curriculum development involves various
steps/stages to be followed by those engaged in designing
and developing curriculum. The development of an
effective curriculum is a
Multi step process
Ongoing process
Cyclical process

4. Components of an effective curriculum
development process
1. Planning
convening a curriculum development committee
Identifying key issues and trends in the specific content area
Assessing needs and issues
2. Articulating and developing (content or subject matter)
Articulating a k-12 program philosophy
Defining k-12 program grade level and course goals
Developing and sequencing of grade level and course objectives.
Identifying resource materials to assist with program implementation
Developing and/or identifying assessment items and instruments to
measure student progress
3.Implementing (strategy of teaching)—putting the new program into
practise
4. Evaluating—
Updating the program.
Determining the success of the program.

5. Approaches of curriculum
• Curriculum development is a specialized area of work
which expects a teacher to have a deep understanding of
underlying concepts of curriculum.
• Approach– approach is a way of dealing with something,
a way of doing or thinking about something.
• Approach to curriculum development is defined as a
design pattern of organization used in making decisions
about various aspects of curriculum development.
The approaches can be grouped into following categories:
1. Subject centered approach
2. Learner centered approach
3. Community centered approach

6. Subject centered approach
• The subject centered approach is one of the most widely
used methods for organizing educational experiences. In
this approach, the subject-matter becomes the basis
around which learning experiences are organized and the
mastery of subject matter becomes the basis for
attainment of educational objectives.
• Examples– students in history should learn the subject
matter like historians, students in biology should learn
how biologists learn and so with students in mathematics
should learn how mathematician learn.

7. Student centered curriculum focuses on--
• Traditional area in the traditional disciplines.
• Interdisciplinary topics that touch on wide variety of fields.
• On process such as problem solving.
• On the goal of teaching students to be critical consumers
of information.
• It provides a generalized knowledge from generation to
generation.
it is necessary for a school and its stakeholders to
have a systematic, logical, organized and planned
programe to run a course successfully.

8. Assumptions--
• The child’s cognitive functioning pattern follows the adult’s
functioning.
• School has a major role in transmitting cultural heritage
from one generation to another through the medium of
various subjects.
• Each subject has an internal order and it can be
presented in a sequence.
• Various subjects would allow for the accomodation of the
expansion of knowledge.
• Subjects can be presented in a sequence.

9. Characteristics of Subject centered
curriculum
1. Rigid Curriculum– it should be based on specific
courses, which mandates specific amounts of material
to be covered over special period of time, regardless of
student abilities or interest.
2. Combination of basic concepts– it organizes the
curriculum into basic concepts that are combined based
on what they have in common.
3. Uniform standards– the teacher attempts to bring the
pupil upto the set standards. Failures are required to
repeat a grade.
4. Progress measurement– as the subject matter is an
important thing to be learnt, learning is measured by
how well the subject matter has been mastered

10. 5. Subject matter selection– subject matter is selected by adult
previous to the teacher-learning situation. For this purpose they
receive help from subject matter specialists, supervisors ,
administrators and text book writers.
6. Dynamic– the subjects are dynamic in nature. They keep on
changing with upcoming new discoveries and assimilation of
new knowledge with existing one.
7. Student Teacher Relationship– student and teachers work as
a team. They have a uniform goal to work upon and to achieve it.
8. Learning subject matter is an end in itself– the subject teacher
consider it of great importance to cover the prescribed textbooks,
since a specific amount of subject matter is to be learnt in a set-
time.

11. Merits of subject centered curriculum
1. Focus on content
2. Practical
3. Logically organized
4. Easy to remember
5. Trained teacher
6. Definite goal
7. Easy approach
8. Importance is given to teachers
9. Organized textbooks
10. High intellectual level
11. Organized and logical curriculum
12. Focus on verbal activities
13. Introduces essential knowledge of society
14. Establishes bonding between teacher and student.

12. Demerits of subject centered curriculum
1. Student remember information
2. Fails to foster psychological development of children
3. Neglects needs and interest of the learner
4. It fosters passivity among students
5. Based on old design
6. Focus to cover specific amount of material to be
covered over a period of time
7. Neglects abilities of students

13. The thing about smart people is
that they sound crazy to stupid
people