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Central dogma of molecular biology
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA and then to proteins, a process that involves DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Exceptions to this dogma include reverse transcription and prions, which challenge the traditional understanding of genetic information flow. Mutations can also occur in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, affecting gene expression and protein function.
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Central dogma of molecular biology
- 2. CONTENT Central dogma Discoverer ofcentral dogma Reason why its called “Central Dogma” DNA RNA Proteins Functions of proteins Types of RNA DNA replication Protein synthesis Transcription Translation Exceptions to central dogma Reverse transcription Reason of reverse transcription as exception to central dogma Process of reverse transcription Prions Prions as exception to central dogma Genetic code Mutation Types of mutations Causes of mutation References
- 3. CENTRAL DOGMA?? Central dogmais basically the flow of information in the cell starting at DNA, which replicates to form more DNA. Information is then ‘transcribed” into RNA, and then it is “translated” into protein.
- 4. DICOVERER OF CENTRALDOGMA Francis Crick 1958
- 5. REASON WHY CRICKCALLED IT CENTRAL DOGMA Francis Crick stated; "I called this idea the central dogma, for two reasons, I suspect. I had already used the obvious word hypothesis in the sequence hypothesis, and in addition I wanted to suggest that this new assumption was more central and more powerful."
- 6. DNA Deoxyribo nucleic acid Location Nucleus and Mitochondria Double-helix structure NitrogenousBases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thiamine Carry genetic information
- 8. RNARibonucleic acid Helps in Protein synthesis Single stranded NitrogenousBases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil Location Cytoplasm
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- 14. DNA REPLICATION “It isthe process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division” PURPOSE: To produce two identical copies of a DNA molecule Essential for cell division during growth or repair of damaged tissues
- 15. STEPS OF DNAREPLICATION
- 16. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Productionof proteins. • Consists of two processes — transcription and translation. • These two processes are summed up by the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA → Protein. • During transcription, DNA is used as a template to make a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). • The molecule of mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs and then the genetic code in mRNA is read and used to make a protein.
- 17. TRANSCRIPTION Process bywhich the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Occurs: nucleus Transcription is carried out by: An enzyme RNA polymerase Accessory proteins transcription factors PROCESS
- 18. TRANSLATION Process bywhich the genetic code contained within mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Occurs : ribosomes Carried out by: Enzymes: • Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase & Peptidyl transferase Factors: • Elongation factors • Initiation factor • Translocase elongation factor • Release factor PROCESS
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- 20. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION Conversion of RNA templateinto its complementary DNA strand Reverse transcriptase
- 21. Discovery of Retroviruses Transcriptionof RNA into DNA by Reverse transcriptase Primitive virus species that don’t have developed DNA use only RNA → proteins Reverse transcription as an exception to central dogma (REASON):
- 22. PROCESS OF REVERSETRANSCRIPTION
- 23. PRIONS • Prions: Misfoldedproteins with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein. • They characterize several fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in humans and many other animals.
- 24. PRION AS ANEXCEPTION TO CENTRAL DOGMA Prion agent is a self-replicating protein and this does not fit with our modern understanding of proteins. "A self-replicating protein" is a major violation of the "Central Dogma", which says that only nucleic acids can "self- replicate". These proteins actually directly replicate themselves by making conformational changes in other proteins.
- 25. GENETIC CODE Genetic information carriedby living cell in a codon 64 codons TERM: George Gamow CODON: Set of 3 Nitrogenous bases Code for 20 Amino acids 1 Start codon AUG 3 Stop codons UAA, UGA, UAG
- 27. MUTATION Change in nucleotide-sequence ofDNA OCCUR Somatic cells and Gametes Individual with it=Mutant Factor causing it=Mutagen
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- 30. REFERENCES • https://www.slideshare.net/jackomar/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-22678177 • https://www.slideshare.net/RISHAVDROLIA/central-dogma-65865947 •https://www.slideshare.net/ijazulhaqrana/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-130904436 • https://www.slideshare.net/AnilBatta/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-30829674 • https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-enzyme-used-in-translation • https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/transcription-dna-transcription- 87/#:~:text=Transcription%20is%20the%20process%20by,as%20a%20reference%2C%20or%20template. • https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/reverse- transcription#:~:text=Reverse%20transcription%20is%20the%20enzyme,a%20template%20for%20PCR%20amplification.&t ext=RNA%20template%3A%20RNA%20can%20be,variety%20of%20biological%20sample%20types. • https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/protein-synthesis/dna- translation/#:~:text=Translation%20is%20a%20process%20by,%3A%20initiation%2C%20elongation%20and%20termination. • https://www.google.com/search?q=mutation+causes&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK824PK824&sxsrf=ALeKk014jS3LIh9GVewa8iKn EnE6EbxYSA:1606645090929&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwik2rKvw6ftAhW0QkEAHZgGA_4Q_AUo AXoECAYQAw&biw=1280&bih=577 • https://www.google.com/search?q=genetic+code+slideshare&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj1-KSYxKftAhVgDGMBHXhTAbUQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=genetic+code+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgJMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBD MgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADICCABQgwpYgwpgsRtoAHAAeACAAccBiAHHAZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAE B&sclient=img&ei=PnbDX_XhNuCYjLsP-KaFqAs&bih=577&biw=1280&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK824PK824#imgrc=QoxMcaNrSS7luM