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Mineral introduction, General functions, Classification, Macroelement of calcium , Ca- introduction, Biochemical role of calcium, recommended dietary allowance of calcium, dietary sources of calcium, Deficiency disease of calcium.
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The target is to inform the medicinal and pharmaceutical communities of this relatively
new form of therapy and why it has great benefits compared to the traditional methods.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Nutrition is the process of taking food into the body,
absorbing the nutrients in those food and using it for
growth, metabolism and repair.
4. TRACE ELEMENT
A naturally occurring, homogeneous, inorganic
substance required in humans in amounts less than
100 mg/day
TRACE ELEMENTS
5. Essential trace elements : Iodine, Zinc,
Selenium, Copper, Molybdenum, Chromium, Cobalt,
Iron
Trace elements that are probably essential :
Manganese, Nickel, Silicon, Boron, Vanadium
Potentially toxic elements with possible
essential functions in low doses : Fluoride,
Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic, Lithium, Tin,
Aluminium
Classification (WHO, 1996)
6. ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS
• Trace elements
Iron, zinc and copper
• Ultra trace elements
Manganese, selenium, cobalt, chromium,
fluoride, iodine, and molybdenum
9. Sources
Haem Iron Sources: Nonvegetarian sources of iron
e.g. meat, fish and eggs.
Milk a poor source of iron but breast milk an
efficient source for the infant.
Non-haem Iron Sources : vegetarian sources,
Eg:cereals, dark green leafy vegetables, pulses,
nuts and dry fruits
10. WHY DO WE NEED IRON?
Functions :
• component of haemoglobin and myoglobin.
• constituent of important enzymes like
cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase,etc.
• important functions in oxygen transport
and cellular respiration.
• involved in cellular immune response for
functioning of phagocytic cells
12. Absorption and bioavailability
Factors in food that increase absorption of
iron:
• Vitamin C
• Amino Acids
• Factors in food that decrease iron
absorption
• Phytates
• Oxalates
• Tannins
• Phosphates
13. IRON DEFICIENCY
Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient
deficiency worldwide
• Can occur if inadequate intake or blood loss
Stages of iron deficiency
Iron stores diminish
Transport iron decreases
Hemoglobin production declines
• Females are prone due to menstruation,
lower iron intake &pregnancy
• Preschoolers also at risk
14. Deficiency symptoms
•Microcytic, hypochromic anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches
• Impaired work performance and cognitive function
• Impaired immunity
• Pale skin, nailbeds, and mucous membranes
•Finger nails that become thin, brittle and white may grow
abnormally with a spoon-shaped appearance
• Tongue may become sore, smooth and reddened
•Decrease in appetite
•Shortness of breath during exercise
• Inability to regulate body temperature
• Pica (craving for ice, clay, paste, and other
non-food substances)
15. Iron deficiency anaemia
Who are at risk for developing IDA?
Women of childbearing age
Pregnant women
Low birth weight infants
Older infants and toddlers
Teenage girls
Individuals with kidney failure (on Dialysis) because
failing kidneys cannot produce enough erythropoietin to
make RBC in the blood
Intestinal worm infestation (hook worm etc.)
Causes of IDA
Inadequate ingestion
Increased requirement
Inadequate absorption
Inadequate utilization
Increased blood loss or excretion
Defects in release from stores
16.
17.
18. TREATMENT
National anemia prophylaxis programme in India in
1970
•100 mg of iron +500 microgram of folic acid for
pregnant women
•20 mg of iron+100 microgram folic acid to children
19. •More common in men
•Hemochromatosis –
genetic defect
•Hemosiderosis – chronic
ingestion of too much
iron; more common in
alcoholics
•Iron poisoning – acute
toxicity from overdose
of iron supplements; can
be deadly in small
children
TOXICITY – “IRON OVERLOAD”;
20.
21. IRON SUPPLEMENTS
Oral preparations of iron:
Ferrous sulphate
Ferrous fumerate
Ferrous gluconate
Ferrous succinate
Iron calcium complex
Ferric ammonium citrate
Parenteral preparations:
Iron dextran
Iron sorbitol citric acid
complex
22. Glossitis Angular cheilitis candidal infections
Oral manifestations of iron deficiency anemia
•Angular cheilitis,
•Atrophic glossitis,
•Generalised oral mucosal atrophy,
•Candidal infections, pallor, and stomatitis
Plummer-vinson syndrome or paterson-kelly syndrome is a rare
condition characterized by iron deficiency anemia
ROLE IN ORAL HEALTH AND DISEASES
23. Oral premalignant lesions and conditions
OSMF:
•A significant decrease in serum iron
concentrations with elevated total iron-binding
capacity .
• The decreased iron levels in OSMF patients
might be due to utilization of iron in collagen
synthesis.
• deficient iron in the oral tissues results in
decreased vascularity which further facilitates
percolation of arecoline . which enhances
fibroblastic proliferation and collagen formation
24.
25. Body content: 50mg
Blood conc: 8-12mcg/dl
Sources of iodine
i. Seafood
ii. Vegetables grown on iodine-rich soils
iii. Milk products
iv. Eggs
v. Cereal grains
vi. Legumes
vii. Green leafy vegetables
26. •Iodine is an integral component of the thyroid
hormones thyroxine(T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3).
• In foetus and neonate normal protein metabolism in
the CNS requires iodine
27. REQUIREMENT OF
IODINE Absorption :
Dietary iodine absorbed from the small
intestine.
Approximately 30 % used by the thyroid
gland for the synthesis of thyroxine
hormone; rest excreted in urine
Goitrogens :Vegetables of Brassica
group (cabbage, cauliflower and radish)
contain goitrogens -thiocyanates and
cynoglycosides.
Consumption of large quantities of these
may lead to development of goiter by
making the iodine present in food
unavailable to the body.
Goitrogens inactivated by heating
28.
29.
30. Toxicity of Iodine
Consumption of seaweed
Upper Level is 1.1 mg/day
“Toxic goiter” results
31. ROLE IN ORAL HEALTH AND DISEASES
Dietary deficiency or excess of
iodine plays an imperative role in
oral mucosa
34. 96% of fluorides in the body found in bone and
teeth.
An essential for normal mineralisation of bones and
formation of dental enamel
Source:
Drinking water : Fluorine in the drinking water is
0.5 mg per ltr.
Excess of fl > 3mg causes flourosis.
Foods: Sea fish, cheese, Tea
35. • Role in prevention of cavities
• Resists acid and dental caries
• Fluoride inhibits bacterial growth that may cause
cavities
• Fluoridated water (1ppm)
Toxicity of Fluoride
• Fluorosis
• Mottling of the teeth in children
• In high amounts can weaken teeth in
children
• Upper Level is 10 mg/day
36. Dental fluorosis : chalky white teeth, transverse
yellow bands on teeth
Skeletal fluorosis: severe pain and stiffness in
joints , stiffness in neck and backbone, bow legs
37. Role in Oral Health and Diseases
Dental decay: Low levels of fluoride in
drinking water.
Enamel hypoplasia :The excessive
concentrations of fluoride during
calcification stage of the teeth
The overall effect of excessive fluoride
intake on the dental structure depends on many
factors such as
• concentration of fluoride in drinking water,
stage of calcification of teeth when exposure
occurred, duration of exposure, and amount of
exposure
39. ABSORPTION AND BIOAVAILABILITY
Zinc absorbed mainly from jejunum
Absorption affected by
• Phytates in diet
• Proteins in diet
• Total zinc content
• Calcium and other divalent ions in diet
• Chronic iron supplementation decreases zinc
absorption
• Fermentation of food digests phytates: zinc
availability increases
40.
41. Functions :
Part of over 100 enzymes
Protein and carbohydrate metabolism,
Bone metabolism
Oxygen transport.
Immune response and gene expression.
Structural constituent of leucocytes
Role in the synthesis of nucleic acids
Lymphoid tissue contains zinc.
Efficient storage of insulin in pancreas.
Powerful antioxidant.
42. clinical features of zinc deficiency
Growth retardation
A delay in sexual and skeletal maturation
Alopecia
A failure of appetite/ affects voluntary food
intake
Appearance of behavioural changes.
An increased susceptibility to infections (reflects
the development of
defects in the immune system)
Altered taste
Delayed wound healing
Restricts utilization and storage of vitamin A
43.
44. ZINC TOXICITY
Acute zinc poisoning:
After ingestion of 4-8 g of zinc.
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fever and lethargy
Long-term exposure to high zinc intakes result in
interference With the metabolism of other trace
elements.
Copper utilization is especially sensitive to an
excess of zinc.
Copper/zinc interaction may cause copper deficiency
changes in serum lipid patterns and immune response
have also been associated with zinc supplementation
45. Role in Oral Health and Diseases
Loss or distortion of taste
Loss of tongue sensation
Delayed wound healing
Zinc plays an important role in cell structure
architecture, maintaining the cell membrane
integrity, and functions of various cytoplasmic
and membrane enzymes
Increesed susceptibility to periodontal
disease,candidiasis,xerostomia and caries if
deficient during tooth formation.
46.
47. COPPER
An essential trace element:component of many
metallo-enzyme systems
Role in iron metabolism
The amount of copper in the adult body is
estimated to be 80 -100mg.
Sources : Meat, nuts, cereals and fruits are
good sources
RDA of copper :
48. Functions of Copper
• Increases iron absorption
• Formation of connective tissue
• Immune system, blood clot, brain development,
cholesterolmetabolis
Many metalloenzymes contain Copper
49. ABSORPTION:
Decreased with high intakes of
vitamin C, phytic acid, fiber, zinc,
iron, certain amino acids
• Rapid growth increases Cu
demands in infancy.
•The adult body contains
approximately 100 mg of copper –
the highest concentrations are in
liver, kidney,and heart.
50. COPPER DEFICIENCY
Deficiency : Copper deficiency is rare.
Hypocupraemia : serum copper level <= 0.8mcg/ml
in patients with nephrosis
Wilson’s disease and
protein energy malnutrition.
Neutropaenia
Infants, especially premature, may develop copper
deficiency usually presenting as chronic diarrhoea.
Neutropaenia and later anaemia develop and they do
not respond to iron.
coronary heart disease and heart-related abnormalities
51. hypochromic anemia, neutropenia,
hypopigmentation of hair and skin, abnormal bone
formation with skeletal fragility and
osteoporosis, joint pain, lowered immunity,
vascular aberrations
Bone abnormalities and pain: bone changes in
copper deficiency include a loss of trabecular
formation with thinning of the cortex. There may
be osteoporosis and occipital horn formation
52. Oral lesions: serum copper levels were significantly
higher in the patients with oral potentially malignant
disorders such as oral leukoplakia and oral submucous
fibrosis and also malignant tumors such as squamous cell
carcinoma.
In oral submucous fibrosis patients, the serum levels of
Cu gradually increase as the clinical stage of the disease
progresses.
Cu is also believed to possess caries promoting property.
Role in Oral Health and Diseases
53.
54. CHROMIUM
Chromium is an essential nutrient that potentiates insulin
action and thus influences carbohydrate, lipid and protein
metabolism.
Sources:
Processed meats, whole grain products, pulses and spices
are the best sources of chromium
while dairy products and most fruits and vegetables
contain only small amounts
Deficiency also associated in infants with PEM
Requirement: 33 μg/day
55. CHROMIUM DEFICIENCY
Deficiency produces a state similar to diabetes
mellitus
So far seen only in patients on long term parentral
nutrition
Symptoms include:
Impaired glucose tolerance and glucose utilization
weight loss
Neuropathy
Elevated plasma free fatty acids,
Depressed respiratory quotient
Abnormalities in nitrogen metabolism.
All symptoms alleviated by chromium supplementation
56. CHROMIUM TOXICITY
Toxicity not seen with excess intake of
trivalent chromium.
Hexavalent chromium is much more toxic than the
trivalent form
oral administration of 50 μg/g diet has been
found to induce growth depression together with
liver and kidney damage in experimental animals
Not seen in humans so far
57. ROLE IN ORAL HEALTH AND DISEASES
delayed wound healing,
suppurative periodontitis,
various oral fungal infections,
premature periodontal diseases, and
hyposalivation
58. CONCLUSION
Human body requires certain essential elements in small
quantities and their absence or excess may result in
severe malfunctioning of the body and even death in
extreme cases.
Essential trace elements directly influence the metabolic
and physiologic processes of the organism.
Needs for these trace elements are easily met by eating a
variety of foods from the different food groups.
59. REFERENCES
Textbook of biochemistry-DM VASUDEVAN third edition
Essentials of biochemistry- U Satyanarayana
Nutritional Aspects of Essential Trace Elements in Oral
Health and Disease: An Extensive Review
Editor's Notes
UTE: HAVE BEEN DEFIND AS THE ELEMENT WITH ESTIMATED DIATERY IN TAKE LESS THAM 1 MICEO GR /DL
IRON CONTENT IN BODYs iron which is important in the transportation of oxygen from the lungs by way of the blood stream to the tissues. It is present in the red blood cell protein, hemoglobin. A similar protein in muscle, myoglobin, also contains iron and stores oxygen for use during muscle contraction. Iron is found in the portion of the cell involved in energy production and as a cofactor for several enzymes.
BODYs iron which is important in the transportation of oxygen from the lungs by way of the blood stream to the tissues. It is present in the red blood cell protein, hemoglobin. A similar protein in muscle, myoglobin, also contains iron and stores oxygen for use during muscle contraction. Iron is found in the portion of the cell involved in energy production and as a cofactor for several enzymes.
Two forms of dietary iron: Heme and Nonheme
most dietary iron is nonheme iron that are bound to some other organic constituent of the food.
Cooking tends to break these interactions and increase iron availability.
Iron is important constituent of body protein…
hemoglobin
gives ability to carry O2 from lung to all tissues
assists in the transport of CO2 back to lungs for expiration
myoglobin
provides Oxygen to skeletal and heart muscle
Acts as a cofactor for many biological reactions
Acts as a cofactor for many biological reactions
Cytochrome: in Electron transport chain helps transport electron to molecular O2
Cytochrome P-450: Oxidative degradation of drugs
Mitochondria: helps conversion of citrate to isocitrate, the first step of energy production in the body
Functions of iron...(cofactor)
works with other enzymes to synthesize collagen, neurotransmitters(dopamine,epinephrine,nonepinephrine, serotonin)
Vitamin C enhances absorption
Hereditary hemochromatosis (he-moe-kroe-muh-TOE-sis) causes your body to absorb too much iron from the food you eat. Excess iron is stored in your organs, especially your liver, heart and pancreas. Too much iron can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as liver disease, heart problems and diabetes. Diabetes mellitus
Irregular heart beat or heart attack
Arthritis (osteoarthritis, osteoporosis)
Cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer
Gall bladder disease
Depression
Impotence
Infertility
Hypothyroidism
Hypogonadism
Some cancers
Mcg micro gram per decilittr
Idodine eficency having effect on all age group
There may be osteoporosis and occipital horn formation due to functional impairment of copper-requiring enzymes such as ascorbate oxidase and lysyl oxidase in case of copper deficiency
Bone abnormalities and pain: bone changes in copper deficiency include a loss of trabecular formation with thinning of the cortex. There may be osteoporosis and occipital horn formation due to functional impairment of copper-requiring enzymes such as ascorbate oxidase and lysyl oxidase in case of copper deficiency
Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder that causes copper to accumulate in your liver, brain and other vital organsWilson's disease is present at birth, but signs and symptoms don't appear until the copper builds up in the brain, liver or other organ. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the parts of your body affected by the disease. They can include:
Fatigue, lack of appetite or abdominal pain
A yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eye (jaundice)
Golden-brown eye discoloration (Kayser-Fleischer rings)
Fluid buildup in the legs or abdomen
Problems with speech, swallowing or physical coordination
Uncontrolled movements or muscle stiffness
