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MINERALS For Second Semester Bsc Nursing Students
- 1. MINERALS
- 3. Major elements/macro-minerals are nutritionally important and their daily requirement is more than 100 mg or make up less than 1% of total weight Minor elements/trace elements/micro-minerals and their dailyrequirement is less than 100 mg or make up less than 0.01% of total body weight Ultra –trace minerals generally are defined as minerals that are required in amounts less than 1 mg/day
- 6. Sodium Table salt, vegetables, fruits, meat Potassium Whole and skimmed milk, all fruits , potatoes, sweet potatoes, prunes, raisins, green leafy vegetables, most peas and beans, and salt substitutes (potassium chloride). Chloride It is mainly available as sodium chloride. Calcium Milk is the good source (100 mg/100 ml in cow's milk) and egg, fish, vegetables are the medium sources and small amount of calcium is found in cereals. Phosphorous Milk, cereals, meat, egg, etc. Magnesium Cereals, beans, leafy vegetables and fish Sulphur Dietary suphur supplies from protein Iron Sources are meat, liver, eggs, green-leafy vegetables, cereals, legumes, nuts, jaggery, dates, chikku, etc. Copper Fish, meat (liver), lentils, dried legumes, nuts, leafy vegetables, potato and beet Zinc Grains, beans, nuts, cheese, meat and shell fish. Selenium Plant foods, cereals, fish and meat Iodine Sea food, drinking water, iodized table salt, onions, vegetables Chromium V&F, meat, fish and grains Fluoride Drinking water, tea, sea fish, vegetables, cheese, jowar. Manganese Vegetable foods Molybdenum Legumes and whole grains
- 8. Sodium 5 - 10 g Potassium About 4 gm Chloride Adults – 10 - 20 g Children – 5 - 10 gWomen during pregnancy and lactation – 10 - 15 g Calcium Adults - 500 mg Children - 1200 mg Pregnancy and lactation - 1500 mg Phosphorous 500 - 800 mg Magnesium Men = 400 mg.Women = 300 mg. Sulphur 850mg Iron Adult man - 10 mg Adult women - 18 mg Pregnancy and lactation - 40 mg Copper 2 - 5 mg Zinc 10 mg for adults and children. Selenium 50 - 100 μg Iodine 100 - 150 μg Chromium Male: 35 microgram, Female: 25 microgram Fluoride 1 ppm of fluoride in drinking water Manganese Male : 2.3mg Female: 1.8mg Molybdenum 45 microgram
- 9. FUNCTIONS
- 10. SODIUM
- 12. POTASSIUM
- 14. CHLORIDE
- 16. CALCIUM
- 18. PHOSPHORUS
- 20. MAGNESIUM
- 22. SULPHUR
- 24. Mineral Functions Iron Part of hemoglobin found in RBC that carries oxygen in the body, needed for energy metabolism Copper Part of many enzymes, needed for iron metabolism Zinc Part of many enzymes, needed for making protein and genetic material, has a function in taste perception, wound healing, normal growth and sexual maturation, immune system health Selenium Anti oxidant Iodine Found in thyroid hormone which helps regulate growyh, development and metabolism Chromium Works closely with insulin to regulate blood sugar levels Fluoride Involved in formation of bones and teeth, helps prevent tooth decay Manganese part of many enzymes Molybdenum Part of some enzymes
- 26. RICKETS • Severe deficiency of calcium in Childrens • Delayed closure of frontanelles , bulging forehead, soft and fragile bones , knock knees or bowing of the legs • Poor muscle development
- 28. OSTEOMALACIA • Severe deficiency of calcium leads to the condition in adults • Softening of bones especially in the bones of the legs, spine, thorax and pelvis resulting in deformities. • This condition characterised by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones.
- 30. ANAEMIA • Common disorder caused due to the deficiency of iron. • It is a condition with decreased RBCs or decreased quantity of Hb • Lethargy, apathy, poor concentration and reduced brain function and resistance to infections 3 classes of anaemia Excessive blood loss Excessive blood cell destruction Deficient RBC production
- 31. Types of anaemia Aplastic & hypoplastic anaemia Nutritional anaemia(iron deficiency and B12/folate deficiency) Common haemolytic anaemia( sickle cell and thalassemia) Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia Anaemia of chronic disease
- 32. GOITER • A prolonged deficiency of iodine causes enlargement of the thyroid gland • This is the body,s mechanism for trying to increase uptake of iodine from the blood stream and thus maintain production of thyroid hormones