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Sodium, potassium and chloride
- 1. SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE NUR IZZATUL NAJWA BINTI SHARUPUDDIN 082015100036 NUR FARRA NAJWA BINTI ABDUL AZIM 082015100035 RATTAPONG A/L BON LEE 082015100037
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AT THE END OF THIS SEMINAR, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO: • KNOW THE DIETARY SOURCE • KNOW THE REQUIREMENT DAILY ALLOWANCE (RDA) • KNOW THE IMPORTANCE • KNOW THE FUNCTION • KNOW THE DISORDER OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE
- 4. SODIUM • Cation in extracellular fluid • 50% in bone, 40% in extracellular fluid and 10% in soft tissues • Normal serum reference range : 135- 145 meq/L • RDA : 4-6 g • Source : table salt, fish, meat, egg
- 5. SODIUM • Absorption through small intestine and large intestine • From intestinal lumen -> intestinal mucosal cells, sodium enters passively • Intercellular sodium moves into ECF by sodium pump • Secreted through urine
- 6. SODIUM Function : • Neuromuscular activity • Fluid balance • Acid – base balance • Membrane transport
- 7. SODIUM – DISORDER AND CAUSES HYPONATREMIA <135 mEq/L Excess sodium loss Dehydration Excess H20 retention (dilutional) Addison’s disease HYPERNATREMIA >145mEq/L Excessive loss of water Dehydration Hyperaldosteronism Pregnancy
- 8. SODIUM – DISORDER AND MANIFESTATION
- 10. POTASSIUM • Cation in intracellular fluid • Normal serum reference range : 3.5 – 5.6 mEq/L • Body content : 40 mEq/kg • Daily requirement : 4g/day • Source : meat, fish, cereals, tender coconut, banana
- 11. POTASSIUM • Absorbed in small intestine and large intestine through passive transport • Excretion through kidney • Functions: • Neuromuscular excitability • Contraction of heart • Intracellular osmotic pressure • Acid base balance • Secondary active transport
- 12. HYPOKALEMIA <3.5 mEq/L Excess potassium loss – diarrhea, vomitting, aspiration Increase renal excretion – cushing’s syndrome Malabsorption Alkalosis HYPERKALEMIA >5.6mEq/L Crush injuries Dehydration Renal failure Acidosis POTASSIUM – DISORDER AND CAUSES
- 13. POTASSIUM – DISORDER AND MANIFESTATION
- 15. CHLORIDE • Important in formation of hydrochloric acid (HCL) in gastric juice • Chloride shift • Concentration in plasma : 96- 106 mEq/L • Concentration in CSF : 125 mEq/L
- 16. CHLORIDE • Excretion of through urine, parallel to sodium • Renal threshold : 110 mEq/L • Daily excretion : 5- 8 g/day • No specific RDA because chloride’s primary source is from sodium • Regulation : • Intestinal absorption • Renal reabsorption • Renal excretion
- 17. CHLORIDE HYPOCHLOREMIA <96 mEq/L Excessive vomitting Excessive sweating HYPERCHLOREMIA >106 mEq/L Dehydration Cushing’s syndrome – mineralcorticoids increase reabsorption from kidney Severe diarrhea – loss of bicarbonate, retention of chloride Renal tubular acidosis
- 18. SUMMARY MINERALS SOURCE RDA IMPORTANCE DISORDER SODIUM TABLE SALT, FISH, MEAT 4 -6g • FLUID BALANCE • ACID BASE BALANCE • MEMBRANE TRANSPORT • NERVE IMPULSE • HYPONATREMIA • HYPERNATREMIA POTASSIUM TENDER COCONUT, BANANA, CEREALS, FISH, MEAT 4g • CONTRACTION OF HEART • OSMOTIC PRESSURE • ACID BASE BALANCE • SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT • HYPOKALEMIA • HYPERKALEMIA CHLORIDE TABLE ALT, VEGETABLE, SEAWEED No specific • FORMATION OF HCL • CHLORIDE SHIFT • HYPOCHLORIDEMIA • HYPERCHLORIDEMIA
- 19. REFERENCE • DM Vasudevan (2011), Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, (6th edition) : Electrolyte and Water Balance