PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY- ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS

2.  Naturally occuring homogenous,inorganic
substance required in humans are essential
trace elements.
 Elements found in the body in mg/kg
concentrations are known as TRACE
ELEMENTS.
 If it is in µg/kg or less are known as ultra
trace elements.
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3.  Deficiency of trace elements results in
impairment of certain biologic or biochemical
functions and malnutrition states.
 This causes decreased absorption and leads to
liver and kidney diseases.
 Trace elements play an important role in
biological redox processes.
 Decrease intake of nutritional diet leads to
deficiency of trace elements.
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4.  14 inorganic elements are essential for
maintaining life processes in the body.
 They are:
Iron, Copper, Zinc, Manganese,
Cobalt,Molybdenum,Vanadium,Selenium,Chro
mium,Nickel,Tin,Iodine,Flourine and Silicon
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7.  Essential trace elements
Fe, Cu, Zn, Co,Cr,I,F,Mn,Mo & Se
 Probably essential trace elements
Ni,Sn,Vanadium,silicon,Boron
 Non-essential trace elements
Lead,silver,Mercury,Rubidium,Titanium
etc.,
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8. 1. Trace elements
Iron,Zinc,Copper
2. Ultra trace elements
Manganese, Cobalt, Selenium,
Chromium, Fluoride, Iodine & Molybdenum
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9.  Iron is the most essential trace element.
 Dietary Source : Green leafy vegetables,
Grains, Pulses, liver & spleen, Sea foods
 Daily Requirement: 0.5 – 2.0 mg/day
In pregnant women-3.0 -5.0 mg/day
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11.  The primary function of iron is to form
Haemoglobin
 Formation & Maturation of RBC
 Transport of oxygen in the form of
Oxyhaemoglobin
 Iron containing enzyme – Cytochrome
 Iron containing chromoprotein of the muscle –
Myoglobin
 Proper immune system functioning
 Physical & mental growth
 Production of enzymes,amino acids,hormones &
neurotransmitters
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12.  Second most important trace element.
 Dietary source: Red meat, Fish, sea
food,Pumpkin, cashews, beans, dark
chocolate,eggs,fresh fruits, milk products
 Daily Requirement: 3-15mg/day
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14.  Endrocrinological functions:
In producing testosterone
Spermatogenesis
Proper functioning of thyroid
Release & Storage of insulin in pancreas
Secretion of prolactin
 Neurological functions:
Thinking,vision,Taste,memory
 Haemotological functions:
Formation of clotting factors
 Skeletal functions: Bone mineralization
 Wound healing
 Functioning of T-cells & B-cells
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15. ROLEO
F
Zinc
ANTIDIABETIC ACTION
IMMUNE SYSTEM
GROWTH OF FOETUS
NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM
REPRODUCTION
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
HAEMOTOLOGICAL ACTION
ZINC PROTEINS & ENZYMES
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16.  Third important essential trace element
 Dietary source: Mushrooms, sesame
seeds, barley, sunflower seeds, soya beans,
brown rice, spinach,water pumped through
copper pipes.
 Daily requirement:
0.9 – 1.3 mg/day
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18.  Formation of red blood cells-
ERYTHROPOIESIS
 Involve in oxidation-reduction reactions
 Copper is involved in the formation of
collagen (protein in the body)involved in
skin,bone and connective tissue formation
 Nerve conduction & immune function
 Fertility & to maintain pregnancy
 Act as a catalyst for some enzymes
Eg.,Tyrosinase
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19.  Dietary source: Fruits, vegetables, broccoli,
meat, whole wheat grains, cereals
 Daily requirement :
Males: 30 -35µg/day
Females: 20 – 25µg/day
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20.  Corrects hyperglycaemia
 Regulates plasma lipoprotein concentration
 Reduces cholesterol & triglycerides
 Used in improving lean body mass
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21.  Dietary source: oats, Pumpkin seeds, dry
fruits, nuts, spices,brown rice, pineapple,tea,
spices
 Daily requirement: 2 – 11 mg/day
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22.  Essential for normal growth and
development
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23.  Dietary source: Beans, lentils,
millets, walnuts, grains, greenpeas,
Cucumber, tomatoes
 Daily requirement:
Normal- 40µg/day
In pregnancy & lactation- 50µg/day
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24.  As a catalyst for enzymes and helps in
breakdown of certain amino acids.
 Molybdenum lowers the risk of tooth decay
 Important constituent in nitrogenase
enzymes.
 Helps in protein synthesis
 Helps in iron absorption
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25.  Least abundant trace element
 Dietary source: Mushrooms,
eggs,lobester,garlic,asparagus, spinach,liver,shrimp.
 Daily requirement: 50 - 200µg/day
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26.  Supplies real food vitamin-E
 Plays important role in immune system
function
 Plays crucial role in the control of oxygen
metabolism.
 Protects phagocytes from destruction
 Protects body from oxidative damage.
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27.  One of the important ultra trace element
 Dietary source:
Cabbage, cauliflower,asparagus,mustard
leafygreen,
onions,broccoli,avocado,watermelon and nuts.
 Daily requirement: 14mg/day
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28.  Formation of sulphur containing amino acids
like cysteine,methionine.
 Synthesis of proteins
 Formation of chlorophyll
 Sulphur involves in the structure of insulin
 Important constituent of collagen and keratin
 Important component of coenzyme A
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29.  Ultra trace element used in the synthesis of
thyroid hormone
 Dietary source: Lentils, kidney
beans,quinoa,Figs, potatoes,spinach,
dates, yogurt, strawberry, bananas, fish, rock
salt
 Daily requirement: 50 - 200µg/day
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30.  Plays important role in sythesis of thyroid
hormones
 Fibrolytic agent
 Expectorant
 Bacteriocidal agent
 Essential for normal growth and development
 White blood cells are effective against infection
in the presence of adequate levels of iodine.
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