INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND INSTRUMENTATION

1. HUZAIFA UMAR
Department of Bioengineering
Faculty of Engineering
INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND
INSTRUMENTATION (BIOE303)
Lecture 1
Cyprus International University

2.  THE AGE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
 DEFINITION AND DIVERSITY OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
 APPLICATION
 BIOMETRICS
 INTRODUCTION TO MAN INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
 COMPONENTS OF MAN INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
 PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF BODY
 QUESTIONS
Outlines

3. Age of Biomedical Engineering
 It is a technology of this era. Near to 1970s,was the decade when this field get
rapid progress.
 We can define it such that, Bio means its related to life. There are many inter
disciplines also. E.g. Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biomechanics, Bioelectronics,
Bioinstrumentations etc…
 Committees have been form to define this terms
 The different committees provided various definitions of this field..
One of the definition is …..

4. Cont……
 BME“ be defined as application of the knowledge gained by a cross fertilizatio
n of engineering and the biological sciences so that both will be more fully utiliz
ed for the benefit of human being.
 Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ( AAMI).
 Biomedical equipment technician(BMET)
 The other titles have been used, hospital engineer and medical engineer.
 Biomedical instrumentation is the methods of measurement within the filed.
 Other problem is communication gape between the engineers and the doctors. (
Appendix are given in the book).

5. Definition and Diversity of Biomedical Engineering
 Is the application of engineering techniques and analyses to problem-solving in medicine and
the biomedical sciences.
 Biomedical engineering is a discipline that
- The acquisition of new knowledge and understanding of living systems through the innovative
and substantive application of experimental and analytical techniques based on the engineering
sciences.
– The development of new devices, algorithms, processes and systems that advance biology and
medicine and improve medical practice and health care deliver.
• Biomedical engineering,
• Bioengineering, biotechnology
• Clinical (medical) engineering
• Medical technology
•Health care technology

6. Medical Engineering (Medical Engineer)
Uses engineering concepts and technology for development of
– Instrumentation,
– Diagnostic and therapeutic devices,
– Artificial organs, and
– Other medical devices needed in health care and in hospitals
Role:
– Examine some portion of biology and medicine to identify areas in which advanced technology
might be advantageous

7. Clinical Engineering (Clinical Engineer)
Uses engineering, management concept, and technology
– To improve health care in hospitals
- Better patient care at minimum costs thought the application of technology
• Role is to provide services directly
– Related to patient care together with other health care professionals
– Problems originated from clinical environment

8. Cont…..
Responsible for
– Equipment effectiveness and
– Electrical safety in medical instrumentation
– Systems and power supply
• Constrained by regulations
– Medical, federal, state, local, governmental, hospital

9. Cont…..
– Design of medical instruments and devices to monitor and measure biological functions
– Application of electronics and measurement techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of
disease
• biopotential amplifiers
• patient monitors
• electrosurgical devices

10. Bioengineering
• Basic research-oriented activity closely related to
– Biotechnology and
– Genetic engineering
Modification of animal or plant cells to improve plants or animals to develop new
micro-organisms
• Bioengineering integrates
– Physical,
– Chemical,
– Mathematical, and
– Computational sciences and
– Engineering principles
To study biology, medicine, behavior, and health.

11. Cont…..
• It advances fundamental concepts;
– Creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ systems levels;
– Develops innovative biologics, materials, processes, implants, devices, and informatics
approaches
For the
– Prevention,
– Diagnosis, and
– Treatment of disease,
For patient rehabilitation, and for improving health

12. Biomedical Engineering (BME)
• A growing and expanding interdisciplinary profession
• Concerned with the application of
– Engineering,
– Mathematics,
– Computing, and
– Science methodologies
> To do analysis of biological and physiological problems
• Produce technological advances in health care

13. Cont……
• apply different engineering principles
– electrical and electronics
• instrumentation, bioamplifiers
– mechanical,
• artificial limbs, prostheses
– physical
• diagnostic imaging and therapeutic devices
– chemical,
• biosensors, chemical analysers
– optical,
• fiber optics, optical measurements
– computer science
• computational medicine, signal and image analysis, information systems
– material science
• implanted devices, artificial tissues

14. Important medical instruments
Thermometer
– 1603, Galileo
– 1625, body temperature measurement
• Optical lens
– 1666, Newton
– 1850-, ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz
• Stethoscope
– 1819, hollow tube
– 1851, binaural stethoscope
• Hypodermic syringe
– 1853, Wood
• X-ray
– 1895, Roentgen
– 1896, in diagnosis and therapy
• Radioactivity
– 1896, Curie
– 1903, in therapy
• Electrocardiograph
– 1887, Waller, capillary meter
– 1903, Einthoven,
– galvanometer 1928, vacuum tube
• Electroencephalograph
– 1924, Berger
• pH electrode
– 1906, Cremer
• Electrical surgical unit, 1928

15. Cont….
• Cyclotron, artificial
radionuclides
– 1936, Lawrence
• Assisting ventilator
– 1928, "iron lung"
– 1945, positive pressure
• Ultrasonic imaging
– pulse-echo, 1947
– Doppler, 1950s
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
– NRM, Bloch, Purcell, 1946
– MRI, 1982
• Computed tomography
– 1969, Cormack, Hounsfield
• Electrical heart defibrillator
– 1956, Zoll
– 1980, implanted
• Implanted electrical heart
pacemaker
– 1960, Greatbatch
• Heart valves, 1975
• Cardiac catheter, 1975
• Artificial kidney (dialysis),
1960
• Artificial heart, 1984

16. Biometrics
 The branch of science that includes the measurement of physiological variables and
parameters is known as biometrics.
 Sensors and Transducers are useful for making of measuring instruments related to
body.
 For designing of medical instrumentation systems, few factors are to be considered.
(1) Range, (2) Sensitivity, (3) Linearity, (4) Hysteresis, (5) Frequency Response, (6) A
ccuracy, (7) Signal to Nosie Ratio, (8) Stability, (9) Isolation, (10) Simplicity.

17. Introduction to the Man-instrument System
 Unknown system called a black box.
 Human body is a living box. Within this box can be found electrical , mechanical,
acoustical, thermal, chemical, optical, hydraulic, pneumatic and many other types of
systems, all interacting with each other.
 Many difficulties to measure a physical parameters.
 The system which includes both the human organism and the instrumentation
required for measurement of the human is called the man-instrument system.

18. Physiological measurements
 Any instrumentation systems generally following the major categories like
…
1. Information gathering
2. Diagnosis
3. Evaluation
4. Monitoring
5. Control
 Clinical Instrument and research instruments.
 Two types of measurements.. (1) Vivo( inside the body) (2) Vitro(Out sid
e the Body)

19. Physiological Parameters
Parameters related to cardiovascular dynamics:
– Blood pressure
– Blood flow
– Blood volumes, cardiac output
• Biopotentials:
– Electrocardiogram (ECG),
– Electroencephalogram (EEG),
– Electromyogram (EMG)
Respiratory parameters:
– Lung volumes and capacities,
– Air flow
Blood gases:
– Pressures of blood gases
– Oxygen saturation
– pH and other ions

20. Components of the Man Instrument System

21. Physiological Systems of the Body
The biochemical system: The human body has within it an integrated conglomerate
of chemical systems that produce energy for the activity of the body, messenger
agents for communication, materials for body repair and growth, and substances
required to carry out the various body functions.
The cardiovascular system: Heart( Hydraulic system)
The respiratory system: Pneumatic system
The nervous system

22. QUESTIONS?
?