This document describes tools that can be used to manage the product development process (PDP) in food industries. It focuses on tools for the pre-development phase of PDP, which involves strategic product planning and project planning. For strategic product planning, tools like SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, and market research can be used to review the company's strategic business plan, analyze its product portfolio, and identify new product opportunities. For project planning, tools help select a new product project and develop a project plan to guide further development. Effectively managing pre-development with the right tools allows food companies to develop strategies for new, value-added products that meet consumer demands.
This presentation highlights the flavor developed during cooking of meat. Meat flavor development is a complex process which involves formation of multiple kinds of chemical compounds. So check out this presentation to know more about those savory, mouth watering flavors of meat that you can't resist!
Conventional food processing techniques Uma Bansal
its a presentation based on conventional food processing techniques and it contains drying methods also along with freeze drying and concentration and evaporation.
Full description of manufacturing processing of margarine is given in the file.
The document includes:
-Introduction of Margarine
-History
-Ingredients
-Role of Ingredients
-Manufacturing Process
-Flowline of Mayonnaise
-Packaging processes
-Advantages
-Disadvantages
This presentation highlights the flavor developed during cooking of meat. Meat flavor development is a complex process which involves formation of multiple kinds of chemical compounds. So check out this presentation to know more about those savory, mouth watering flavors of meat that you can't resist!
Conventional food processing techniques Uma Bansal
its a presentation based on conventional food processing techniques and it contains drying methods also along with freeze drying and concentration and evaporation.
Full description of manufacturing processing of margarine is given in the file.
The document includes:
-Introduction of Margarine
-History
-Ingredients
-Role of Ingredients
-Manufacturing Process
-Flowline of Mayonnaise
-Packaging processes
-Advantages
-Disadvantages
This seminar talks about what is sensory evaluation, types and needs for sensory evaluation. Quality control and quality assurance and the use of sensory evaluation in food industries. Minimum requirement and new developments in QC/Sensory program.
Freezing helps to Inhibit the growth of microorganisms hence help in preservation of foods. So, freezing is a very easy and effective method for the preservation of fruits and vegetables and to retain them for longer duration.
Water activity is the moisture content of the food which is available for microbial growth.By controlling water activity the food can be preserved for longer duration
In this 30 minute webinar, food scientists Mary Galloway and Zachary Cartwright talk about how to get answers to your shelf life questions. Learn how to:
-Troubleshoot issues and complaints to find out why shelf life is ending sooner than expected
-Predict how recipe changes will impact shelf life
-Compare the effect of different ingredient options
-Evaluate whether a specific packaging option will help you achieve or improve shelf life
This seminar talks about what is sensory evaluation, types and needs for sensory evaluation. Quality control and quality assurance and the use of sensory evaluation in food industries. Minimum requirement and new developments in QC/Sensory program.
Freezing helps to Inhibit the growth of microorganisms hence help in preservation of foods. So, freezing is a very easy and effective method for the preservation of fruits and vegetables and to retain them for longer duration.
Water activity is the moisture content of the food which is available for microbial growth.By controlling water activity the food can be preserved for longer duration
In this 30 minute webinar, food scientists Mary Galloway and Zachary Cartwright talk about how to get answers to your shelf life questions. Learn how to:
-Troubleshoot issues and complaints to find out why shelf life is ending sooner than expected
-Predict how recipe changes will impact shelf life
-Compare the effect of different ingredient options
-Evaluate whether a specific packaging option will help you achieve or improve shelf life
This paper presents a RFID based Smart Ration System which would overcome drawbacks of conventional ration system. The conventional ration system has drawbacks such as weight of the material may be inaccurate due to human mistakes and if the material is not purchased by the customer, at the end of the month the distributor will sale the material for his profit without taking permission from government. This system will provide RFID tags to customers instead of conventional
ration card. These RFID tags will get scan at distributor and customer will get required material automatically.
Hungry for success: How food companies can use social data for product develo...Talkwalker
How can FMCG companies create & launch successful new food products? Learn how social data helps them to keep up with trends and develop products customers want to buy.
A model for applying social science to inform the design of product aesthetics. This is illustrated with an example: product aesthetics for the law enforcement market.
Importance of Production Planning and Control in Small Manufacturing Enterprisesinventionjournals
SMEs are growing nowadays. The companies are dependent on SMEs. SMEs are acting as vendor for them. For fulfilling the order of the big companies the SMEs have to deliver the product within schedule time. This has compelled the SMEs to look into the production planning and control of the unit. If the SMEs properly apply the PPC, the production system is going to be fastened and tries to focus over that of the SMEs by taking pragmatic approach in that regard.
This paper developed an analytical background to scientific development conducted on the use of
Lean Manufacturing in the industries. Regarding the methodological approach to this research is exploratory and
did a literature review with a sample survey using technological resources search as a tool to perform the search
in this case, the component data bases Journals Portal Coordination and Training of Personnel Higher Level. For
this study bibliometric analysis and the selection of journals were made and the results show that the topic is
Lean Manufacturing on the rise internationally and that is a methodology mentioned in leading journals. The
scientific literature on the topic is not predominantly done by a single magazine or a single industry segment.
The contribution is in identifying the gaps of the segments of the industries with the greatest opportunities for
the application of Lean Thinking so that future studies can deepen effectively is opportunity.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Management Control in Contemporary Organization: Opportunities, Challenges an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper deals with management control as an
important instrument for managing performances in modern
organizations. The paper indicates to the circumstances in
which classical theory of management control was created,
and describes its process of functioning, with the specifics in
large organizations. The aim is to point to some open questions
and directions of further development of the management
control, as well as to at least partially fill the gap that exists in
the domestic literature. The conclusion is that the existing
management control framework remains still valid. Open
questions can be best resolved within the concept that observes
this matter as a "package" of different control systems, not
just those that are oriented to accounting-based performance
measures.
A review of application of some product development technoques applied in eng...eSAT Journals
Abstract
New product development is always challenging and creative task in today’s era of globalization. Various internal and external factors are to be considered in the entire product development process. The concerned internal factors are skilled workforce with the organization, Budgetary provision for new product development, infrastructural and other resources available with organizations etc. While the external factors are requirement of the Customers, legal issues, Government policies, market segments and prevailing situations in the market. Considering the complexity in the product development process various new techniques of product development are being introduced by the industries, as well as proposed by researchers and academia. Lean product development, Quality Function Deployment, Six sigma is some of the techniques. In recent years there is a new technique being opted by the industry called as Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP) .This paper is an attempt to review the developments of APQP and efforts being taken by the researchers in the development of APQP.
Keywords:-APQP, Six sigma, QFD, NPD techniques, APQP methodology, advantages of APQP
Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Best PracticesAnthony Grenier
Key Takeaways from the Technology Transfer Guidelines
• Standardize checklist for transferring product development, process development, and analytical method development knowledge
• Requirements are summarized in key deliverables and reports
An Assessment of Project Portfolio Management Techniques on Product and Servi...iosrjce
The crises of product and service innovation in most organisations due to global competition and
the need for scientific research in the project portfolio management discipline were factors that motivated this
research. The purpose of this study is to investigate how project portfolio management(ppm) contributes to
product and service innovation. A questionnaire was developed to gather data to compare the PPM methods
used, PPM performance and resulting new product success measures in sixty Nigeria organisations in a diverse
range of service and manufacturing industries. The study findings indicated that PPM practices have a greater
impact in the new product and services success rate. Also, business strategy method result in better alignment
of the projects in the portfolio. This conclusion is supported by the 0.630 Pearson correlations at 0.000
significance between percentage of successful products and PPM performance level. The results reveal that for
better innovation outcomes, management should place a priority on developing and improving PPM.
Measuring innovation in the "Process" approach: the case of agro-food product...IJERA Editor
Today, innovation is an important pillar to effectively position in global markets. Nevertheless, produce a good completely new or significantly improved, requires reducing the gap between the intended purpose and the end result it either internally or externally of the firm. This paper also proposes a measurement model based on the "process" approach. This proposal is based on a set of explanatory variables and explained linking internal and external effectiveness of innovative product.
Measuring innovation in the "Process" approach: the case of agro-food product...IJERA Editor
Today, innovation is an important pillar to effectively position in global markets. Nevertheless, produce a good completely new or significantly improved, requires reducing the gap between the intended purpose and the end result it either internally or externally of the firm. This paper also proposes a measurement model based on the "process" approach. This proposal is based on a set of explanatory variables and explained linking internal and external effectiveness of innovative product.
Production Planning and Control: Improvement Proposal for the Stock Managemen...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies show that the application of Production Planning and Control (PCP) in micro and small companies, mainly in the service sector, encounters many resistance from companies. This work explored this finding by conducting a study in a hotel located in the Metropolitan Region of the Paraíba Valley and North Coast located in the Sao Paulo State , Brazil, with the aim of detailing the situation from the perspective of Production Engineering. The methodology of the bibliographic research in periodicals on the application of the PCP in micro and small companies, in the area of services and in the hotel sector was used, and the results confirmed the possibility of improvements for the sector, contributing to a more rational management of resources and an increase in the reliability of the services provided by the enterprise.
Change management and version control of Scientific Applicationsijcsit
The development process of scientific applications is largely dependent on scientific progress and the
experimental research results. Thus, dealing with frequent changes is one of the main problems faced by
the developers of scientific software. Taking into account the results of the survey conducted among
scientists in the HP-SEE project, the implementation of change management and version control software
processes is inevitable. In this paper, we propose software engineering principles that should be included
in the development process to improve the version control and change management. Moreover, we give
some specific recommendations for their implementation, thereby making a slight modification of already
generally accepted templates and methods. The development steps practiced by scientists should not be
replaced completely, but they need to be supplemented with appropriate practices, documents and formal
methods. We also emphasize the reasons for the inclusion of these two processes and the consequences that
may arise as a result of their non-application.
Strategy Design and Business Model Improvement in a MSME Located in District ...M. Ali Pahmi
This study aims to formulate a design for developing a new business model strategy that is expected to improve the competitiveness of the tofu MSME in cileungsi. The methodology being used is benchmarking on both MSME industries area region & formulate improvements in the process and product lines, which are made in a new strategy map and business model, finally validated by the AVAC method.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Tutorial for 16S rRNA Gene Analysis with QIIME2.pdf
Tools description for product development process management in food industries
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN:2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
`
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 11 | Nov-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 226
TOOLS DESCRIPTION FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
MANAGEMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRIES
De Greef M1
, Arcusin L2
, Rossetti G3
1
Doctoral scholar, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Nacional del
Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
2
M. Sc, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Nacional del Litoral,
Santa Fe, Argentina
3
Ph.D., Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Nacional del Litoral,
Santa Fe, Argentina
Abstract
This paper describes a set of tools developed by different authors that can be applied in the Pre-Development of Product
Development Process in food industries. Product Development Process (PDP) is considered increasingly important to company
competitiveness. The management of this activity is critical to detect customers needs and to offer products according to them, in
order to optimize company resources and increase its profits. At food industry, this process is especially relevant due to the
increase of products offered in the market and the reduction of their life cycles. Despite the existence of studies that seek to
standardize the process of food product development, implementation of PDP models is incipient. Rozenfeld et al [1] propose a
model that outlines the process in macrophases, phases and tools, that allows the implementation of new product development.
This model was adapted by Penso [2] according to food industry characteristics. Both contributions have been taken as reference
for this investigation.
Among the phases, it underscores Pre-Development macrophase, which involves planning portfolio organization in the context of
its strategic plan. Its importance lies in the decisions made along the stage, that guide the process of further development and may
determine the future business scenario. This indicates the need for appropriate tools in order to manage efficiently this
macrophase. This paper describes different techniques and tools available in the literature related to PDP and structure them
according to the activities developed in the Pre-Development macrophase in food industries.
Keywords: Product Development Process, Food, Pre-Development, Management Tools.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The product development process (henceforth PDP) is a
systematic task whose objective is to generate new products,
either by modifying any existing or creating a completely
new and original one [3].
For the food, this activity is crucial. The scenario where
companies operate is characterized by high levels of
competitiveness. Due to globalization, organizations must
survive in a dynamic and often unpredictable market, with
life cycles product increasingly shorter. For companies,
competitive advantages are based on the optimization of
cost, time and quality, especially in the PDP.
Product quality in the food sector is one of the priority
criteria to analyze its performance in the consumer market,
and is a variable that directly affects the design and
production process thereof. Development time is an
important factor, since it must follow changes in customer
requirements, incorporates new technologies and attend the
increasing competitiveness of the market in the introduction
of innovative products. Finally, productivity of the
development process must be efficient, which means that
new product development involves searching the best
performance of material, financial and human resources
available on the company. One of the biggest challenges of
the PDP is to manage the best combination of these three
factors for an efficient process. Consequently, determining
appropriate models and tools will help to consolidate PDP
management.
In the literature there are several proposals to systematize
activities of product development in PDP models, according
on the area of knowledge of authors. However, differences
between these proposals are more terminological than
conceptual [4].
Rozenfeld et al [1] present the most recent PDP contribution
outlining the process into three macrofases: (i) pre-
development, (ii) development and (iii) post-development.
The model is structured and works as a reference to guide its
application into companies.
However, despite the existence of studies that seek to
standardize product development in the food industry, the
implementation of PDP models in the sector is incipient, as
it is described in a research by Rossetti et al [5].
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN:2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
`
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 11 | Nov-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 227
A stage that attract increasing interest in recent years in the
literature of the PDP, is the macrophase called Pre-
Development by Rozenfeld et al [1] and Penso [2], which
includes strategic aspects of the product, linking the PDP
with company strategic vision and its market share. It
involves the development of a number of activities that
precede decision making to develop a new product. The
importance of this step lies on the impact of these decisions,
as they determine the direction of the PDP and also the
future competitive business scenario.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the tools developed by
different authors on the PDP, in order to propose the most
appropriate to be used on pre-development macrophase PDP
in food industries.
2. METHODOLOGY
To achieve the objective of the present work, a qualitative
methodology is applied.
In the first place, the research method used is literature
search. We proceed to locate, identify and access documents
for research information. The literature review is to analyze
and synthesize current literature, resulting a document of the
state of art of PDP in food industry.
Next, tools studied are selected in terms of their specific
application in food companies, classified according to the
two phases in the Pre-Development macrophase selected.
3. REFERENCE MODELS
This paper bases its analysis on the model proposed by
Rozenfeld et al [1]. It contains a PDP Management Model
which separates the process into three macrofases: (i) pre-
development, (ii) development and (iii) post-development.
Each of these macrofases is split into phases, activities and
tasks. While the model shows phases sequentially in the
sublevels of activities and tasks, is normal that there is
simultaneity.
The model was originated from the binding of
methodologies, case studies, models, experiences and best
practices identified by the author and the research team. His
contribution is to conceive a management program in a
global way, involving all activities since development,
release and until removal of a new product. It is therefore
known as the Unified Model PDP, because it brings together
academic and professional perspectives into a unique
theoretical model [5].
Fig -1: View of Rozenfeld et al. Model [1]
The model is structured and systematized in a practical way,
and serves as a orientation to guide its application to several
industries and situations. Each application of the Unified
Model to a new industrial sector results in a Reference
Model for the sector, that companies operating in it can use
to improve their management systems of PDP.
Penso [2] focuses its research to make improvements in
relation to previously published models, in order to adapt
them to the food sector. It should be noted that, when
preparing the reference model for the sector (2003), the
Unified Model of PDP was in a publication process (2006).
The author made a systematization of the PDP focused on
the peculiarities of the development of food products. The
proposed model (Penso, 2003) is structured in macrofases
and phases similar to Rozenfeld et al [1], differing by adding
some specific activities in the area of food in the
macrophase Development.
4. PRE-DEVELOPMENT MACROPHASE AND
ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Pre-Development macrophase links the PDP with strategic
vision of the company and its market share. This
macrophase is composed by two phases:
1. The Product Strategic Planning phase, which objective
is to integrate corporate strategic planning with company
portfolio. In this phase, is provided a Plan containing the
product portfolio of the company, from the Strategic
Planning business. In fact, this Plan is a list that describes
the product line of the company, the new product projects
that can be designed to achieve the strategic goals, and the
choose of one of them to be developed in the next phase. In
general, leaders and managers of the company have
influence in this phase.
2. Project Planning phase establishes the steps to be
performed for the project development of a new product.
That is, one of the projects planned in the new portfolio of
products. This phase begins when the project is formally
approved. Its result is the Project Plan, a document that will
be used as a guide for the next macrophase (Product
Development) and contains: project goals, product goals,
description of activities, deadlines, budgets, responsible,
resources, etc.
Food industry is generally characterized by saturated
product markets, where there are leaders who consistently
deliver innovations, leading to reduced life cycles of
products. It is influenced by trends, lifestyles, and there is a
large global investment in research and development of new
products, in order to find opportunities from innovation in a
traditional market [6].
Understand the importance of Pre-Development in food
industry is essential for the survival and competitiveness of
enterprises. This Macrophase involved many decision, such
as the current portfolio of the company, the identification of
opportunities, selecting new product concepts that present
the greatest potential for success in the market, the
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN:2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
`
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 11 | Nov-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 228
determination of products to be discontinued, among other;
decisions that are of vital importance because would guide
further development, including setting the future
competitive scenario of the company. Changes into projects
as they approach completion are more expensive than if
applied at startup. Good planning in these early stages can
become a differentiating factor for organizations.
Properly manage PDP with right tools allows companies to
stay in business and develop strategies based on higher
value-added products for consumers that demand healthy,
convenient and nutritious products.
5. TOOLS PROPOSALS FOR PRE-
DEVELOPMENT MACROPHASE
Tools used in product development processes are a set of
recommendations to stimulate ideas, analyze problems and
structure process activities [2].
In Pre-development phase, these tools are essential to carry
forward the different tasks proposed by the model and to
arrive at concrete results, optimizing company resources.
Penso [2] systematized in his research several tools that can
be used in the PDP of food products, some of them are
generic in PDP (e.i., Brainstorming, Parametric Analysis,
SWOT analysis) and some others are specific to the food
industry (e.i., Sensory Analysis, Attributes Matrix, Life
Cycle Map). The author presents these techniques in a
common paragraph, without linking them to macrofases and
phases proposed by the model.
This paper proposes a description of different tools
according to the two phases that structure the macrophase of
Pre-Development. After a literature review of the techniques
used in the PDP, are selected the more appropriate to the
mentioned stage.
According to Rozenfeld Model, are detailed below activities
and tasks that include each of the phases of Pre-
Development (Strategic Product Planning and Project
Planning), and tools that can be used to facilitate the
achievement of them. It should be noted that these
techniques and tools can be used together, and even some of
them support others.
5.1 Strategic Planning Product Phase:
1. Define the purpose of the review of the Strategic Business
Plan (SBP): Consists on analyzing the strategic business
plan of the company, list issues to be discussed, assess the
skills of management for strategic product planning,
defining a review methodology of the SBP, set a deadline,
and finally draft a document with the scope of this review.
2. Planning activities for SBP revision: It involves
establishing calendars, discussions and decisions to make,
planning the necessary physical resources at each meeting
and prepare a communication plan that allows for this
information to stakeholders.
3. Consolidating information on market and technology:
This activity allows having information for decision-
making: make available secondary data, detect the need to
identify primary data and finally consolidate the obtained
information.
4. Review of the SBP: Implies, with the obtained
information, analyze internal and external factors of the
organization: mission, technology trends, market
segmentation, market positioning, and internal factors (e.i.,
goals, skills, resources). Finally, a document with the
information obtained is prepared.
5. Analyze Portfolio of the Company: consists in a review of
methodology for evaluating product portfolio, positioning
and evaluating products performance, technologies used,
and making a list of ideas for new products -called
"projects"- and finally analyze these projects.
6. Changes to product portfolio: the procedure consist in
identify products to be discontinued, projects to be left, and
new projects to start. Documents for each of the new
projects are prepared and the new product portfolio is
consolidated.
7. To test the viability of product portfolio: it involves
assessing the economic viability of project portfolio, assess
the availability of resources, evaluate the skills to reach it
and finally reach consensus on the final decision.
8. Decide the start of a product portfolio planning: Involves
reviewing project documents and select one, also
establishing a project manager and possible start dates, and
finally approve and announce the decision.
To carry forward the activities of this stage has been found
in literature several tools mentioned below:
SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities
and Threats) This technique is a simple and systematic way
to verify the strategic position of the company, being the
basis for the development of its strategic plan [3].
Strengths and weaknesses are determined by the current
position of the company, and are related to internal factors
of the organization. Opportunities and Threats are future
anticipations, and are related to external factors of business
environment.
The first step is to obtain relevant information from the
company core businesses in which it operates, position,
skills and finance, among others. This information is
grouped and related to be analyzed and translated into
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This allows
to identify the points that require changes and decide the
best way to introduce them [2].
PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological)
analysis The purpose of this tool is to determine the external
conditions that could influence organizations. It is useful to
extend the external variables of SWOT Analysis. From the
four-factor it analyses the impact that changes in general
economic and business environment lead on business
operations, and consequently, the Product Development [2].
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN:2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
`
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 11 | Nov-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 229
The analysis involving the PDP consider these factors: (i)
Political: changes in laws and regulations, or policies that
have impact on the market; (ii) Economic: macroeconomic
issues such as growth rates, recession, fiscal policy,
inflation; (iii) Social: demographic trends, environmental
awareness, habits and lifestyles, and (iv) Technology:
Advances in areas such as computer, communications, and
science in general, which cause changes in some industries,
new materials, processes and energy sources.
Market Research It involves compilation and analysis of
market information, made in a systematically way [7].
There are some differences in scope and description of this
technique according different authors. In general for this
study are considered, according to Penso [2]:
(i) Information generated by the company. Involves
considering the accumulated knowledge of the company in
relation to its market, especially from the areas of higher
contact with customers (marketing and technical assistance).
Obtain this type of information is possible through meetings,
discussions or formal interviews or 'wish lists'
questionnaires.
(ii) Literature review. In specialized journals, reports and
magazines published by companies related to the sector.
Investigations are based on the unmet needs of consumers,
but also must be focused on critical areas or uncertainty, on
which depends the success of a new product.
(iii) Market Research. To organize market research, is
critical to determinate methodologies, questions to be
performed, and a representative sample of consumers (e.i.,
age, gender, educational background, socio-economic
status). Measurement methods determine how the data will
be processed and presented. The final step is to transform
data into decisions (eg, take or reject a new product project).
One of the objectives of Market Research is identifying
business opportunities. Lerma K. [3] assigns great
importance to this concept, and specifically delves in
Information Sources for detecting such opportunities: claims
or complaints from consumers, study other goods or services
satisfy the same needs elsewhere (trips), trade shows and
exhibitions, publications (newspapers, magazines, catalogs),
distributors of similar products, offices customer or offices
repair.
Observation This tool is often used to investigate
consumers behavior, providing important information for
product design. It can be used naturally by observing
behaviors as they occur in their usual environment, or based
on a structured plan, to create situations where the behavior
of the participants can be observed [7].
Consumer Panel Referring to the food industry, Penso [2]
highlights this technique, which allows following the
changes of consumers in relation to their perception of the
company, brand or product, through its spontaneous
opinion. The information obtained is used to generate ideas
for new products or markets, improve existing products and
evaluate the products of competitors.
Focus Group These are interviews with a sample of
consumers to elaborate on specific topics. A moderator
proposes some questions to obtain información about the
way the group sees a brand, product, related images,
slogans, existing concepts or symbols. It can also be used to
study the initial perception of the concept or prototype of a
new product.
Competitive Analysis This analysis aims to monitor
competitors and their products, and seeks to identify factors
of success and failure.
Following Penso [2], the first step is to collect information
available about competitors (e.i., turnover, products
developed, patents, production capacity). The nature of their
business is then evaluated, and how that affects the
performance of the company. To do this, the analysis of
competitors Marketing Mix is used, studying each variable
(product, price, promotion and place or distribution and
communication).
Finally, conclusions of the analysis (strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats, and strategies) indicate the
changes that the company should lead to increase their
competitiveness.
Benchmarking Set some comparative frameworks, based
on an analysis of best techniques existing on the market.
Thus, attempts to determine the state of the art of processes
used by the company, compared to other organizations
(especially competitors) to identify and incorporate these
practices in the company. The search should not be limited
to similar organizations, but aims to find various kinds of
solutions or innovations to continuously improve their
processes and products [8].
Monitoring and Surveillance Technology Is the search for
information related to external opportunities and threats in
science and technology field [7]. Sources that may be useful
for product development are: conferences, fairs, colleges
developments, patent databases, databases of private and
government agencies that collect existing technology,
companies developing raw materials and equipment, among
others [2].
Customers value chain Analysis Is the analysis of the
chain of customers and product users (distribution, logistics,
point of sales), focus on the aspects that adds value to each
of them [2]. Thus, strategies for enhancing these aspects or
valued activities are sought, to create advantage over
competitors [7].
User Cooperation / Leaders suppliers Is to engage in idea
generation lead users (those users who have knowledge of
the product and its use) with the goal that ideas will be
accepted in the market; as well as suppliers who have an
advanced knowledge about product, distribution channels
and technologies [7].
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN:2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
`
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 11 | Nov-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 230
Warehouse ideas This tool seeks to build a storehouse of
ideas that can be the useful for product development. It
suggests to establish mechanisms to facilitate and encourage
idea contribution by employees of the organization [7].
Analysis of product maturity (or Life Cycle) The life
cycle analysis of products on the market intended to
diagnose their performance depending on the stage they are:
introduction, growth, maturity or decline. This tool is
important for PDP strategic planning.
Scenario Analysis Scenario-based planning is projecting
the future, describing possible scenarios: the best, the worst
and most likely case, in terms of industry and market [7].
Delphi Method The purpose of this tool is to collect
opinions of specialists through successive rounds of
structured questionnaires. Another possibility is bringing
together managers and directors of different departments to
reach consensus on a decision to be taken [2].
Ideas selection based on Product Portfolio Is a dynamic
process where the list of new products is reviewed and
updated constantly, taking into account projects
interrelationship in order to assign resources available in the
best possible way [2].
Brainstorming These group sessions are managed to
analyze a situation and provide solutions to a problem in a
relatively short time. These meetings usually involved a
small number of people (no more than ten or twelve),
chosen based on their skills, knowledge of a particular area,
or their creative abilities [2]. It consists of seven stages:
Orientation, Preparation, Analysis, Ideas, Incubation,
Synthesis and Evaluation [2]. This tool is used mainly in
activities where creativity to generate ideas is required.
Question Checklist This tool seeks to present to product
development team a number of questions about the product
to be developed, in order to conceive possibilities otherwise
are hardly considered. The questions are designed to lead
the mind generate ideas. Some examples are: what other
uses might have the desired product?, What are the latest
technological trends, and which could be incorporated in the
product? [3].
Simplex Method It consists of an outlined process for
conducting creative thinking towards innovation in solving
problems, taking as a starting point the identification of a
specific problem, to respond to the challenges included in
solutions intending [3].
Ansoff Matrix This tool has four possibilities to explore
company business opportunities and is used primarily in the
development of organizational strategy [2]. It takes into
account two variables, markets and products, according to
the presenting feature (traditional or new). In relation to the
PDP, the tool is useful for locating the product to be
developed in a simple and schematic way in the market, and
lay out appropriate strategies for development.
Fig -2: Ansoff Matrix [9]
Selection chance Matrix It is used to analyze potential
product opportunities. Is constructed on several selection
criteria, and weights are assigned according to degrees of
importance. An opportunity is set as a reference and the
other are ranked in relative terms "better than (+)", "worse
than (-)" or "equals (0)". Establishing a final summation,
indications of better opportunities [2] are obtained.
Product specifications sheets Is a document that describes
market needs for a potential new product and its business
opportunity. This tool is mainly used by management to
decide on the initial investment of a new product and to
guide the work of the PDP team [7].
5.2 Project Planning Phase
1. Define project stakeholders: Involves organizational
project planning and the development of a team for
implementation.
2. Define product scope: It consists in studying the project
document and the previously defined product portfolio and
establish basic guidelines of the product.
3. Define project scope: Involves defining the scope of the
project taking into account scope of the product, work
structure and restrictions imposed by the company and the
project manager.
4. Adapting the Reference Model: Following the
methodology proposed by Rozenfeld et al [1], involves
sorting the project, identify the Reference Model -in this
case, Penso [2]- and finally make necessary changes to suit
to the particular organization.
5. Define activities and sequences: consists of identifying
activities, relationships between them and analyzing the
project network.
6. Prepare the schedule: It involves estimating the effort
required for each activity, allocate resources, optimize the
scheduling of activities and resources, and finally distribute
the defined schedule.
7. Assess risks: It involves planning risk assessment of the
project, a plan containing its identification and
characterization, its qualitative and quantitative analysis,
and finally actions to respond to any problems.
8. Prepare project budget: consists in forecasting
expenditure related to the activities.
9. Analyze the economic viability of the project: involves
defining target cost, verifying technical and commercial
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN:2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
`
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 11 | Nov-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 231
viability, define an estimated sales volume and perform
preliminary economic assessment.
10. Defining performance indicators: involves selecting
appropriate performance indicators to monitor the project.
• Planning procurement: Includes planning what should be
purchased and at what time, prepare procurement
requirements, identify potential suppliers and manage them.
11. Prepare the Project Plan: With all the information
obtained, finally is made a project plan to develop the new
product.
To carry forward the activities of this stage has been found
in literature several tools mentioned below:
Function Deployment quality (or QFD, Quality Function
Deployment). This method seeks to ensure quality
throughout the PDP and was conceived to facilitate the
project team to identify needs and desires of customers to
translate them into technical specifications. The aim of this
tool is focusing on meeting customer requirements, and
establishing the importance of product attributes to
transform them into technical requirements, based on a
cascade of matrices [7]. It uses a graphical method where
relationships between customer requirements and grid
design characteristics are expressed. This matrix details the
relationships between four dimensions: (i) product intrinsic
quality, (ii) Technology required for its production, (iii) cost
and (iv) Reliability. Thus, the first step is detecting needs,
requirements and desires of customers (as required), and
from this information defines quality characteristics of the
final product, components, intermediate products and raw
materials.
Fig -3: Quality Function Deployment [10]
Pricing Methods Within these tools, used for financial
viability analysis of a new product, is the Subtraction
Ceiling Price. It begins with the definition of a "ceiling"
price to be set for the consumer, from which they are
subtracting several costs: logistics, distribution, companu
margin, product development costs, up to production cost
[2].
Another method is known as Adding cost. Starts from the
setting of component costs, and they are adding other costs:
labor, indirect, manufacturing, development, profit margins
and taxes [7].
Project specification sheet Is a document used to control
development project. The list of project requirements covers
both consumer requirements as those required for the
manufacture, distribution, use, maintenance and disposal of
the product, in addition to providing regulatory and legal
requirements [3].
This tool tries to anticipate things that could cause failure of
a commercial product, and serves to guide the project team
during the next macrophase: Product Development [2].
6. CONCLUSIONS
According to the objective of this study, one of the first
conclusions to mention is that was not found specific
literature product development tools in the food industry,
focused on Pre-Development Phase. Analyzed descriptions
are related to tools in activities included in Pre Development
Phase of many industries, or to Food Industries in general.
Furthermore, in the case of Food Industries tools, techniques
are related mostly to facilitate activities in Development
macrophase. Among them, there are sensory techniques,
product development lifecycle map, Matrix attributes,
morphological matrix, Sinetica, Mescrai, Audit Risk
Products, Statistical optimization of processes, Taguchi
Method, Triz, hazard Analysis critical points [2, 3, 7].
Furthermore, is observed in the analyzed literature related to
PDP tools, the way they are known, systematized and
classified depending on each author. The existence of many
tools to do certain activities (eg, Consolidating information
on market and technology) and some other gaps, especially
for project planning phase, is also detected.
A number of tools that are considered appropriate to be
applied at the stage of Pre-Development, according to the
importance and purpose of the macrophase, have been
presented in this paper. Subsequent research could focus on
other tools to structure activities to be performed along each
macrophase of product development process.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the financial contribution
provided by the National Agency for Scientific and
Technological Promotion, through Fund for Scientific and
Technological Research (FONCYT) for the project "Design
of a Management Model for Product Development in Small
and Medium Food Production Enterprises" (PICT 2012 -
No. 1692 ) and also the Universidad Nacional del Litoral.
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN:2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
`
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 11 | Nov-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 232
REFERENCES
[1]. Rozenfeld, H., Forcellini, F.A., Amaral, D.C., Toledo,
J.C., Silva, S.L., Alliprandini, D.H., Scalice, R.K., “Gestão
de desenvolvimento de produtos: uma referência para a
melhoria de processo”, São Paulo, Ed. Saraiva, 2006.
[2]. Penso C.C., “Modelo de Referência para o Processo de
Desenvolvimento de Produtos na Indústria de Alimentos”
(Dissertação de Mestrado), Ed. UFSC, Florianópolis, 2003.
[3]. Lerma Kirchner, A, “Desarrollo de nuevos productos,
una visión integral”, Cuarta edición, Cengage Learning,
Querétaro, México, 2010.
[4]. Roozemburg N. and Eekels J., “Product Design.
Fundamentals and Methods”, Ed. John Wily & Sons, New
York, 1995.
[5]. Rossetti G., Arcusin L., Giraudo F., Murer P, “Estudio
Comparativo de Modelos de Gestión del Proceso de
Desarrollo de Productos Alimenticios”, Iberoamerican
Journal of Project Management, vol.5, Nº.1, 2014, pp.11-22.
[6]. Cóccaro, G.C. “Desarrollo de Nuevos Productos:
Alimentos Funcionales y Novel Food. Alternativas para el
diseño de alimentos y su marco legal”. PROCAL (Programa
de Gestión de Calidad y Diferenciación de los Alimentos),
Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca de la Nación,
Argentina, 2010. Disponible en:
http://www.alimentosargentinos.gov.ar/contenido/procal/est
udios/02/DesarrolloNuevosProductos.pdf
[7]. Val Jáuregui E. y Justel Lozano D, “Uso de
herramientas durante la primera fase de desarrollo de
productos”, DYNA, Vol. 83, Nº 6, 2008, pp. 363-373.
[8]. Baxter, M. “Projeto de produto. Guia prática para design
de novos productos”, Ed. Blucher, São Paulo, 2008.
[9]. Vicente, M. y Ayala, J.C, “Principios Fundamentales
para la Administración de Organizaciones”, Pearson,
Prentice Hall, Buenos Aires, 2008.
[10]. Hauser, J.R. y Clausing, D., “The house of quality”,
Harvard Business Review, May–June, 63-73, 1988
BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Germán Rossetti is a chemical engineer, from UNL,
Santa Fe, Argentina, and Ph.D from the same University. He
is the director in the Dept of Industrial Engineering, and his
research area includes product development management
and project management.
M. Sc. Leticia Arcusin is pursuing Ph.D Degree in
Administration from UNR University, Rosario, Argentina.
She has completed her master degree in Strategic Business
Management from UNaM, Misiones, Argentina. Her
research area includes product development management.
BBA Melisa De Greef is pursuing Ph.D Degree in
Administration from UNR University, Rosario, Argentina.
She has completed his studies in Business Administration at
UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina. Her research area includes
product development management.