This document provides an overview of key concepts in visual arts, including definitions of terms like painting, sculpture and architecture. It discusses elements of visual arts like line, shape, color, texture and space. It also covers principles of design such as balance, proportion, rhythm, emphasis and unity. Additionally, it examines painting styles and movements, notable Philippine painters and their works, sculpting processes and materials, architecture styles, and the history of Philippine architecture. The document is intended to help students understand and analyze different aspects of visual arts.

1. Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH)
Focus: The Visual Arts
Competencies:
1. Distinguish and analyze the different elements, principles, and mediums of different visual
arts
2. Identify and classify the different themes of visual arts in the Philippines
3. Appreciate and be proud of Philippine visual art masterpiece as part of cultural enrichment
PART I – CONTENT UPODATE
I. Definition of terms:
1. Painting – refers to the application of color, pigment, or paint to a surface or support.
These surfaces may include paper, wood, canvas, metal or walls. Paint is made of
pigment mixed in a binder.
2. Sculpture – a three dimensional artwork which may be through different processes,
such as carving, modeling, assembling or casting. It may be executed as a free-
standing object, in relief, or in environments, and a variety of media may be used.
3. Architecture – the art and science of designing and constructing buildings
(structures), and other environmental features.
II. The elements of Visual Arts
1. Line – the most basic of all elements. A line is an identifiable path traced by a moving
point. Lines vary in types. They can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, straight or curved
thick or thin. Different lines are used to signify, different feelings. For example:
• Horizontal line – suggests a feeling of rest, serenity, or perfect stability
• Vertical line – dominance, height, power
• Diagonal line – uncertainty, unrest, movement or action
• Curved line – flow, softness, flexibility, grace
2. Shape – shapes and forms are figures which define object s in space. A shape is a two-
dimensional figure. Circles, triangles, and squares are common examples of shapes.
Forms exist in three dimensions. Examples of forms include cubes, cylinders and
pyramids among others.
3. Value – it is the relative degree of lightness or darkness in anything that is visible. It
gives an impression of solidity, distance, and depth. Early European artists used a
technique which defined by a strong contrast between light and dark. This is called
chiaroscuro.
4. Color – it is the product of light reflected off objects. We see different colors because of
light’s various instinct qualities, specially because of its different wavelengths. In visual
arts, the relationship of colors is best seen in a color wheel.
• Primary color – red, yellow, and Blue (Red, Green, Blue in light)
• Secondary colors – Orange, Green, Violet
• Tertiary colors – yellow green, blue green, blue violet, red violet, red orange,
and yellow orange
Artists usually use color harmonies. These are combinations of colors which the artist
uses convey his or her messages through the element of color.
• Monochromatic - the use of a single color tint in different values or shades
• Analogous – 3 to 4 neighboring colors with one color in all mixtures
• Complementary – any two opposite colors on the wheel
• Split Complementary – any three colors wherein two of which are beside the
complement of the third color
• Double Split complementary or tetradic – this color scheme uses four colors
arranged into two complementary pairs
• Triad – three colors that form an equilateral triangle in a color wheel
Properties of color:
• Hue – identity or the quality by which we distinguish colors
Cool colors – colors which possesses the dominance of blue
Warm colors - colors which possesses the dominance of red or yellow
• Value – lightness or darkness of a hue
• Intensity or Saturation – refers to the strength of a hue
5. Texture – refers to surface characteristics. A surface may be rough, smooth, glossy,
coarse, irregular, etc
6. Space – refers to the area in which an artist arranges elements in a composition. Space
can be two-dimensional (2D) such as in painting and photography, or three-dimensional
(3D), such as in sculpture and installations. Depth can also be suggested in two-
dimensional works, by the application of linear perspective – a graphing of distances
between objects.
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2. Types of perspective:
• One point – a representation of distance by means of converging lines.
• Two point – there are two points in line with each other in a horizontal position. All
lines converge on these two points.
• Foreshortening – the modification of an established scale in a drawing of the human
figure to represent perspective.
III. Principles of Design
1. Balance – the idea of visual equilibrium which gives an impression of stability or
instability.
• Symmetrical Balance – it has equal visual weight on either side of the canvas. It is
visually stable.
• Asymmetrical Balance – an uneven balance
• Radical Balance – a symmetrical balance wherein elements are distributed evenly
around a central point.
2. Proportion (or scale) – refers to the size relationships of one part to another, and of the
part to whole.
3. Rhythm - a visual rhythm is characterized by the repetition or alternation of elements.
Rhythm can be:
• Regular – repetition of a single motif
• Alternating – use of two different motifs alternately
• Progressing – motifs may be presented in a gradual shift in
characteristics, like size (from small to large)
4. Emphasis and Subordination – to emphasize means to draw attention to certain parts of
a composition. An emphasis is the focal point that rests on the subordinate space and
easily attracts the attention of the viewer.
5. Unity - (also called Harmony) refers to the coherence of the elements of a work to the
whole.
IV. The Visual Arts (Painting, Sculpture and Architecture)
A. Painting
Early Medium in painting
• Encaustic – this is a mixture of pigment, wax(beeswax) and resin.
• Fresco – pigment mixed with water and applied to thin layers or either dry plaster
or wet plaster.
• Tempera – a fast-drying medium which pigment mixed with glutinous material
(usually egg yolk).
Common mediums used in contemporary painting
• Oil paint – consists of pigment mixed with oil (linseed oil) as its binder. It dries
slowly, but lasts long.
• Watercolor – consists of pigment combined with water and gum arabic. Colors are
less luminous and transparent
• Acrylic – a quick-drying synthetic medium with emulsion as its binder. It is
favored by a lot of artists because of its ease of use and its versatility.
Styles/Movements in Western Art
• Realism – a naturalistic approach to subject matter.
• Impressionism – paintings are usually done outdoors. Brushstrokes are fast and
colors used are light or pastel
• Expressionism – a style that centers on the expression of inner emotions. Colors
used are more vibrant and artists use distortion.
• Abstract – non – representational or non-figurative imagery. It could also be a
simplification of forms.
• Dada or Dadaism – an aggressive reaction against conventional art. Dadaists
produced “art objects” by unconventional methods.
• Surrealism – an art movement where artists gathered inspiration from depths of
the subconscious mind.
• Pop art – an art movement which is centered on, or inspired from familiar images
of popular culture, such as advertisements, comics, and commercial products
• Social Realism – an art movement which portrays social and racial injustice and
economic hardship, marked by its realistic deciption of social problems.
Notable Philippine painters and their works:
19th
Century
• Jose Honorato Lozano – known for paintings of letras y figures.
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3. • Damian Domingo – he headed the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura in 1821 he is
known for his paintings of tipos del pais.
• Juan Luna – His work Spolarium won the gold medal in the 1884 Exposicion
Nacional de Bellas Artes
• Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo – Las Vigenes Expuestas al Popoulacho (1884)
20th
Century
Genre painters
• Fabian dela Rosa – Women working in a Rice Field (1902)
• Fernando Amorsolo – Fruit Gatherer (1950), Sunday Morning going to church
(1953)
The “Truimvirate of Modern Art”
• Victorio Edades – The Builders (1928)
• Galo Ocampo – Brown Madonna (193), The River of Life (1954)
• Carlos “Botong” Francisco – Harana (1957)
Other Modernist
• Hernando Ocampo – Homage to Tandang Sora (1977)
• Diosdado Lorenzo – Ilog Cabiao (1970)
• Vicente Manansala – Madonna of the Slums (1950)
• Cesar Legaspi – Gadgets II (1949)
• Anita Magsaysay-Ho – Fruit Vendors (1975)
• Jose Joya – Pagdiriwang (1976)
• Arturo Luz – Black Form, White Space(1976)
Selected contemporary artists
• Antipas Delovato – Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan(1977)
• Banedicto Cabrera – EDSA Event (1986)
• Danilo Dalena – Komedya sa Pakil
• Onib Olmedo – Mother and child
• Brenda Fajardo – Baraha ng Buhay Pilipino (1989)
B. Other related Visual Arts
• Mosaic – small pieces of colored stone or glass glued on the surface
• Tapestry – fabrics with colored designs which are woven in a pattern.
• T’nalak – an indegineous woven fabric made from abaca by the T’boli tribe of
South Cotabato.
• Printmaking – creation of a picture or design by printing from a pate thast holds
ink or color.
• Photography – the art of creating pictures by recording light into a sensitive
medium, such as film.
C. Sculpture
Medium used in Sculpture
• Wood, metal, stone, granite, marble, jade, ivory, brass, gold, lead, aluminum,
glass, clay, plastic, bronze and others.
Processes/techniques used in Sculpture
• Additive
Modeling – process of creating a form through altering the figure of a
medium, such as clay
Molding and Casting – a complex process of creating a negative and a
positive replica from a model. It ideal for mass production
Assemblage – putting together found objects
Welding – process of joining metals
Mobile – kinetic or moving sculpture
Pottery – the process of shaping a material to produce earthenware,
stoneware, or porcelain
• Subtractive
Carving – cutting away pieces of material until the desired form is reached.
Noble Philippine sculptors
• Mariano Madrinian - a santero from Paete, Laguna
• Guillermo Tolentino – Bonifacio Monument, UP oblation
• Napoleon Abueva – Judas’ Kiss(1955), Allegorical Harpoon (1964)
• Lamberto Hechanova – Crucifix
• Abdulmari Imao – Sarimanok
• Eduardo Castrillo - Pieta (1966)
• Solomon Saprid – Tikbalang (1971)
• Ramon Orlina – Venus V (2006)
• Roberto Feleo – Taru-taro (1994)
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4. D. Architecture
Architecture styles depend on different conditions such as regional climate, geographical
location and different aspects of life – social, political, economic, spiritual, ideological and
technological.
Commonly used materials:
• Organic – wood, bamboo, yakal, sawali, etc
• Construction – cement, sand, gravel, reinforced concrete
• Stone – adobe, granite
• Fabricated materials – bricks, tiles, glass
• Metal – structural steel, steel bars
• Synthetic materials – plastic
Brief history of Philippine architecture:
Pre-colonial period
• Native houses were single-room constructions built using indigenous materials
(bamboo, palm leaves, etc). roofs were typically pyramidal, windows were wide
and the floor was raised above the ground.
Spanish colonial period
• The Spaniards introduced European styles in architecture and started the
construction of numerous churches. Some of today’s famous churches include the
San Agustin Church in Intramuros, the Paoay Church in Ilocos, and the Miagao
Church in Ilo-ilo.
• The “bahay na bato” was also formed
• This period also marked the construction of the walls of Intramuros.
American Occupation
• The arrival of the Americans signaled the emergence of monumental neo-classical
structures.
• Daniel H. Burnham was sent by the US government to create urban plans for
Manila and Baguio
• Juan Arellano designed the Manila Post office, Legislative building and the Manila
Metropolitan Theatre
• Antonio Toledo designed the Manila City Hall, and the Agriculture and Finance
buildings at the Agrifina circle in Luneta
• Tomas Mapua designed the Philippine General Hospital and the Normal School
• Juan Nakpil – responsible for the rebuilding of the Quiapo Church in 1930
Middle to late 20th
century
• Leandro V. Locsin was commissioned by the Marcos administration to design
numerous edifices for the government. Among these are: The Cultural Center
of the Philippines (CCP), and the Philippine International Convention Center
(PICC)
• Locsin also designed the Church of the Holy Sacrifice at UP Diliman
• Froilan Hong – Manila Film Center
• Francisco Mañosa – Coconut Palace
• Mañosa Brothers – San Miguel Building, Ortigas
Some famous architecture in Asia
• Cambodia – Angkor Wat (Hindu temple)
• Indonesia – Borobukur (Buddhist Temple). Prambanan (Hindu temple)
• Thailand – Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Aryn (Buddhist temples)
• Myanmar – Shwedagon Pagoda (Buddhist pagoda, also a stupa)
• India – Taj Mahal (Mughal architecture)
• China – The Forbidden City (Palace Complex), The Great Wall of China
• Japan – Himeji Castle, traditional Japanese gardens
• Malaysia – Zahir Mosque (Islamic)
PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS
1. Needs of people are provided for in high-rise buildings but very minimal space. How is space
maximized in the most comprehensive manner?
A. Reinforced concrete, structural and pre-fabricated units are assembled with finishing
touches like plastic, glass and other synthetic materials
B. High-rise structures contain technological equipment like air-conditioning units,
elevators, and fire protection systems
C. The building is built with all functional needs like commercial establishments, offices,
residential areas, parking spaces, and other multi-functional features
D. Massive and monumental structures are evidences of progress and modernization
2. When a painting categorized as “Art for People”, what particular issue is the main focus of the
artist?
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5. A. Early religious art commissioned by the church
B. Traditional forms rejected by Modernist trends
C. An adaptation of impressionistic and abstract idioms
D. The connection of art works to various nationalistic struggles, social realism, and
activism
3. From the different techniques in sculpting, carving is considered the most painstaking and time
consuming process. What makes it so?
A. Different tools are used and the artist slowly chips off pieces of the medium little by
little until the desired image is achieved
B. It involves adding or building up pieces of the medium to form the desired image
C. Firing and glazing are needed at the end of the whole process
D. The process is composed of two stages: creating a negative then a positive
4. If perspective helps to give the position of an object in a space, what kind of perspective
represents distance by means of converging lines?
A. Foreshortening perspective
B. Aerial perspective
C. One-point perspective
D. Two-point perspective
5. Perspective has many functions in art particularly in the use of space. What type of linear
perspective is applied when we draw or illustrate a figure on a surface?
A. One-point
B. Two-point
C. Aerial
D. Foreshortening
6. In drawing the human figure, what is the term for the modification of an established scale to
represent perspective?
A. One-point
B. Two-point
C. Aerial
D. Foreshortening
7. Lines, when used by an artist, may suggest meanings. What meaning may be associated with a
vertical line?
A. Depression
B. Dominance
C. Motion and mobilization
D. Continuity and grace
8. What is the resulting color if we combine of all primary-colored lights?
A. Gray
B. Black
C. White
D. Brown
9. If an artist uses yellow and violet for his composition, what type of color harmony is he using?
A. Triad
B. Complementary
C. Double complementary
D. Split complementary
10. The use of one color with different tints or shades in seen in some works arts. What is the term
for using one color with different shades?
A. Light and shadow
B. Analogous
C. Monochromatic
D. Complementary
11. Volume adds beauty to an art work. What is volume?
A. Area, size and distance of an object
B. The radius, diameter and arc of an object
C. The thickness, height and width of an object
D. The angle, degree and feature of an object
12. When an architect designs a building, he wants to answer _____________.
A. The needs of men
B. The satisfaction of men
C. The demands of men
D. All can be considered
13. There are many mediums used in painting. What kind of paint uses egg yolk as its binder?
A. Water color
B. Fresco
C. Oil paint
D. Tempera
14. Two processes are used in sculpting. One is additive and the other is subtractive. What type of
additive technique is used if you put together different objects or scraps?
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6. A. Casting
B. Molding
C. Welding
D. Assemblage
15. What kind of style in the arts is an unembellished, naturalistic approach to subject matter?
A. Impressionism
B. Modernism
C. Realism
D. Expressionism
16. After World War I, there were artists who started an aggressive reaction against established
conventions in art and aesthetics. What is the name of this “art movement”?
A. Fauvism
B. Modernism
C. Expressionism
D. Dadaism
17. Which western art movement was inspired from familiar images of popular culture, such as
advertisements, comics, and commercial products?
A. Expressionism
B. Pop art
C. Romanticism
D. Commercialism
18. Philippine modern sculptors use different mediums and styles in their pieces. Who is the sculptor
who usually finished his welded sculpture without smoothening its surface, as seen in his works
“Tikbakang” and Penitensiya”?
A. Napoleon Abueva
B. Arturo Luz
C. Solomon Saprid
D. Eduardo Castrillo
19. A painter/ muralist from Angono, Rizal, who is fond of folk scenes. He is also known as
“Botong”.
A. Fernando Amorsolo
B. Victorio Edades
C. Vicente Manansala
D. Carlos Francisco
20. A sculptor from Mindanao known for his sculpture “Sarimanok”.
A. Abdul Mohammed
B. Abdulmari Imao
C. Haji Aram
D. Abdul Keate
21. The small angel figurines for sale in malls are sculptures which are identically produced. What
process is used to create these items?
A. Welding
B. Modeling
C. Casting
D. Mobile
22. The Triumvirate of Modern Art composed of three popular artists who are promoters of mural
painting. Two f whom are Carlos Francisco and Victorio Edades, Who is the third one?
A. Fabian dela Rosa
B. Galo Ocampo
C. Arturo Luz
D. Vicente Manansala
23. This is a multi-storied religious structure originating in China where each level diminishes as it
gets higher. This structure is always polygonal in form.
A. Stupa
B. Temple
C. Pagoda
D. Castle
24. Which Filipino sculptor was known for the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan, and the UP oblation?
A. Napolean Abueva
B. Solomon Saprid
C. Guillermo Tolentino
D. Ramon Orlina
25. Painting in China is popularized with the use of two painting instruments. What are these media?
A. Pen and ink
B. Oil and canvas
C. Stencil and tempera
D. Silk and brush
PART III – ENHANCING TEST TALKING SKILLS
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7. 1. When you create a three-dimensional artwork through different processes such as carving,
modeling, assembling, or casting, the visual art being considered is __________.
A. Architecture
B. Sculpture
C. Painting
D. Printmaking
2. Which is the most basic of all the elements of arts?
A. Shape
B. Color
C. Space
D. Line
3. Lines may be used to create an impression of flow and gracefulness. Which line best suits the
characteristics mentioned?
A. Diagonal
B. Horizontal
C. Straight
D. Curved
4. Colors can be cool or warm. Which color dominates cool colors?
A. Yellow
B. Green
C. Blue
D. Red
5. The element of art which helps create an illusion of depth is __________.
A. Shape
B. Value
C. Texture
D. Line
6. This principle of design is the most important of all. It refers to the coherence of the elements of
a work to the whole.
A. Rhythm
B. Proportion
C. Balance
D. Unity
7. We like to see things in proper scale. When we see objects having the proper relationships to
each other (in size), the principle of art that we are referring to is ___________.
A. Rhythm
B. Proportion
C. Balance
D. Harmony
8. To attract attention, the emphasis should rest or lie on the subject. The space that helps to
intensify focus on the emphasis is called __________.
A. Interest
B. Subordinate
C. Action
D. Attraction
9. This painting medium is a mixture of pigment and water, applied to wet or dry plaster.
A. Fresco
B. Tempera
C. Oil
D. Water Color
10. Some contemporary artists prefer this new painting medium because of its ease of use. It is
synthetic and uses emulsion as its binder. What medium in painting are we referring to?
A. Encaustic
B. Acrylic
C. Watercolor
D. Charcoal
11. It is a broad movement in the arts which encompasses the activities and output of those who
felt that “traditional” forms of art are outdated.
A. Realism
B. Cubism
C. Surrealism
D. Modernism
12. This is style is totally free in form. The artist can drip or throw colors to fill space, or roll on a
canvas with paint on the body.
A. Impressionism
B. Expressionism
C. Abstract expressionism
D. Pop art
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8. 13. After classical trends in the Philippines sculpture, later sculptors began to embrace the styles of
modernism in their artworks. Which modern sculptor was known for his works Judas’ Kiss and
Transfiguration?
A. Eduardo Castrillo
B. Guillermo Tolentino
C. Napoleon Abueva
D. Roberto Feleo
14. Filipinos are widely known for skills in wood carving. If Paete and Pakil are famous for their
crafts in the south, which town in Central Luzon is recognized for its exquisite woodwords?
A. Bocaue, Bulacan
B. Orani, Bataan
C. Betis, Pampanga
D. Iba, Zambales
15. Styles and designs of architectural works reflect the demands of different aspects in life. Which
are considered before designing a structure?
A. Social and Economic
B. Political and Ideological
C. Technological an geographical
D. All of the above
16. Bamboo, palm leaves, and wood are examples of what classification of architectural material?
A. Hybrid
B. Organic
C. Metal
D. Synthetic
17. Some native Philippine architecture possesses motifs, like the Naga, which may be seen in other
countries. Where did we get this influence?
A. Southeast Asia
B. Spain
C. America
D. Japan
18. The design of the San Agustin church in Intramuros is heavily influenced by which Western
architectural style?
A. Romanesque
B. Renaissance
C. Gothic
D. Baroque
19. One of the pioneers in Philippine architecture; he was responsible for the rebuilding of the
Quiapo Church in 1930. He is __________.
A. Juan Arellano
B. Juan Nakpil
C. Jose Manosa
D. Leandro Locsin
20. What is the term in art used for a technique in painting which is utilized to illustrate a striking
contrast between light and dark?
A. Contrapposto
B. Chiaroscuro
C. Caravaggio
D. Sfumato
21. Which among these Filipino painters is not a modernist?
A. Victorio Edades
B. Arturo Luz
C. Damian Domingo
D. Vicente Manansala
22. In the 1840s, Jose Honorato Lozano was known for this unique Filipino art form, wherein a name
is painted with letters contrived with people and objects.
A. Miniaturismo
B. Letras y Figuras
C. Genre painting
D. Modernist painting
23. If you were to build a structure in accordance with the Modernist style, which of the following
would best describe your design?
A. It possesses Greco-Roman Motifs
B. It is straightforward and minimal
C. It is energetic and ornamented
D. All of the above
24. This is a kind of woven fabric made by the T’boli tribe South Cotabato.
A. Hagabi
B. T’nalak
C. Bulul
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9. D. Kulintang
25. Some artists paint images from their dreams. Which is a Western art movement where artists
gathered inspiration from the depths of the subconscious mind?
A. Surrrealism
B. Expressionism
C. Abstract
D. Cubism
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10. D. Kulintang
25. Some artists paint images from their dreams. Which is a Western art movement where artists
gathered inspiration from the depths of the subconscious mind?
A. Surrrealism
B. Expressionism
C. Abstract
D. Cubism
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