Plant tissues are divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are undifferentiated and can divide to form new cells, found in regions of growth. Permanent tissues are differentiated and consist of simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water/minerals and food respectively. Special tissues include protective epidermis and cork tissues that provide protection to plants.
Meristematic tissue is a plant tissue that is undifferentiated and can divide to form other tissues. It is found in three main regions: the apical meristem at the tips of stems and roots, the intercalary meristem at the bases of leaves and stems, and the lateral meristem or cambium responsible for increasing the girth of stems and roots. Permanent tissues are differentiated tissues that do not divide, such as parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers in animals, such as the skin and lining of organs, while connective tissue binds and supports other tissues.
Here are the answers to the exercise questions:
Q1- Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure and function.
Q2- Meristematic tissues are actively dividing tissues found in growing regions of plants. Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues and do not divide further.
Q3- Xylem components are- tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers. Phloem components are- sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers.
Q4-
a. Parenchyma tissue has loosely packed thin walled cells with intercellular spaces. Some contain chlorophyll.
b.
Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. There are four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers like skin and lines body cavities. It consists of closely packed cells with little extracellular space. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue for growth and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Vascular tissues xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Tissues are made of groups of cells that carry out important roles in living organisms.
Tissues are composed of groups of cells that perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissues cover and line body structures, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues allow for movement, and nervous tissues detect and respond to stimuli. The major animal tissues include epithelial (squamous, cuboidal, columnar), connective (blood, bone, cartilage), muscular (striated, smooth, cardiac), and nervous tissue. Each tissue type has characteristic structures and locations throughout the body.
Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, and epidermis. Meristematic tissue includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristems that allow for growth. Permanent tissues are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue while sclerenchyma provides structure. Xylem transports water and minerals upward and phloem transports food downward. The epidermis forms the outer protective layer of leaves, stems and roots.
This document provides an overview of plant tissues. It begins by outlining the chapter which covers basic plant cell types, vascular plant tissues, an overview of vascular plants, and plant growth and development. The objective is to identify and describe plant tissue types, including their structure, location, and function. The document then describes the three main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, and complex permanent tissues. It provides details on each tissue type, including characteristics, classification, and functions. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of the different plant tissue types, their structures and roles in vascular plants.
Animal tissues are divided into four main types - epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers the internal and external surfaces of the body and its main functions include secretion, absorption, protection, and filtration. It is made up of cells that are arranged in one or more layers. Connective tissues are found throughout the body and function to bind, support, and connect other tissues. They contain fibers and ground substances along with loosely arranged cells. The major liquid connective tissue in the body is blood, which contains plasma and three main types of corpuscles - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Meristematic tissue is a plant tissue that is undifferentiated and can divide to form other tissues. It is found in three main regions: the apical meristem at the tips of stems and roots, the intercalary meristem at the bases of leaves and stems, and the lateral meristem or cambium responsible for increasing the girth of stems and roots. Permanent tissues are differentiated tissues that do not divide, such as parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers in animals, such as the skin and lining of organs, while connective tissue binds and supports other tissues.
Here are the answers to the exercise questions:
Q1- Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure and function.
Q2- Meristematic tissues are actively dividing tissues found in growing regions of plants. Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues and do not divide further.
Q3- Xylem components are- tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers. Phloem components are- sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers.
Q4-
a. Parenchyma tissue has loosely packed thin walled cells with intercellular spaces. Some contain chlorophyll.
b.
Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. There are four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers like skin and lines body cavities. It consists of closely packed cells with little extracellular space. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue for growth and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Vascular tissues xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Tissues are made of groups of cells that carry out important roles in living organisms.
Tissues are composed of groups of cells that perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissues cover and line body structures, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues allow for movement, and nervous tissues detect and respond to stimuli. The major animal tissues include epithelial (squamous, cuboidal, columnar), connective (blood, bone, cartilage), muscular (striated, smooth, cardiac), and nervous tissue. Each tissue type has characteristic structures and locations throughout the body.
Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, and epidermis. Meristematic tissue includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristems that allow for growth. Permanent tissues are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue while sclerenchyma provides structure. Xylem transports water and minerals upward and phloem transports food downward. The epidermis forms the outer protective layer of leaves, stems and roots.
This document provides an overview of plant tissues. It begins by outlining the chapter which covers basic plant cell types, vascular plant tissues, an overview of vascular plants, and plant growth and development. The objective is to identify and describe plant tissue types, including their structure, location, and function. The document then describes the three main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, and complex permanent tissues. It provides details on each tissue type, including characteristics, classification, and functions. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of the different plant tissue types, their structures and roles in vascular plants.
Animal tissues are divided into four main types - epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers the internal and external surfaces of the body and its main functions include secretion, absorption, protection, and filtration. It is made up of cells that are arranged in one or more layers. Connective tissues are found throughout the body and function to bind, support, and connect other tissues. They contain fibers and ground substances along with loosely arranged cells. The major liquid connective tissue in the body is blood, which contains plasma and three main types of corpuscles - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Meristematic tissue is a type of plant tissue that is actively dividing and found in specific regions of plants, including the tips of stems and roots, where it facilitates growth. It differentiates into permanent tissues, which contain non-dividing cells specialized for functions like support, storage, and transport. The two main types of plant tissues are meristematic and permanent tissues, which differ in their ability to divide and specialize into different simple and complex tissues that make up plants.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It begins by defining tissues as groups of closely associated cells that perform related functions. It then discusses the main types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues, which are undifferentiated and allow for plant growth; permanent tissues, including dermal tissue (epidermis and periderm), ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Each tissue type is described in terms of its structure, location in plants, and functions. The document presents this information through definitions, descriptions, diagrams and a table.
There are four main types of tissues in plants and animals:
1. Meristematic tissue, found at growing tips of stems and roots, is composed of actively dividing cells responsible for growth.
2. Permanent tissues have differentiated cells that perform specific functions and do not divide. These include simple tissues like parenchyma and complex tissues like xylem and phloem.
3. The four main animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue lines surfaces, connective tissue connects and supports, muscular tissue enables movement, and nervous tissue conducts electrical signals.
The document describes the four basic types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and neural tissue. It provides details about the structure and functions of each type of tissue. Epithelial tissues cover and line body surfaces. Connective tissues connect, support and integrate organs. Muscle tissues allow body movement. Neural tissues control and coordinate body functions.
This document discusses different types of plant and animal tissues. It begins by defining tissue as a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function.
The document then separates tissues into plant and animal categories. It describes the main plant tissue types as meristematic and permanent. Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant growth, and occurs in three forms: apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues xylem and phloem.
For animal tissues, the document lists the main types as epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous. Epithelial
The document summarizes plant tissues and structures. It describes the basic tissues of plants including meristematic tissues that produce new growth, simple tissues like parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. It also discusses the shoot and root systems of angiosperms as well as leaf structures and functions. Secondary growth in woody plants is briefly covered.
Life originated from inorganic matter but interaction of these inorganic matter lead to the formation of organic molecules which makes up the life sustaining entity called cell. In this chapter we will study about cell, how it is discovered, cell theory, parts of cell and their functions.
1) Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. In plants and animals, tissues are organized into organs and organ systems.
2) Plant tissues are divided into meristematic tissues, which facilitate growth, and permanent tissues, which carry out other functions. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients.
3) Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial tissues, muscular tissues, connective tissues and nervous tissues. Epithelial tissues cover and line body surfaces, muscular tissues enable movement, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, and
Tissues are groups of cells that perform similar functions in multicellular organisms. There are two main types of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues.
Plant tissues include meristematic tissues, which are responsible for growth, and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues that provide structure and support. Complex plant tissues include xylem and phloem tissues that transport water/minerals and food respectively.
Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial tissues that provide protection, connective tissues that connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues that allow movement, and nervous tissues that coordinate the body's activities and reactions. The document provides examples and functions of different types of
1) Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. In plants, tissues provide structure, conduct water and nutrients, and carry out photosynthesis. In animals, tissues include muscle to allow movement, epithelial to protect and line organs, and connective to join tissues together.
2) Plant tissues are divided into meristematic tissues for growth and permanent tissues for structure. Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous. Epithelial tissues line and cover organs, while muscles allow movement. Connective tissues join tissues together and include bone, blood and cartilage. Nervous tissue carries messages through neurons and nerves.
3) Both plants and animals have tissues specialized
This document discusses plant and animal tissues. It defines what a tissue is and explains that tissues are made of groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. The document outlines the main types of tissues in plants and animals. In plants, the main tissues are meristematic tissue, permanent tissue and vascular tissue. In animals, the main tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It provides details on the structure and function of different tissue types and highlights some key differences between plant and animal tissues.
This document discusses the four main types of tissues in the human body - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue.
It describes epithelial tissue as sheets of cells that cover surfaces and line organs. There are several types classified by cell shape and layer thickness. Connective tissue binds other tissues together and has fibers within a fluid or solid matrix. Examples include loose connective, adipose, blood and fibrous tissues. Muscle tissue contains contractile cells in skeletal, cardiac and smooth configurations. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons that transmit electrical signals through dendrites, cell bodies and axons.
This document summarizes the anatomy of roots. It describes the different layers from outer to inner, including the epidermis, cortex, and stele. The epidermis is the outermost layer, with thin parenchyma cells in a compact arrangement. The cortex beneath is loosely arranged with spaces. The innermost cortex contains barrel-shaped parenchyma cells. The stele in the center contains xylem and phloem arranged in a radial pattern around the pith.
This document discusses plant anatomy and the internal structures of flowering plants. It describes the two main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are zones of active cell division, while permanent tissues are specialized and lose the ability to divide. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant, while phloem transports food materials. The document also discusses tissue systems like the epidermal, ground, and vascular systems and provides examples of anatomical structures in dicotyledonous stems, monocotyledonous stems,
This document summarizes the components of xylem and phloem in vascular plants. It describes that xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres which help conduct water and minerals. Tracheids and vessels are hollow tubes, while xylem parenchyma stores food and helps conduct water. Phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres. Sieve elements conduct organic food, companion cells maintain pressure gradients, and phloem fibres provide mechanical strength. Both xylem and phloem work together to conduct water, minerals and food throughout vascular plants.
Diversity IN Living Organisms Class 9 Biology (1).pptxMaxiHalim
This document provides information on classifying living organisms. It discusses the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is characterized based on cell structure, nutrition, and body organization. Within kingdoms, organisms are further classified into taxa such as phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Examples of different phyla are described for plants, fungi, protists, animals, including their key distinguishing characteristics. The document also covers classification of seed plants and discusses characteristics of major groups like porifera, cnidaria, nematodes, annelids, and arthropods.
There are two main types of seed plants - gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms reproduce using cones instead of flowers and include cycads, ginkgos, conifers, and gnetophytes. Angiosperms are the largest group of plants and reproduce using flowers containing sepals, petals, stamens, and a pistil. Pollination occurs when pollen from the stamen sticks to the stigma on the pistil, and fertilization happens when the pollen joins with an ovule in the ovary. Seeds then develop inside the ovary and are dispersed in different ways depending on the plant.
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
Plant cells and tissues are organized into three main organ groups - roots, stems, and leaves. These organs contain tissues that work together for common functions. Plant tissues are classified based on their structure and function. There are several main types of plant tissues including meristematic tissues for growth, parenchyma tissues for photosynthesis and storage, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues for structural support, xylem tissue for water and nutrient transport, and phloem tissue for food transport throughout the plant.
Plant tissues can be classified as meristematic or permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth located in apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues stop dividing and perform specific functions. Plant tissues include dermal tissues like epidermis and periderm, ground tissues like parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant like xylem and phloem. Shoot and root systems are interdependent with shoots producing sugars and roots absorbing water and minerals.
The document discusses the structure and functions of plant stems. It begins by defining stems and describing their main functions: support, conduction, and production of new living tissue. It then discusses the external morphology of stems, including nodes, internodes, buds, and other features. The internal structure is also examined, focusing on the shoot apex organization and primary meristems that give rise to primary tissues like epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissues. Primary growth and tissue development in dicot and monocot stems is contrasted. Finally, the document covers secondary growth, which occurs in woody stems through the activity of the vascular cambium and cork cambium.
Meristematic tissue is a type of plant tissue that is actively dividing and found in specific regions of plants, including the tips of stems and roots, where it facilitates growth. It differentiates into permanent tissues, which contain non-dividing cells specialized for functions like support, storage, and transport. The two main types of plant tissues are meristematic and permanent tissues, which differ in their ability to divide and specialize into different simple and complex tissues that make up plants.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It begins by defining tissues as groups of closely associated cells that perform related functions. It then discusses the main types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues, which are undifferentiated and allow for plant growth; permanent tissues, including dermal tissue (epidermis and periderm), ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Each tissue type is described in terms of its structure, location in plants, and functions. The document presents this information through definitions, descriptions, diagrams and a table.
There are four main types of tissues in plants and animals:
1. Meristematic tissue, found at growing tips of stems and roots, is composed of actively dividing cells responsible for growth.
2. Permanent tissues have differentiated cells that perform specific functions and do not divide. These include simple tissues like parenchyma and complex tissues like xylem and phloem.
3. The four main animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue lines surfaces, connective tissue connects and supports, muscular tissue enables movement, and nervous tissue conducts electrical signals.
The document describes the four basic types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and neural tissue. It provides details about the structure and functions of each type of tissue. Epithelial tissues cover and line body surfaces. Connective tissues connect, support and integrate organs. Muscle tissues allow body movement. Neural tissues control and coordinate body functions.
This document discusses different types of plant and animal tissues. It begins by defining tissue as a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function.
The document then separates tissues into plant and animal categories. It describes the main plant tissue types as meristematic and permanent. Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant growth, and occurs in three forms: apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues xylem and phloem.
For animal tissues, the document lists the main types as epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous. Epithelial
The document summarizes plant tissues and structures. It describes the basic tissues of plants including meristematic tissues that produce new growth, simple tissues like parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. It also discusses the shoot and root systems of angiosperms as well as leaf structures and functions. Secondary growth in woody plants is briefly covered.
Life originated from inorganic matter but interaction of these inorganic matter lead to the formation of organic molecules which makes up the life sustaining entity called cell. In this chapter we will study about cell, how it is discovered, cell theory, parts of cell and their functions.
1) Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. In plants and animals, tissues are organized into organs and organ systems.
2) Plant tissues are divided into meristematic tissues, which facilitate growth, and permanent tissues, which carry out other functions. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients.
3) Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial tissues, muscular tissues, connective tissues and nervous tissues. Epithelial tissues cover and line body surfaces, muscular tissues enable movement, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, and
Tissues are groups of cells that perform similar functions in multicellular organisms. There are two main types of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues.
Plant tissues include meristematic tissues, which are responsible for growth, and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues that provide structure and support. Complex plant tissues include xylem and phloem tissues that transport water/minerals and food respectively.
Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial tissues that provide protection, connective tissues that connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues that allow movement, and nervous tissues that coordinate the body's activities and reactions. The document provides examples and functions of different types of
1) Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. In plants, tissues provide structure, conduct water and nutrients, and carry out photosynthesis. In animals, tissues include muscle to allow movement, epithelial to protect and line organs, and connective to join tissues together.
2) Plant tissues are divided into meristematic tissues for growth and permanent tissues for structure. Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous. Epithelial tissues line and cover organs, while muscles allow movement. Connective tissues join tissues together and include bone, blood and cartilage. Nervous tissue carries messages through neurons and nerves.
3) Both plants and animals have tissues specialized
This document discusses plant and animal tissues. It defines what a tissue is and explains that tissues are made of groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. The document outlines the main types of tissues in plants and animals. In plants, the main tissues are meristematic tissue, permanent tissue and vascular tissue. In animals, the main tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It provides details on the structure and function of different tissue types and highlights some key differences between plant and animal tissues.
This document discusses the four main types of tissues in the human body - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue.
It describes epithelial tissue as sheets of cells that cover surfaces and line organs. There are several types classified by cell shape and layer thickness. Connective tissue binds other tissues together and has fibers within a fluid or solid matrix. Examples include loose connective, adipose, blood and fibrous tissues. Muscle tissue contains contractile cells in skeletal, cardiac and smooth configurations. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons that transmit electrical signals through dendrites, cell bodies and axons.
This document summarizes the anatomy of roots. It describes the different layers from outer to inner, including the epidermis, cortex, and stele. The epidermis is the outermost layer, with thin parenchyma cells in a compact arrangement. The cortex beneath is loosely arranged with spaces. The innermost cortex contains barrel-shaped parenchyma cells. The stele in the center contains xylem and phloem arranged in a radial pattern around the pith.
This document discusses plant anatomy and the internal structures of flowering plants. It describes the two main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are zones of active cell division, while permanent tissues are specialized and lose the ability to divide. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant, while phloem transports food materials. The document also discusses tissue systems like the epidermal, ground, and vascular systems and provides examples of anatomical structures in dicotyledonous stems, monocotyledonous stems,
This document summarizes the components of xylem and phloem in vascular plants. It describes that xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres which help conduct water and minerals. Tracheids and vessels are hollow tubes, while xylem parenchyma stores food and helps conduct water. Phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres. Sieve elements conduct organic food, companion cells maintain pressure gradients, and phloem fibres provide mechanical strength. Both xylem and phloem work together to conduct water, minerals and food throughout vascular plants.
Diversity IN Living Organisms Class 9 Biology (1).pptxMaxiHalim
This document provides information on classifying living organisms. It discusses the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is characterized based on cell structure, nutrition, and body organization. Within kingdoms, organisms are further classified into taxa such as phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Examples of different phyla are described for plants, fungi, protists, animals, including their key distinguishing characteristics. The document also covers classification of seed plants and discusses characteristics of major groups like porifera, cnidaria, nematodes, annelids, and arthropods.
There are two main types of seed plants - gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms reproduce using cones instead of flowers and include cycads, ginkgos, conifers, and gnetophytes. Angiosperms are the largest group of plants and reproduce using flowers containing sepals, petals, stamens, and a pistil. Pollination occurs when pollen from the stamen sticks to the stigma on the pistil, and fertilization happens when the pollen joins with an ovule in the ovary. Seeds then develop inside the ovary and are dispersed in different ways depending on the plant.
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
Plant cells and tissues are organized into three main organ groups - roots, stems, and leaves. These organs contain tissues that work together for common functions. Plant tissues are classified based on their structure and function. There are several main types of plant tissues including meristematic tissues for growth, parenchyma tissues for photosynthesis and storage, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues for structural support, xylem tissue for water and nutrient transport, and phloem tissue for food transport throughout the plant.
Plant tissues can be classified as meristematic or permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth located in apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues stop dividing and perform specific functions. Plant tissues include dermal tissues like epidermis and periderm, ground tissues like parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant like xylem and phloem. Shoot and root systems are interdependent with shoots producing sugars and roots absorbing water and minerals.
The document discusses the structure and functions of plant stems. It begins by defining stems and describing their main functions: support, conduction, and production of new living tissue. It then discusses the external morphology of stems, including nodes, internodes, buds, and other features. The internal structure is also examined, focusing on the shoot apex organization and primary meristems that give rise to primary tissues like epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissues. Primary growth and tissue development in dicot and monocot stems is contrasted. Finally, the document covers secondary growth, which occurs in woody stems through the activity of the vascular cambium and cork cambium.
This document presents information about plant anatomy and plant tissues. It discusses the three main types of plant tissues: meristems, permanent tissues, and secretory tissues. It focuses on describing meristems, which are tissues composed of actively dividing cells. Meristems are classified based on their origin, location in the plant, and differentiation. The main types of meristems are primary meristems found at tips of roots and stems, secondary meristems that develop later and allow thickening, and lateral meristems involved in secondary growth.
Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. The main tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers organs and forms glands, and is made up of closely packed cells. Connective tissue connects and supports other tissues and includes bone, cartilage and blood. Muscle tissue includes cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle that contract to produce movement.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform the same function and originate from the same source. There are two main types of tissues: plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant growth, as the cells continuously divide and later specialize. There are three types of meristematic tissue: apical meristem at shoot and root tips, intercalary meristem between permanent tissues, and lateral meristem under bark.
Permanent tissue develops from meristematic tissue. There are two types - simple tissues with uniform cell type, and complex tissues with multiple cell types. The three simple tissues are parenchyma, collen
Presentation03 - Plant and Animal TissuesMa'am Dawn
There are four main types of plant tissues: meristematic, dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Meristematic tissue contains cells that can divide to facilitate growth. Dermal tissue forms the outer covering of the plant. Ground tissue provides support, carries out photosynthesis, and stores food and water. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and food throughout the plant.
The document discusses apical meristems, which are found at the tips of roots and shoots. It defines key terms like initials, promeristem, and protomeristem. It describes the histogen theory of plant development and different zonation patterns observed in meristems. It also covers the origin of leaves and branches from the shoot apical meristem as well as differences between shoot, root, and reproductive meristems. The quiescent center is identified as an important source of new initial cells in the meristem.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main types of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are undifferentiated and can divide, while permanent tissues have differentiated and lost the ability to divide. The three main permanent tissues are dermal/protective, fundamental/supportive, and vascular/conductive tissues. Dermal tissue covers the plant, fundamental tissue provides structure and storage, and vascular tissue transports water and nutrients. Within these tissues are cell types specialized for different functions like photosynthesis, support, and long-distance transport.
There are two categories of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are found at growing tips and are responsible for growth. They include apical and lateral meristems. Permanent tissues provide structure and carry out various functions. These include dermal tissue which forms the plant covering, ground tissue for food/storage, and vascular tissue for water and nutrient transport.
Animal tissues are grouped into four types - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Epithelial tissues line surfaces and glands. Connective tissues include bone, cartilage and blood to bind and support. Muscle tissues allow movement. Nervous tissues transmit nerve impulses through neurons and neuroglia.
Biological Organization, Human Body Unit Lesson, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Orga...www.sciencepowerpoint.com
This document appears to be a slideshow presentation on human anatomy and biology. It includes notes on topics like the levels of biological organization from atoms to organ systems. It provides examples of how form follows function in structures of the body. There are also quizzes, activities, and reminders for students to record important notes in their science journals. Real images are shown with cautions about discomfort. The presentation emphasizes building understanding step-by-step from the cellular level up.
This document discusses different types of waxes used in dentistry. It provides classifications of waxes according to their origin (natural, synthetic), compositions (hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, acids), and uses (pattern waxes, inlay casting waxes, RPD casting waxes). Key waxes discussed include paraffin, microcrystalline, carnauba, bees, candelilla, Japan, cocoa butter and their properties such as melting point, thermal expansion, modulus of elasticity. Inlay casting waxes commonly contain paraffin, carnauba and ceresin waxes. Type I and II inlay waxes differ in their flow properties and techniques used.
This document describes the four main types of plant tissues: meristematic, dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Meristematic tissue contains cells that divide rapidly to facilitate growth. Dermal tissue forms the plant's outer covering. Ground tissue provides support, carries out photosynthesis, and stores food and water. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and food throughout the plant and strengthens its structure. Each tissue type performs distinct but interconnected functions that allow plants to grow, obtain nutrients, and transport materials throughout their bodies.
Meristems are undifferentiated tissues that retain the ability to divide indefinitely and add new cells. There are three main types - apical meristems at tips that add new cells, intercalary meristems between tissues that allow elongation, and lateral meristems like vascular cambium that add girth. Apical meristems follow the tunica-corpus model with outer layers adding surface area and inner layers adding volume. Root apices have initial cells that form distinct tissue layers close to the tip or more open organization farther out.
For the staff and students at University of the Visual & Performing Arts, Sri Lanka.
Ms. Kamani Samarasinghe , Faculty of Music is the organizer of this event.
The document describes the four main tissue systems in plants: dermal, ground, vascular, and meristematic tissue. Dermal tissue consists of the epidermis and periderm, which cover and protect the plant. Ground tissue includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells that provide structure and storage. Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Xylem contains tracheids and vessels, while phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells.
The document outlines the structure and function of plant roots. It discusses the evolution of roots from early vascular plants. There are two main root systems - taproots which develop from a single main root, and fibrous root systems with many branching roots. Primary root tissues include the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and vascular tissues. Root growth and development is driven by the apical meristem. Lateral and adventitious roots develop from root primordia. Roots undergo secondary growth and have specialized structures to carry out functions like storage, support and nutrient absorption.
This document discusses various types of waxes used in dentistry, their compositions, properties, and applications. It covers natural waxes like beeswax, paraffin wax, and carnauba wax as well as synthetic waxes. Key waxes discussed include inlay pattern wax, casting wax, and baseplate wax. Inlay pattern wax is a blend designed to have good flow properties at mouth temperature as well as dimensional stability when solidified. Casting wax is used to make patterns for crowns and bridges and must vaporize completely during the burnout process. Baseplate wax is pink-colored and formulated to be soft enough to establish jaw relations during initial denture fabrication.
This document provides an overview of the four basic tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It discusses the characteristics, functions and examples of each tissue type. In particular, it examines the different cell layers, shapes and surfaces of epithelial tissue, the various cell types and extracellular matrix components of connective tissue, and the three main categories of muscle tissue - skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which is responsible for plant growth, and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are either simple, with cells of one type, or complex. The three types of simple permanent plant tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living, thin-walled cells that serve storage, metabolic, and mechanical functions. Collenchyma cells have thickened walls that provide strength and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells are not discussed further in this summary.
There are four basic types of tissues in animals: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers and boundaries. Connective tissue provides structure, storage, and connection between other tissues. Muscle tissue allows for movement. Nervous tissue transmits signals rapidly through neurons. The document further describes the characteristics, types, and functions of each tissue in more detail.
Plants and animals are made of different types of tissues due to differences in their structure and function. In multicellular organisms, cells are grouped together into tissues to efficiently perform specialized functions. In plants, tissues include epidermis, a protective outer layer of flat cells covered with a waxy cuticle. Meristematic tissues contain actively dividing cells and produce permanent tissues through differentiation. Permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, which provide structure and support to plants. Stomata in the leaf epidermis allow for gas exchange and transpiration. As plants age, cork replaces the epidermis and protects the bark.
This PPT explores the different type of plant tissue systems and their good coordination for the sake of structural and functional integrity along with other attributes.
- Cells in multicellular organisms are organized into tissues to efficiently perform specialized functions.
- Tissues are groups of similar cells that come from the same parent cell and work together.
- In plants and animals, different tissues like muscle, nerve, vascular and epidermal tissues are made of different cell types due to their distinct structures and functions.
Hello readers,
This PPT is about the chapter:- Tissue which is in science class IX
Question Are In The Book Of NCERT
I Hope this will help You...
Thanks....
It's a PPT for chapter:- Tissue which is in science of class IX. Questions are from NCERT book of Science....
Please see to it .
I hope it will help You...
Thanks.
Hello readers,
This PPT is about the chapter:- Tissue which is in science class IX
Question Are In The Book Of NCERT
I Hope this will help You...
Thanks....
This document provides an overview of plant and animal tissues. It defines tissue and discusses the main types of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. It describes three types of meristematic tissue and the characteristics of simple and complex permanent tissues. It also defines the four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues - and provides examples of each. The learning outcomes are to understand the classification, structure and function of different plant and animal tissues. Students are assigned exercises from the textbook and tasks to create fact sheets and mind maps about tissues.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of plant tissues - meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue consists of undifferentiated cells that can divide repeatedly, while permanent tissue is made up of differentiated cells that carry out specific functions and do not divide. Permanent tissue includes three main types - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues. Parenchyma tissue is the most common permanent tissue and can be found in many plant organs. It functions to store nutrients, carry out metabolic processes, and provide structure and turgor pressure to support the plant.
- The document discusses plant and animal tissues. It describes the four levels of tissue organization from cells to organisms.
- Plant tissues include meristematic tissues, permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem.
- Animal tissues include epithelial tissues, connective tissues, and muscle tissues. Epithelial tissues cover the body and include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated cells. Connective tissues connect and support organs.
BIOLOGY STD 11
SANJAY SIDDHAPURA
HELPFUL FOR NEET/ GSET/NET EXAMINATION PREPARATION
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE, ANATOMY OF ROOT, STEM AND KEAVES OF MONOCOTS AND DICOTS PLANTS, SECONDARY GROWTH, CAMBIUM
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Tissues'. For Class - 9th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
1. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. The document discusses the main types of tissues in plants and animals.
2. In plants, the main tissues are meristematic tissue, which enables growth, and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma that provide structure. The complex permanent tissues xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients.
3. In animals, the four primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. Epithelial tissues form protective layers. Connective tissues include bone, cartilage and blood. Muscular tissue includes skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. Nervous tissue is made of
This document provides information about plant tissues. It discusses the main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues found in growing regions that help the plant grow. Permanent tissues do not divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Xylem transports water and minerals upward while phloem transports food in all directions. The document also describes different cell types, functions, and locations of tissues in plants.
In plant anatomy, tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue. Epidermis - Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body. Vascular tissue - The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem.
1. Plant tissues are classified as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues located at specific regions that allow plant growth.
2. Meristematic tissues are further classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues are formed when meristematic cells differentiate and take up permanent roles.
3. Common permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermal tissues, xylem and phloem. Epidermal tissues form the plant outer layer and regulate gas exchange through stomata. Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients.
This document discusses plant and animal tissues. It begins by defining tissues as groups of similar cells that perform the same function and arise from the same origin. It then describes the main types of plant tissues, including meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, parenchyma tissue, collenchyma tissue, and sclerenchyma tissue. It also discusses the characteristics and functions of these plant tissues. The document then shifts to describing the main types of animal tissues, including epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and blood. It provides details on the characteristics, structures, locations and functions of squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated, and glandular epithelium. It also discusses the components and functions of blood and
Cell specialization allows multicellular organisms to grow larger while dividing labor across specialized cell types and tissues. Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a common function. There are four main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissue which facilitates growth, permanent tissues including parenchyma for storage and transport, collenchyma for support and flexibility, and sclerenchyma for protection and strength. Animal tissues also specialize, with connective tissue binding other tissues, muscular tissue enabling movement, nervous tissue coordinating signals, and epithelial tissue covering and protecting organs.
This document provides information about tissues in multi-cellular organisms. It explains that in multi-cellular organisms, cells specialize to perform specific functions. Groups of specialized cells that perform a particular function together are called tissues. The document discusses the main types of plant tissues, including meristematic tissue, permanent tissues like parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. It also discusses the four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues - and provides examples to illustrate each tissue type.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
3. ∗ Group of cells having a common origin similar or related
structure which work together to perform a common function.
∗ HISTOLOGY – Study of Tissues
∗ Plants and animals have similar life processes but they do not
have similar tissues.
∗ Because of the differences in organisation,mode of living and
life style.
TISSUES
4. ∗ Plants :
∗ Continue to grow throughout their life.
∗ Possess meristematic tissues in specific regions of body
for growth.
∗ Animals:
∗ Mobile, move in search of food, shelter, etc.
∗ Tissues are living.
∗ Living tissues require more energy for maintenance.
∗ Stop growing after maturity
∗ No meristematic tissues
∗ In having organ and organ system, structural
organisation of animals is far more specialised and
localised as compared to plants because of mobility and
Plants
Stationary, require supportive tissues for structural strength.
Most tissues are dead, provide mechanical strength and requires
less maintenance.
5. PLANT TISSUES (2 TYPES)
PLANT TISSUES
Meristematic Tissue
(i) Apical
(ii) Intercalary
(iii) Lateral
Permanent Tissue
Simple Permanent
(i) Parenchyma
(ii) Sclerenchyma
(iii) Collenchyma
Complex
Permanent
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
Special
Tissue
(i)Protective
(ii) Glandular
6.
7. ∗ Thin walled, compactly arranged, immature cells -
have the potential to divide and form new cells.
∗ Meristem cells – Meristematic cells
∗ Region where present – functions as growth region.
∗ New cells produced by meristems – meristematic cells
- grow slowly, differentiate and mature into
components of various permanent tissues
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE (also called meristem)
8. ∗ Shape and size – small, spherical or polygonal in outline.
∗ Cell wall – thin, elastic
∗ Intercellular space – absent, cells are compactly arranged.
∗ Cell contents:
∗ Nucleus is large.
∗ Cytoplasm is dense.
∗ Vacuoles are absent or very small.
∗ Activity:
∗ Respiration is rapid.
∗ High synthetic activity.
∗ Food supply is high but not stored.
∗ Cells grow and divide repeatedly.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MERISTEMATIC CELLS
9. ∗ Parent tissue – Parent tissue from which other
tissues develop.
∗ Growth – takes part in growth by formation of
new cells.
∗ New Organs – plants continue to produce new
leaves, stem branches, flowers, fruits, root hairs
and root branches. They are formed by
meristematic cells.
∗ Injury – place of injury is healed by the formation
FUNCTIONS OF MERISTEMATIC
TISSUES
10. LOCATION OF
MERISTEMS
∗ Based on position in plant body, meristematic
tissues are of 3 types: (i) Apical, (ii) Intercalary, (iii)
Lateral
∗ Apical Meristem:
∗ Occurs in growing tips of stems and roots.
∗ Depending upon its occurrence, it is called:
∗ Root tips – root apical meristem
∗ Stem or shoot tips – stem or shoot apical meristem
∗ Produces growth in length of root and stem.
∗ Intercalary Meristem:
∗ Occurs in intermediate position:
∗ At the base of leaves,
∗ At the base of internodes (eg. Grasses), or,
∗ Below the nodes (eg. Mint)
11. LOCATION OF
MERISTEMS
∗ Intercalary Meristem:
∗ Helps in growth of leaves and internodes.
∗ Upward bending of lodged shoot is made
uptight due to intercalary meristem.
∗ It is the left out part of optical meristem.
∗ Lateral Meristem:
∗ Occurs on the sides of both stem and roots.
∗ Increases the girth of stem and root.
∗ Two types:
∗ Vascular Cambium – Produces secondary vascular
tissues, secondary phloem, secondary xylem.
∗ Cork Cambium – Produces protective cork on the
outside.
14. ∗ Group A
∗ Q 1. Name the different types of meristematic tissues.
∗ Q 1. What type of meristematic tissue is observed in the
roots of the onion?
∗ Group B
∗ Q 1. Consider the meristem being experimented with in
the activity. Mention the functions of this meristem
performed in a plant.
∗ Group C
∗ Q 1. What do you expect the end result of the activity to
WORK SHEET
15. PERMANENT TISSUES
Permanent Tissue
Simple Permanent
(i) Parenchyma
(ii) Sclerenchyma
(iii) Collenchyma
Complex
Permanent
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
Special Tissue
(i)Protective
(ii) Glandular
16. ∗ Differentiation of Meristematic tissues:
∗ Meristematic tissues have lost the ability to divide, and have
assumed a permanent shape, size and function –
DIFFERENTIATION.
∗ Permanent tissues are formed due to differences in their
specialisation.
∗ Permanent tissues are:
∗ Simple Permanent
∗ Complex Permanent
∗ Special Permanent
PERMANENT TISSUES
17. ∗ Shape and Size: Cells have definite shape and size,
which do not alter afterwards.
∗ Specific functions: Permanent cells come to have
specific functions.
∗ Wall: Thin or thick. Thickening can be regular or
irregular.
∗ Division: Normally do not divide.
∗ Life: May be living or dead.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERMANENT TISSUES
18. Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue
• Nature: Cells are small,
isodiametric and undifferentiated.
• Cells are large, differentiated with
different shapes.
• Spaces: Intercellular space absent. • Intercellular places often present.
• Vacuoles: Nearly absent. • Large central vacuole in living
permanent cells.
• Nucleus: Large and prominent. • Less conspicuous.
• Wall: Cell wall is thin. • Cell wall is thin or thick.
• Division: Cells undergo regular
divisions.
• Cells do not normally divide.
• Tissue: Meristematic tissue is a
simple tissue.
• Can be simple, complex or special.
• Organelles: Cell organelles are
simple.
• Cell organelles are well developed.
DIFFERENCES
19. ∗ Cells of Simple Permanent tissues are similar in structure,
origin and function.
∗ Three types of Simple Permanent tissues:
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
20. ∗ Parenchyma:
∗ Thin walled, made up of cellulose.
∗ Relatively unspecialised.
∗ Isodiametric
∗ Living cells
∗ lying in between specialised tissues.
∗ Most abundant tissue.
∗ Found in all non-woody parts like stem, root, flowers, fruits.
∗ Cells are oval, spherical or polygonal in outline.
∗ Central vacuole, peripheral cytoplasm and nucleus.
∗ Loosely packed with small and large intercellular space.
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
21. ∗ Functions of Parenchyma:
∗ Storage: Stores food and water.
∗ Cells are specially enlarged to store nutrients and water.
∗ Support: Cells remain turgid and provide rigidity to softer parts.
∗ Gaseous exchange: Intercellular spaces present, allows
movement of gases and gaseous exchange.
∗ Waste Products: Certain cells store waste products like tanning
resins , gums, crystals, etc.
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
22. ∗ Functions of Parenchyma (cont.)
∗ Transport: Parenchyma in xylem and phloem takes part
in slow, lateral movement of materials.
∗ Chlorenchyma: Parenchyma containing chloroplast -
seat of photosynthesis.
∗ Aerenchyma:
∗ A network of parenchyma cells encloses large air
cavities
∗ Store gases and provides buoyancy to acquatic plants.
∗ Epidermis: Specialised parenchyma present on the
surface of plant organs.
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
23. ∗ Collenchyma:
∗ Simple permanent, living, mechanical tissue.
∗ Provides flexibility to soft aerial parts that bend without breaking
(Eg. Leaves, young stems).
∗ Cell wall is thickened unevenly at the corners
∗ Thickening made up of pectin and cellulose.
∗ Intercellular spaces are little.
∗ Cells are elongated but appear oval,
circular or angular in T.S section.
∗ Occurs below the epidermis in leaf stalks, leaf mid ribs and
herbaceous dicot stems.
∗ Absent in monocots
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
24. ∗ Functions of Collenchyma:
∗ Strength: Provides mechanical strength and flexibility.
Because of Collenchyma plant organs can bend without
breaking.
∗ Growth: allows growth and elongation of organs.
∗ Storage: being a living tissue, it stores food.
∗ Photosynthesis: cells may contain chloroplast and take
part in photosynthesis.
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
25. ∗ Sclerenchyma:
∗ Long, narrow, dead and highly thick-walled with little lumen
(internal space)
∗ Thickening is made of – Lignin
∗ Lignin functions as cement and hardens the cells.
∗ The walls contain certain unthickened areas – pits.
∗ Sclerenchyma occurs in – stems of monocot plans, around vascular
bundles – xylem and phloem.
∗ Hard covering of nuts, husk of coconut,
grit of apple, pear and guava.
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
26. ∗ Functions of Sclerenchyma:
∗ Mechanical Strength: Chief mechanical tissue providing strength to
the plants - enables them to bear various stresses.
∗ Protection: Forms a protective covering around seeds and nuts.
∗ Commercial fibres: Sclerenchyma fibres of some plants are
commercially exploited, e.g. Flax, Hemp, Jute, Coconut.
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
28. Identify the Figures
1 2 3
Group A :
Identify the above figures
Group B:
In the above figures, name the living and non living tissues
Group C:
Name the tissue present in the bark of the tree. How is it useful to
the plant?
29. ∗ Protective Tissue
∗ Outer layer of cells (stem, root, leaves, flowers, fruits,
etc.)
∗ Providing protection against adverse environmental
factors and pathogens.
∗ Performs specialized functions – like exchange of gases.
∗ Types: EPIDERMIS AND CORK
∗ Epidermis:
∗ Outermost, protective layer in plant organs.
∗ Commonly single layers
∗ Cells are elongated and closely packed.
SPECIAL TISSUE
30. ∗ Epidermis (cont.)
∗ In aerial parts, the outer thick walls (Cellulose) covered by a layer of
water impermeable fatty substance – CUTIN
∗ Cutin and Wax form a separate non-cellular coating – CUTICLE
∗ At some places (like leaves), aerial parts bear minute pores called
stomata.
∗ Each stoma is enclosed by a pair of specialised epidermal cells called
guard cells.
∗ Guard cells – are kidney shaped (dicot) or dumb-bell shaped (monocot)
∗ Guard cells are thicker on the inside and thinner on the outside
∗ The pores are helpful in exchange of gases
∗ Pores are seat of transpiration
∗ In roots, epidermal cells give rise to tubular outgrowths called root
hairs.
SPECIAL TISSUE
31. ∗ Epidermis (cont.)
∗ Root hairs increase the absorption by increasing the surface area of the
root.
SPECIAL TISSUE
32. ∗ Functions of Epidermis:
∗ Protection – against pathogens and pests
∗ Water loss – checks water loss because of the cuticle
∗ Epidermal Hair – produces insulating stationary layer of air.
∗ Stomata – Regulate exchange of gases
Seat of major water loss in transpiration
Transpiration keeps aerial parts cool
∗ Epidermis of the root along with root hairs absorb water and
minerals
SPECIAL TISSUE
33. ∗ Cork:
∗ Outer protective tissue of older stems and roots
∗ Formed by secondary lateral meristem called cork cambium
∗ Rectangular in outline
∗ Compactly arranged in several layers
∗ Intercellular space – absent
∗ Older cells – dead and filled with tannins, resins and air
∗ Their walls become impermeable due to deposition of Suberin
∗ Commercial cork – obtained from stems of Cork Oak
SPECIAL TISSUE
34. ∗ Functions of Cork:
∗ Protection against loss of Water
∗ Protection from microbes
∗ Insulation against mechanical injury, extremes of
temperature, fire and browsing animals
∗ Commercial use – stoppers for bottles, shock
absorber insulation boards, sports goods, etc.
SPECIAL TISSUE
35. ∗ Permanent tissues made of more than one type of cells
∗ Work together to perform one particular function
∗ Conducting or Vascular tissues – survival of the plant is
possible as they carry materials inside the plant
∗ Types
∗ Xylem
∗ Phloem
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
36. ∗ Xylem:
∗ Takes part in conduction of water and mineral salts
∗ Provides mechanical strength
∗ Also called wood
∗ Four elements: (a) tracheids, (b) vessels, (c) xylem
fibres, (d) xylem parenchyma
∗ Tracheids:
∗ Long, tubular dead cells with lignified walls and tapering ends
∗ Possess various types of thickening for mechanical strength
∗ Unthickened areas help in movement of water from one
tracheid to another
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
37. ∗ Xylem (cont.)
∗ Vessels:
∗ Long tubules
∗ Walls are lignified
∗ Occur in flowering plants
∗ More efficient than tracheids
∗ Formed by end to end union of large number of dead cells
∗ Vessels and tracheids are conducting elements of xylem. They
conduct water and minerals vertically
∗ Xylem fibres:
∗ Sclerenchyma fibres found in xylem
∗ Have thick pitted walls, narrow lumen and tapering ends
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
38. ∗ Xylem (cont.)
∗ Xylem parenchyma:
∗ Consists of living cells
∗ Present inside xylem
∗ Stores food
∗ Helps in lateral conduction
∗ Functions of Xylem:
∗ Conducts water and minerals from roots to the top of
plants. Movement is unidirectional
∗ Provides mechanical strength because of the occurrence of
thick walled lignified components
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
39. ∗ Phloem:
∗ Takes part in conduction of organic food
∗ Living conducting tissue because of the living cells in its transport
channels
∗ Four elements –
∗ (a) Sieve tubes
∗ (b) Companion cells
∗ (c) Phloem parenchyma
∗ (d) Phloem fibres
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
40. ∗ Sieve Tubes:
∗ Elongated, living, tubular conducting channels
∗ Transverse end walls between adjacent sieve tubes cells are perforated –
sieve plates
∗ Have vacuolated cytoplasm
∗ Nucleus degenerates
∗ Cytoplasmic strands are continuous between adjacent sieve tubes
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
41. ∗ Companion cells:
∗ Thin walled, small and elongated
∗ Has dense cytoplasm and nucleus
∗ Nucleus controls the sieve tubes and keeps them living
∗ Phloem parenchyma:
∗ Parenchyma present in phloem
∗ Thin walled and living
∗ Function – storage and slow lateral conduction of food
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
42. ∗ Phloem fibres:
∗ Only non-living component of phloem
∗ Thick walled, elongated, spindle shaped
∗ Dead cells, which possess narrow lumen
∗ Provide mechanical strength to the tissues
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
43. ∗ Phloem (cont.)
∗ Functions:
∗ Transports organic food throughout the plant
∗ Conduction occurs in both directions
∗ Phloem fibres of some plants are sources of commercial
fibres (E.g. Jute, Hemp, Flax)
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
44. ∗ Differences between xylem and phloem
COMPLEX PERMANANENT
TISSUE
Xylem Phloem
• Conduction: Conducts water and
minerals
• Conducts organic solutes or food
materials
• Direction: Mostly unidirectional • Can be bidirectional
• Components: Tracheids, vessels, xylem
parenchyma, xylem fibres
• Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem
parenchyma, phloem fibres
• Channels: Conducting channels are
tracheids and vessels
• Conducting channels are sieve tubes
• Dead / Living parts: Tracheids, vessels
and xylem fibres are dead elements.
Only xylem parenchyma is a living
element
• Sieve tubes, companion cells and
phloem parenchyma are living elements.
Phloem fibres are the only dead
elements
• Mechanical Strength: In addition to
conduction, xylem provides mechanical
strength to the plant
• There is no mechanical function
45. ∗ Occur in holozoic organisms.
∗ On the basis of structure and functions
ANIMAL TISSUES
Animal Tissues
Epithelial Tissue Connective
Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Nervous
Tissue
46. ∗ Fundamental animal tissue.
∗ Forms a continuous sheet of closely packed cells.
∗ Covers the entire external and internal surface of the animal
body.
∗ Intercellular space is absent
∗ Cells are tightly held together by small amount of cementing
material.
∗ Epithelium rests over an extra cellular layer of collagen fibres
and dense matrix – BASEMENT MEMBRANE.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE(Epithelium-Plural)
47. ∗ Basement membrane connects the epithelial tissue to the
underlying connective tissue.
∗ A direct vascular supply is absent.
∗ Forms a barrier for separating the different body system.
∗ Anything entering the body must cross atleast one layer of
epithelium.
∗ Permeability of various epithelial cells determines the passage
of substances between different body parts and between
body and external environment.
∗ Occurs over – skin, lining of mouth,parts of alimentary canal,
lung alveoli, lining of respiratory tract, reproductive tract,
blood vessels and different types of glands.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE(Epithelium-Plural)
48. ∗ FUNCTIONS:
∗ 1.Protection:Epithelium lying over the skin protects the body
from drying up, microbes and chemical injury.Similar
protection is carried out by in in the lining of the mouth, nasal
tract, and alimentary canal.
∗ 2.Absorption: Some epithelium have become specialized for
absorption. Eg. Intestinal mucosa.
∗ 3. Excretion: Epithelium lining the different parts of kidney
tubules take part in ultra filtration, secretion and reabsorption
to produce urine.
∗ 4.Exchange of gases: In the lining of the lung alveoli allows
diffusion of gases between blood and alveolar air.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE(Epithelium-Plural)
49. ∗ FUNCTIONS:
∗ 5.Movement:Epithelium having cilia help in movement of
various types of materials. Eg. Dust particles and mucus in
respiratory tract, ovum in oviduct, urine in urineferous
tubules, etc.
∗ 6.Secretion: Glandular epithelium produces secretions. Eg.
Tear, gastric juice, mucus, intestinal juices.
∗ 7.Germinal Epithelium: Produces male and female sex cells.
∗ 8. Sensations: Sensory epithelium is specialised to receive
sensations.Eg. Nasal epithelium, taste buds.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE(Epithelium-Plural)
50. ∗ On the basis of arrangement of layers, cell shapes and
functions Epithelial tissues are classified as:
EPITHELIAL TISSUE(Epithelium-Plural)
Epithelium
Arrangement of
Layers
1.Simple Epithelium
2.Stratified
Epithelium
Cell Shape
1.Squamous
Epithelium
2.Cuboidal Epithelium
3.Columnar Epithelium
Functions
1.Ciliated Epithelium
2.Glandular
Epithelium
3.Sensory epithelium
4.Germinal
Epithelium
51. ∗ Simple epithelial tissues- cells are arranged in single layer
∗ Stratified epithelial tissues- cells are arranged in more than one
layer
∗ Squamous epithelial tissues
-also called – Pavement
Epithelium – cells are arranged
like the tiles of the floor.
-cells are thin, flat, polygonal with bulging centre and flat nuclei.
- Margins my be smooth or wavy.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE(Epithelium-Plural)
52. Simple Squamous epithelium :
- Functions as selectively permeable barrier allowing diffusion,
filtration, and secretion.
-occurs in Lung alveoli, blood capillaries, Bowman's capsules.
Stratified Squamous epithelium :
-occurs in areas where there is wear and tear of tissues.
Eg. buccal cavity, Pharynx, oesophagus, skin.
The basal layer lying in contact with basement membrane
continues to add new cells as the older surface are torn away.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE(Epithelium-Plural)
54. ∗ Cuboidal Epithelium :
∗ Compactly arranged cells
∗ Cuboidal in shape
∗ Nucleus is rounded and centrally placed
∗ Occurs in salivary ducts, kidney tubules, pancreatic ducts, thyroid
vescicles , endocine glands – providing mechanical support.
∗ Acquire additional specialization as gland cells for secretion,
absorption and excretion
∗ Sometimes aportion of the cuboidal epithelium gets folded inwards
to form multicellular gland – Glandular epithelium.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE(Epithelium-Plural)
55. ∗ Columnar Epithelium :
∗ Consists of tall, pillar like, compactly arranged cells, oval nucleus
lying near the base.
∗ Facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier
∗ Takes part in secretion and absorption in the lining of the
stomach, intestine and their glands.
∗ Columnar epithelial cells in the respiratory tract have cilia –
CILIATED EPITHELIUM
∗ Cilia pushes the mucus forward
∗ and clears it.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE(Epithelium-Plural)
56. ∗ Fundamental animal tissue
∗ Embedded in an abundant matrix
∗ Matrix helps in connecting, binding, packing
and supporting different structures of the
animal body.
∗ Matrix may be jelly like, fluid , solid- dense or
rigid.
∗ On the basis of nature of matrix types of
connective tissue are:
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
58. Areolar Tissue:
∗ Connective tissue found between skin and muscles, around
blood vessels and nerves in bone marrow.
∗ Fills the space inside the
organs.
FUNCTIONS:
1. Supports internal organs
2. Helps in repair of tissues
3. Produces antibodies and
other chemicals to combat microbes.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
59. Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue found below the skin and
between the internal organs.
∗ Cells of the tissues are filled with fat globules.
FUNCTIONS:
1. Stores fat it is kept as a reserve
and used when required.
2. Storage of fat makes it act as
an insulator.
3. Forms shock absorbing cushions
around the organs.
4.Rounds of body contours and provides shape to various parts
of the body
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
60. Skeletal Tissues:
1.Bones: forms the frame work supporting the body
∗ Anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of the
body.
∗ Strong, non-flexible tissue.
∗ Cells are embedded in a
hard matrix.
∗ Matrix is composed of
calcium and phosphorous.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
61. Skeletal Tissues:
Bones:
FUNCTIONS:
1. Forms the frame work
2. Protects the vital organs like
heart, lungs, brain, etc.
3. Takes part in body movements
including locomotion
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
62. Skeletal Tissues : 2.Cartilage:
∗ Has widely spaced cells, solid matrix composed of
proteins and sugars.
∗ Smoothens bone surfaces at joints.
∗ Present in nose, ear, trachea, larynx, etc.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
63. Skeletal Tissues: 2.Cartilage:
FUNCTIONS:
1. Provides support and flexibility to various body parts.eg. Ears
2. Prevents frictional wear and tear of the bones.
3. Acts as a cushion against stresses in the vertebral discs.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
64. LIGAMENT:
∗ Two bones are connected to each other by ligament.
∗ Elastic in nature.
∗ Has considerable strength.
∗ Contain very little matrix.
∗ Over stretching causes sprain.
TENDONS:
∗ Connects muscles to bones
∗ Fibrous tissue, has great strength,limited flexibility
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
65. Vascular Tissues: 2 types.
1.Blood: has fluid matrix – Plasma
∗ RBC, WBC and platelets – suspended in plasma
∗ Plasma contains salts, proteins and hormones.
FUNCTIONS:
1. Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and
waste products to various parts of the body.
2. Conducts heat and regulates the body temperature.
3. Keeps the tissue moist.
4. WBC fight against microbes by producing antibodies.
VASCULAR TISSUE
66. 2.Lymph:
∗ Fluid lying in the empty spaces.
∗ Light yellow fluid connective tissue.
∗ Brings in CO2 and wastes from tissues to blood.
∗ Carries O2, nutrients and hormones from blood to
tissues.
∗ Returns proteins and excess fluid to the circulation.
∗ Picks bacteria and brings them to lymph nodes and
destroy them.
∗ Transports fat from digestive system.
VASCULAR TISSUE
67.
68. ∗ Consists of elongated cells
∗ Also called as muscle fibers
∗ Responsible for movements in our body
∗ Contains special proteins - contractile protein
∗ Contractile protein – causes movement by contracting and
relaxing.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
69. Striated / Voluntary Muscles:
∗ Voluntary Muscles - moves by our consciouswill. Eg. Limb
Muscles.
∗ Also called as Skeletal muscles – attached to bones for
movement.
∗ Have light and dark bands or striations – Striated muscles.
∗ Striated muscle tissues – cells are long, cylindrical,
unbranched, multi nucleated.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
70. Smooth / involuntary Muscles:
∗ Movement cannot be controlled by us.
∗ Also called smooth or unstriated muscles as there are no
striations.
∗ Occurs in alimentary canal, blood vessels, ureters, iris of the
eye, bronchi of lungs.
∗ Cells are long with pointed ends, spindle shaped, uni nucleated
MUSCULAR TISSUE
71. Cardiac Muscles:
∗ Muscles of heart show rhythmic contraction and relaxation
through out the life.
∗ Involuntary muscles- movement cannot be controlled by us.
∗ Cardiac muscles – cylindrical, branched , uninucleated, faint
striations are seen
MUSCULAR TISSUE
72. ∗ Cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli.
∗ Highly specialized - Being stimulated and transmitting the
stimulus very rapidly in the body.
∗ Also called as neurons.
∗ Occurs in brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
NERVOUS TISSUE
73. Structure of neuron:
∗ Consists of a cell body, nucleus and
Cytoplasm.
∗ Long hair like structures arise from
cytoplasm .
∗ Axon - single long part .
∗ Dendrites – many short branched parts.
∗ Individual cells - 0ne metre long.
∗ A nerve - Many nerve fibers bound
together by connective tissue.
∗ Nerve impulses allow us to move our
muscles when we want to.
∗ Combination of nerve and muscle tissue enables
animals to move rapidly in response to stimuli.
NERVOUS TISSUE