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Description of plant and animal tissues CBSE Class X

Plant and animal tissues

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• In unicellular organisms, a single cell performs all basic functions. E.g., Amoeba carries out movement, food intake, gas exchange and excretion. • In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to carry out specific functions (division of labour). • A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together for a particular function is called a tissue. E.g., blood, phloem and muscle. Food vacuole Plasmasol-,-=---- Ectop ., Uroid Amoeba Water vacuole
ARE PLANTS & ANIMALS MADE OF SAME TYPES OF TISSUES? • Plants and animals differ in structure and function. • Plants are stationary, with more supportive tissue (often made of dead cells) to stay upright. • Animals move and have mostly living tissues, consuming more energy.
ARE PLANTS & ANIMALS MADE OF SAME TYPES OF TISSUES? Pattern of growth in plants and animals • Plant growth is limited to certain regions. • Cell growth in animals is more uniform. So, there is no dividing and nondividing regions in animals. • In complex animals, organs and organ systems are more specialized and localized than in plants. This shows their different lifestyles and feeding methods. • These differences are due to sedentary nature of plants and active locomotion of animals. It leads to variations in organ system design.
PLANT TISSUES Based on the dividing capacity, plant tissues are 2 types: Meristematic (growing or dividing) tissue Permanent tissues
PLANT TISSUES 1. MERISTEMATIC (DIVIDING) TISSUE • It is the tissue responsible for growth and cell division. • Plant growth occurs only in specific regions, such as the tips of roots and shoots, because meristematic tissue is located at these points. This can be proved by following experiment: ❖ Place onion bulbs in two glass jars filled with water. ❖ Observe and measure their root growth for three days. ❖ On day 4, cut 1 cm from the root tips of the onion bulb in jar 2. Continue observing and measuring root growth in both jars for five more days. Record the observations. ❖ First 3 days, roots ln both bulbs grow similarly but after cutting the root tips, growth stopped in jar B. Length I Day 1 •·ktii 2.5cm 2.5cm -- Day 3 Day 4 II& 2cm - 2 c m 3cm 3.5cm 3cm Nil i.ZVJ I 4.5cm Jar l Jar 2 Growth of roots in onion bulbs
PLANT TISSUES 1. MERISTEMATIC (DIVIDING) TISSUE Based on the location, meristematic tissues are 3 types: 1. Apical meristem: Seen at the growing tips of stems and roots. It increases the length of stem and root. 2. Lateral meristem (cambium): It increases the girth of the stem or root. 3. lntercalary meristem: Seen near the node. Meristematic cells are very active, they have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls and prominent nuclei. They lack vacuoles because they are rapidly dividing and no storage food is required. - - - A p i c a l meristem - - - l n t e r c a l a r y meristem Location of meristematic tissue in plant body - - L a t e r a l meristem
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE • Cells formed by meristematic tissue take up a specific role and lose the ability to divide. As a result, they form a permanent tissue. • This process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation. It leads to the development of various types of permanent tlssues. • A stained thin section of stem under microscope shows the following tissues. 1. Simple permanent tissues: a. Parenchyma b. Collenchyma c. Sclerenchyma 2. Complex permanent tissues: a. Xylem b. Phloem �::::;;�;:=:�::::,.. ,.-- EpidermisCutide � - C o l l e n c h y m a Parenchyma Section of a stem
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE (i) SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE • A few layers of cells beneath the epidermis. • They are made of one type of cells. • 3 types: 1. Parenchyma 2. Collenchyma 3. Sclerenchyma Parenchym a Collenchym a Sclerenchym a
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE (i) SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE • Most common simple permanent tissue. • It consists of relatively unspecialised living cells with thin cell walls. • Cells are usually loosely arranged, creating large intercellular spaces. • It generally stores food. Chlorenchyma Aerenchyma • Parenchyma containing chlorophyll. • It performs photosynthesis. • Parenchyma with large air cavities. • Found in aquatic plants to help them float.
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE (i) SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE • A permanent tissue that gives flexibility in plants. • It allows bending of parts like tendrils and stems of climbers without breaking. • It also provides mechanical support. • This tissue is found in leaf stalks below the epidermis. • Cells are living, elongated and irregularly thickened at the corners. There is very little intercellular space. Wall thickenings
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE (i) SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE • It makes the plant hard and stiff. E.g., Husk of a coconut. • Cells are dead, long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to lignin. • Often the walls are so thick that there is no internal space inside the cell. • Found in stems, around vascular bundles, in leaf veins and hard covering of seeds and nuts. • It provides strength to the plant parts. Sclerenchyma Thick UghlRcd walls transve.-se !,,ection Narrow lumen Llgntficd thick wall longitudinal section
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE Activity • Stretch and break a freshly plucked Rhoeo leaf. Some peel or skin projects out from the cut. • Put the peel in a petri dish filled with water. • Add a few drops of safranin. • After few minutes, transfer it onto a slide. Gently place a cover slip over it. • Observe under microscope. -�. . ' : ,t• r· . I . , l .· ·- .l : -;J
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE • The outermost layer of cells is called epidermis. It is usually made of a single layer of cells. • Epidermis covers and protects the plant surface. • In plants in dry habitats, the epidermis may be thicker to prevent water loss. • Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant secrete a waxy, water-resistant layer. It protects against loss of water, mechanical injury and parasitic fungi. • Due to the protective role, epidermal cells form a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. • Most epidermal cells are relatively flat. Outer and side walls are thicker than the inner wall.
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE • The epidermis of leaf has small pores called stomata. • Stomata are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells. • Stomata help for gas exchange and Transpiration (loss of water vapour). • In roots, epidermal cells help in water absorption. Their long hairlike parts increase absorptive surface area. • Desert plants have a thick coating of cutin (waxy chemical with waterproof quality) on outer surface of the epidermis. It reduces water loss through transpiration. Guard cells and epidermal cells: (a) lateral view, (b) surface view . . . J . . . . . . J - � G u a n . l cell (bl (a)
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE • The outer layer of a tree branch differs from that of a young stem. • As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue changes, forming cork (layers of cells from secondary meristem cells in the cortex}. • Cells of cork are dead and compactly Cork cells arranged intercellular without spaces. Theyhavesuberin in their walls that them gase s makes . . Imperv1ous to and water. Ruplured epidermis Protective tissue l:l;irk . - " - - - - - 1 Llvtng phlucm 1 - - - v . : i s c u b r cambium
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE (ii) COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE • These are made of more than one type of cells working together for a common function. E.g., Xylem & phloem. • Xylem & phloem are conducting tissues and constitute a vascular bundle. • Vascular tissue is a distinctive feature of the complex plants. It enables their survival on the land. Thick-walled cells that add mechanical strength to the stem
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE �.,�,l'd1 :'�ltfilri .... ) Thick-walled cells that add mechanical strength to the stem (ii) COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE epidermis corlex pith cambium xylem ' phloem xylem phloem cambium
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE (ii) COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE • Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma & xylem fibres. • Tracheids & vessels: Have thick walls, and many are dead cells when mature. Their tubular shape allows them to transport water and minerals vertically. • Xylem parenchyma: Stores food. • Xylem fibres: Supportive in function. - , - - xylem phloem cambium (a} Tracheid .il J Nucleus Pit • l • Pits • - • (b} Vessel (c} Xylem parenchyma
PLANT TISSUES 2. PERMANENT TISSUE (ii) COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE • Phloem consists of 5 types of cells: sieve cells, sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres & phloem parenchyma. • Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls. • Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts. • Phloem cells are living except phloem fibres. xylem phloem cambium l Q:!A � �·!$1:tll(i r+- � Sieve plate ��- Steve tube Phloem parenchyma Companion cell Section of phloem
ANIMAL TISSUES Based on the functions, animal tissues are 4 types :: �
ANIMAL TISSUES 1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE (EPITHELIUM) • These are the covering or protective tissues. • It covers most organs and cavities. It also forms a barrier to separate different body systems. • Location: Skin, lining of mouth, blood vessels; lung alveoli and kidney tubules. • Epithelial cells form tightly packed sheets with minimal cementing material and no intercellular spaces. • The permeability of the epithelial cells regulates the exchange of materials with external environment and between body parts. • • • • • • • • Epithelium is separated from the underlying tissue by . an extracellular fibrous basement m e m b r a n e . --. ,
ANIMAL TISSUES 1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE (EPITHELIUM) Types of epithelial tissues Simple squamous ] Stratified squamous Columnar Ciliated columnar Cuboidal Simple squamous 111 I I I Ciliated columnar Stratified squamous Columnar Glandular Cuboidal Glandular
ANIMAL TISSUES 1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE (EPITHELIUM) Simple squamous epithelium • They have single layer of very thin and flat eelIs and form a delicate lining. • Found in lining of blood vessels & lung alveoli, where transport of substances occurs through a selectively permeable surface. (a) Squamous Stratified squamous epithelium • In this, cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear. • Found in skin, lining of the mouth and oesophagus.
ANIMAL TISSUES 1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE (EPITHELIUM) Columnar epithelium • Tall, pillar-like cells found in areas of absorption and secretion. E.g., inner lining of the intestine. • This facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier. Ciliated columnar epithelium • Columnar cells with cilia (hair-like projections). • Found in respiratory tract where the cilia move mucus forward to clear it. ,,
ANIMAL TISSUES 1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE (EPITHELIUM) Cuboidal epithelium • Cube-shaped cells. • Specialized epithelial cells (gland cells) • They form the lining of kidney tubules that secrete substances. and ducts of salivary glands. • It provides mechanical support. • Sometimes, the epithelial tissue folds inward to form multicellular glands. Glandular epithelium - O f f l • - - cu....,,,.. . . . . � -4._IWCJllfti. . . . . - .
ANIMAL TISSUES 2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE • The tissue in which the cells are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix. • The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid based on the function of the specific connective tissue. • E.g., Bone, cartilage, blood etc.
ANIMAL TISSUES 2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONE • It is a strong and nonflexible tissue. • It forms a framework and gives structural support to the body, anchors the muscles and protects vital organs. . �...,-. .-' . ,.., �(� , , �,•I { ' I . '' .- �<-' .. ,, ' - " • Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds. Haversian c:anal (contains blood vessels and nerve fibres) ) ' I '1 ·-, Compact Bone " anaJlculus (contaJns slender process of bone cell or osteocyte)
ANIMAL TISSUES 2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE [ CARTILAGE • Widely spaced cells. The solid matrix is composed of proteins and sugars. • Cartilage smoothensbone surfaces at joints. • It is also present in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx. • The cartilage of the ears can be folded, but the arm bones cannot be bent. Cartilage cell H y a
ANIMAL TISSUES 2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD blood • It has a fluid matrix called plasma, in which red blood corpuscles (RBCs), white corpuscles (WBCs) and platelets are suspended. • Plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones. • Blood transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to different body parts. _,...,,�:;;;;;;;;;;�;::::,;,-Re- dblood cells i i � : : - - - Neutrophil" � � = - - - :- - Ly m p h o c y t e • Monocyte• Basophil• Platelet 0 RBC
ANIMAL TISSUES 2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Areolar tissue • Found between skin & muscles, around blood vessels & nerves and in bone marrow. • It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in tissue repair. • It stores fat. • Found below the skin and between internal organs. The cells are filled with fat globules which allows it to act as an insulator. l{ellcular llbrc F'!bn>b ,e<I � I Adipose tissue Nuclcu� ''·-I i .I ,-.- �•-»•""'':'t' . · - - • " � - - � � � · - f',1I drojJlct ,..·,> •• i .,. .�. ,:.-.., , . • , 1 ' - I ,..,,. AdiIJ0<''1.-
ANIMAL TISSUES 2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Ligament • It connects two bones each other. • Very elastic and has considerable strength with very little matrix. • It connects muscles to bones. • It is a fibrous tissue with great strength but limited flexibility. Tendon
ANIMAL TISSUES 3. MUSCULAR TISSUE • This is responsible for movement in the body. • It consists of elongated cells (muscle fibres). • Muscles contain special proteins called contractile proteins. They contract and relax to cause movement. I TYPES OF MUSCLES I
ANIMAL TISSUES 3. MUSCULAR TISSUE 1. Voluntary (Skeletal/ Striated) muscles • Seen attached to skeleton and can move by conscious will. E.g., limb muscles. • Under the microscope, these muscles show alternate light and dark bands (striations) when stained. • Cells are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate. (a) Striated muscle . Perimysium Epimysium End omys1um Nucl� . 1/ Myofibril Sarcolemma Blood vessel Tendon
ANIMAL TISSUES 3. MUSCULAR TISSUE 2. Smooth muscles (unstriated/ Involuntary muscles) ] • They cannot be moved by conscious will. • Striations are absent. • They are involved in involuntary movements, such as moving food through the alimentary canal and contraction of blood vessels. • They are also found in the iris of the eye, ureters and bronchi. • The cells are long spindle-shaped and uninucleate. Slomach f'-'tJit'lr,u- Sl1l00lh rnuM"lr- Ub t t --=4kL.Cdl Locauon of muscle fibres
ANIMAL TISSUES 3. MUSCULAR TISSUE 3. Cardiac muscles) • The involuntary muscles found in the heart. • They show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life. • The cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleate. Cardiac Muscle _ ---e..;:,c1.•,�
ANIMAL TISSUES 3. MUSCULAR TISSUE Features Striated Shape Number of nuclei Position of nuclei Cylindrical Multinucleate Peripheral Smooth Cardiac Spindle-shape Uninucleate Central Cylindrical, branched Uninucleate Central
ANIMAL TISSUES 4. NERVOUS TISSUE • The tissue which contains specialised cells (neurons or nerve cells) which are highly stimulated and rapidly transmit the stimuli within the body. • Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves. • A neuron has a cell body (nucleus + cytoplasm), an axon (a single long process) and many dendrites (short, branched, hair-like processes). • A nerve cell may be up to a metre long. Nucleus Dendrite J Nerve ending Neuron-unit of nervous tissue
ANIMAL TISSUES 4. NERVOUS TISSUE • Many nerve fibres bound together by connective tissue to form a nerve. • The signal that passes along the nerve fibre is called a nerve impulse. It allows muscle movement. • The combination of nerve and muscle tissue is essential for rapid movement in response to stimuli. Nucleus Dendrite J Nerve ending Neuron-unit of nervous tissue