9th Biology - Chapter 2 Tissues.pptx

Plant vs animals tissues
Difference in requirements of plants and animals
1) Movement:
- Plants are stationary or fixed – they don’t move. Since they have to be upright, they have a large quantity of supportive
tissue. The supportive tissue generally has dead cells.
- Animals on the other hand move around in search of food, mates and shelter. They consume more energy as
compared to plants. Most of the tissues they contain are living.
2) Pattern of Growth:
- The growth in plants is limited to certain regions, while this is not so in animals. There are some tissues in plants that
divide throughout their life. These tissues are localised in certain regions. Based on the dividing capacity of the tissues,
various plant tissues can be classified as growing or meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
- Cell growth in animals is more uniform. So, there is no such demarcation of dividing and nondividing regions in animals.
3) The structural organisation of organs and organ systems:
is far more specialised and localised in complex animals than even in very complex plants. This results in:
- the different modes of life pursued by these two major groups of organisms, particularly in their different feeding
methods.
- differently adapted for a sedentary existence on one hand (plants) and
active locomotion on the other (animals),

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES
Introduction: Plant Tissue
Plant Tissue
Permanent
Tissue
Meristematic
Tissue
Apical Intercalary Simple Complex
Lateral

Plant tissue
The growth of plants occurs only in certain specific regions which
contain dividing tissue, also known as meristematic tissue.
Depending on the region where they are present, meristematic tissues
are classified as
• apical,
• lateral and
• intercalary.
New cells produced by meristem are initially like those of meristem
itself, but as they grow and mature, slowly change and become
differentiated as components of other tissues.

Introduction: Plant Tissue
Permanent
Tissue
Complex
Simple
Phloem Xylem
➔ Parenchyma
➔ Collenchyma
➔ Sclerenchyma
➔ Sieve tubes
➔ Companion tubes
➔ Phloemparenchyma
➔ Phloem fibres
➔ Vessels
➔ Tracheids
➔ Xylem parenchyma
➔ Xylem
Sclerenchyma

Introduction: Animal Tissue
Animal Tissue
Epithelial Nervous
Connective
Muscular
➔ Squamous
➔ Cuboidal
➔ Glandular
➔ Ciliated
➔ Skeletal
➔ Smooth
➔ Cardiac

Connective Tissue
Areolar Adipose Skeletal
➔ Tendon
➔ Ligament
➔ Cartilage
➔ Bone
Fluid
➔ Blood
➔ Lymph
Loose Dense

Tissue:
★ Definition:
Group of cells of similar structure combined together to
perform a specific function forms a tissue.
★ Importance of tissues:
➔ Causes division of labour in multicellular organisms.
➔ Decreases workload on individual cells.
➔ Leads to organisation.
Cells Tissues Organ Organ system
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism

Types of Tissue: Meristematic Tissues
1. Occurrence - Growing regions of plant (Root, Shoot, etc).
2. Shape - Spherical, oval or rectangular.
3. Intercellular spaces are absent.
4. Vacuoles absent.
5. Active cells.
6. Cytoplasm Dense
7. Cell wall Cellulose
8. Nuclei Prominent
9. Cell division.
Types of Meristematic Tissue

Types of Meristematic Tissue
(a) Apical meristem
➔ Present at shoot and root apex (tips).
➔ Increases length of root and stem.
(b) Lateral meristem
➔ Present beneath the bark.
➔ Increases girth of root or stem.
(c) Intercalary meristem
➔ Present at the base of leaves or internodes.
➔ Increases length of organ (leaves and
internodes).
MeristematicGrowth

Types of Tissue: Permanent Tissue
1. Cells lose the ability to divide.
2. Take up a specific role.
3. Thus, are permanent.
4. Differentiation - Process of taking up permanent
shape, size and function.
5. Structure:
● Large central vacuole
● Cell wall is thin/thick
6. Functions:
● Protection
● Support
● Storage
● Photosynthesis

Types of Tissue: Permanent Tissue
Permanent Tissues
Simple Complex
- Parenchyma
• Chlorenchyma
• Aerenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma

❖ Simple Permanent Tissue: Cells are structurally and functionally similar
i.e. one type cells.

Types of Permanent Tissue: Parenchyma Tissue
● Occurrence: Stem, roots, leaves, flowers and fruits.
● Cell structure:
➢ Thin cell wall
➢ Round polygonal or elongated in shape
➢ Intercellular spaces are present
● Functions:
➢ Food storage tissue
➢ In some cases It contains Chlorophyll, thus called
Chlorenchyma.
➢ When loosely packed; Intercellular spaces are present called
Aerenchyma.
➢ Aerenchyma provides Buoyancy to parts and helps them to
float.
Parenchyma
WhiteLily

Types of Permanent Tissue: Collenchyma
● Occurrence:
➢ In leaf stalks and stem of dicots
● Structure of cells:
➢ Living
➢ Elongated
➢ Irregularly thickened at the corners
➢ Very little intercellular space
● Functions:
➢ Mechanical tissue
➢ Provides mechanical strength
➢ Provides flexibility
➢ Allowed bending of parts
E.g. Tendrils and stems of climbers
Collenchyma
Tendrils

Types of Permanent Tissue: Sclerenchyma
● Occurrence:
➢ In stems around vascular bundles
➢ In veins of leaves
➢ Hard covering of seeds and nuts
E.g. Husk of coconut
● Structure:
➢ Long and narrow
➢ Wall are thickened by lignin
➢ Cell cavity is absent due to excessive thickness
➢ Intercellular spaces absent
➢ Cells are dead
● Functions:
➢ Provides strength to plant cells
➢ Provides protection Coconut Husk Dry fruits

Types of Tissue: Protective Tissue
Protective Tissues
Epidermis Cork

Types of Protective Tissue: Epidermis
● Structure:
➢ Made of single layer of cells
➢ Cells are elongated, flat
➢ No intercellular spaces
● Occurrence:
➢ Outermost layer of all the plant
parts
E.g. Leaves, flowers, stem and roots

● Functions:
➢ Protects all parts of plants
➢ Plants of dry habitats have thicker epidermis
➢ Prevents water loss
➢ Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of plants secrete waxy secretions
➢ Waxy secretions
Prevent
● Water loss
● Injury
● Fungi infection
➢ Plants growing in desert have cuticle
➢ Layer of cutin is called cuticle
➢ Cutin is waxy materials and water resistant

● Functions:
➢ Cuticle aids in protection against water loss, injury and invasion by fungi
➢ Epidermal cells of the roots forms hair like structure
➢ Long hair like parts increase absorption surface area of roots
➢ In leaves, Epidermal cells form Stomata
➢ Stomata are guarded by guard cells
➢ Guard cells are Kidney shaped
➢ Guard cells regulate gaseous exchange
Guard cells

Epidermis
- Outermost layer of all plant cells. Consists of single layer of cells
- Epidermis of plants in dry habitats: They secrete waxy secretions made of cutin. Thus its called
the cuticle. Helps prevent water loss, injury and fungal infections;
- Epidermis of roots: Have elongated root hairs. They help increasing surface area for absorption
of water and minerals.
- Epidermis of leaves: Have stomata surrounded by guard cells. Guard cells are kidney shaped,
and help regulate gas exchcange

Types of Protective Tissue: Cork
● Structure:
➢ External protective tissue
➢ Dead
➢ Compactly arranged cells
➢ Intercellular spaces absent
➢ Walls have suberin
● Occurrence:
➢ Substitute Epidermal cells in mature roots and shoots
● Function:
➢ Protection to mature roots and shoots
➢ Suberin regulates gaseous exchange and water passage
Protectivetissue

Types of Tissue: Complex Permanent Tissue
● Made up of more than one type of cells.
● Cells coordinate to perform common function.
● Functions:
➢ Transport water, minerals and food materials
● Types:
Xylem
Vascular Tissues
Phloem
Complex permanent tissue - Xylem
● Conducting tissue
● Conducts water and minerals from
Roots Shoot

Types of Tissue: Complex Permanent Tissue
Xylem
Tracheids
Xylem
sclerenchyma
Xylem
parenchyma
Vessel
● Tube like
● Elongated cells
● Tapering ends
● Conduct water
through pits
● Lignifiedwall-dead
● Tube like
● End to end
arrangement of
cells
● Conduct water
● Lignifiedwall-dead
● Storesfood
● Living
● Provides
strength
● Lignified
wall-dead

Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem
Phloem
Sieve tubes
Phloem
sclerenchyma
Phloem
parenchyma
Companioncells
● Tube like structures
● Thin walled cells
● Cells are placed one
above the other
● End wall is porous
● Sieve plate is present
● Associated with
Sieve tubes
● Thin walled cells
● Living cells
● Store food
● Lateral
conduction of
food
● Dead cells
● Thick walled
cells
● Provide
mechanical
strength

Animal Tissue
Epithelial Nervous
Connective
Muscular
➔ Squamous
➔ Cuboidal
➔ Glandular
➔ Ciliated
➔ Skeletal
➔ Smooth
➔ Cardiac
C-MEN

Animal Tissue: Epithelial Tissue
● Characteristics:
➢ Covering or protective tissues in animal body.
➢ Epithelial cells are tightly packed.
➢ Cells form continuous sheet.
➢ Very little/No intercellular spaces.
➢ All Epithelial tissues are separated by others
through Basement membrane.
➢ Function: Protection to body from injury, infection or damage.
➢ Location: lining of mouth, blood vessels, alimentary canal, alveoli, kidney tubules etc
➢ Absorption
➢ Eliminate
Water and nutrients
Waste
EpithelialTissue

Epithelial Tissue: Squamous Epithelial Tissue
● Structure:
➢ Cell are extremely thin
➢ Cell are flat
➢ Irregularly shaped
● Types:
Simple Squamous Tissue Stratified Squamous Tissue
● Single layer of cells ● Cells are arranged in layers
● Forms delicate lining ● Prevent wear and tear
● E.g. Mouth and Oesophagus ● E.g. Skin

Epithelial Tissue: Columnar Epithelial Tissue
Columnar epithelial cells
● Tall , pillar like cells
● Facilitate movement accorss the epithelial barrier
● Found where absorption and secretion occurs.
Example: Inner lining of intestines
● Ciliated Columnar epithelial cells: Columnar epithelial cells in respiratory tract also
have cilia. Their movement helps in clearing the mucus out

Epithelial Tissue: Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
● Structure:
➢ Cube like cells
➢ Tall = wide
● Occurrence:
➢ E.g. sweat glands
➢ Salivary glands
➢ Thyroid glands
➢ Lining of kidney tubules
● Function:
➢ Absorption
➢ Secretion
➢ Protection
Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial Tissue: Columnar Epithelial Tissue
● Structure:
➢ Pillar like cells
➢ Tall＞wide
● Occurrence:
➢ Lining of intestine
➢ Lining of stomach, gallbladder
● Function:
➢ Absorption
➢ Secretion
➢ Protection
Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial Tissue: Ciliated Epithelial Tissue
● Structure:
➢ Cuboidal or columnar cells
➢ Cells have Cilia on free surface
➢ Cilia-hair like projections
➢ Cilia facilitates movements
● Occurrence:
➢ Respiratory tract
➢ Urinary tubules of Kidney
➢ Fallopian tubes
● Function:
➢ Movement of mucus, urine, egg etc through rhythmic beating of cilia

Animal Tissue: Muscle Tissue/Muscular tissue
● Characteristics
➢ Composed of Muscle cells or Muscle fibres
➢ Muscle fibres are elongated and large sized
➢ Contractile proteins are present in fibres
➢ Contraction and Relaxation
Contractile proteins Movement of body

Types of Muscle Tissue
● Types
a) Skeletal Muscle (Striated Muscle)
b) Smooth muscle
c) Cardiac muscle

Muscular Tissue: Skeletal Muscles – Voluntary Muscles
● Characteristics
➢ Muscle fibres are elongated and cylindrical
➢ Fast in nature
➢ Unbranched
➢ Each cell is multinucleated Many nuclei
➢ Striations are present - Alternate dark and light bands
➢ Easily fatigue
● Other Names
➢ Attached to skeletal - Skeleton Muscles
➢ Striations are present - Striated Muscles
➢ Are under the control of our will - Voluntary Muscles
● Functions
➢ Helps in body movement
➢ Maintains postures Tongue
Bodytriceps
Skeletal muscle fibre

Muscular Tissue: Smooth Muscles/Visceral Muscles - Involuntary muscles
● Characteristics
➢ Fibres are spindle shaped/fusiform i.e. (pointed at ends/tapering ends)
➢ Single and centrally located nucleus in each cell
➢ Striations are absent
➢ Unbranched
➢ Slow
➢ Do not fatigue
● Other Names
➢ Found in visceral organs - Visceral muscles
➢ Striations are absent - Unstriated muscles
➢ Not under the control of our will - Involuntary muscle
● Functions
➢ Peristalsis
Smooth muscle fibres

Muscular Tissue: Smooth Muscles/Visceral Muscles
Intestine Bloodvessels
Stomach
Uterus
Bronchi Iris

Muscular Tissue: Cardiac Muscles
● Characteristics:
➢ Fibres are cylindrical in shape
➢ Each fibre is uninucleated
➢ Fibres are branched
➢ Striations are present
➢ Do not fatigue
● Other names:
➢ Cardiac muscle: Only present in heart
➢ Striated: Striations are present
➢ Not under control of our will: Involuntary muscles
● Functions:
➢ Perform contraction and relaxation in wall of heart
➢ This help to pump and distribute blood to body
Cardiac muscle fibres

Elongated,
Cylindrical,
unbranched
Multinucleate
central
Spindle shaped,
fusiform,
unbranched
uninucleate
Central
Cylindrical,
branched
uninucleate

Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue
● Connects various body parts
● Prevents organ from getting displaced by body
movements
● Acts like binding, supporting and packing material
● Cells are loosely spaced
● Cell are embedded in an intercellular matrix
● Matrix may be jelly, fluid, dense or rigid
Bone to Bone
Muscle to Bone

Connective Tissue: Areolar Connective Tissue
Areolar Connective Tissue
Loose-Connective
tissue
Dense Connective
tissue
Ligaments
Tendons

Areolar Connective Tissue: Loose-Connective Tissue
● Structure:
➢ Cells + Loose gel like matrix
● Occurrence:
➢ Between skin and muscles
➢ Around blood vessels and nerves
➢ In bone marrow
➢ In space inside organs
● Function:
➢ Connects skin + muscles
➢ Fills the space inside the organs
➢ Supports internal organs
➢ Helps in repair of tissues
Loose-Connective Tissue

Areolar Connective Tissue: Dense Connective Tissue
● Tendons
➢ Fibrous tissue
➢ Great strength
➢ Limited flexibility
➢ Connect muscles to bones
● Ligaments
➢ Considerable strength
➢ Little matrix is present
➢ Connect bones with bones
Bone to Bone
Muscle to Bone

Connective Tissue: Adipose Connective Tissue
● Structure:
➢ Aggregation of fat cells
➢ Cells are rounded/oval
➢ Cell contains large fat droplet
● Occurrence:
➢ Below skin
➢ Between the internal organs
● Function:
➢ Prevents body from mechanical shocks
➢ Fat reservation
➢ Act as an insulation
I.e. poor conduction of heat and less heat loss from
body
➢ Temperature regulation
Adipose Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue: Skeletal Connective Tissue
Skeletal Tissue
Cartilage Bones

Skeleton Connective Tissue: Cartilage
● Nature:
➢ Widely spaced out cells
➢ Extensive matrix - protein and sugars
➢ Matrix is slightly elastic
➢ Cartilage is flexible
● Occurrence:
➢ Ear pinnae, nose tip, trachea, larynx
➢ Smoothens bone surfaces at joints
● Function:
➢ Support and flexibility to body parts
Cartilage

Skeleton Connective Tissue: Bones
● Nature:
➢ Very strong
➢ Non flexible
➢ Hard and rigid
➢ Bone cells are embedded in hard matrix
➢ Matrix is composed of calcium and
phosphorus compounds
● Funcion:
➢ Forms a framework
➢ Supports the body
➢ Provides shape to body
➢ Protects vital body organs like brain, lungs etc
Bones

Connective Tissue: Fluid Connective Tissue
● Connects different parts of body
● Maintains a continuity in the body
Fluid Tissue
Blood Lymph

Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood
● Structure
➢ Fluid connective tissue
➢ Composed to blood cells/blood corpuscles
➢ Blood cells move in liquid matrix blood plasma
➢ Blood cells are of three types: RBC, WBC and Platelets
➢ Plasma contains proteins, salts, hormones
● Function
➢ Blood flows and transports gases, digested food,
hormones and waste materials
Blood

Fluid Connective Tissue: Lymph
● Structure
➢ Colourless fluid
➢ RBC’s and blood proteins are absent

Animal Tissue: Nervous Tissue

Animal Tissue: Nervous System
NervousSystem

Neuron Tree

Structure of Nervous Tissue:
➢ Composed to neurons/nerve cells
➢ Each neuron has cyton, dendrites, axon and axon
terminals
➢ Cyton/cell body - Central nucleus
- Cytoplasm has Nissl’s granules
➢ Dendrites - Short branched process
➢ Axon - Single long process
➢ Individual nerve cell may be up to a metre long.
Neuron

● Occurrence
➢ Brain, Spinal cord and Nerves.
● Functions
➢ Sense stimuli
➔ Touch
➔ Smell
➔ Taste
➔ Hearing
➔ Sight
➢ Sending impulses across the body through electrical
signals
Reflex action

Transmission of Message through Neurons

9th Biology - Chapter 2 Tissues.pptx

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