ARTIFICIAL ORGANS. We discussed a Brief History and Introduction of Artificial Organs. We also discussed the Various Manufacturing Process and Application of Artificial Organs and finally we discussed the Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs.

2. INTRODUCTION
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3. INTRODUCTION
BRIEF HISTORY
• 1885 M. von Frey and M. Gruber (Leipzig) build and use the
first artificial heart-lung apparatus for organ perfusion studies.
• 1925 G. Haas (Germany) performs first clinical hemodialysis of
5 patients, using a modification of the Hopkins artificial kidney.
• 1939W. Thalheimer (New York) performs the first hemodialysis
of a dog using cellophane membrane and heparin
anticoagulation.
• 1943 W. Kolff (Kampen, The Netherlands) develops a rotating
drum artificial kidney and later the Kolff-Brigham dialyzer
(designed and constructed in Boston), which becomes the
standard throughout the 1950s.
• And all the development leads to the 21st century inventions of
modern artificial organs used in the body.
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4. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
 An Artificial organ may be defined as a human
made device designed to replace, duplicate or
augument, functionally or cosmetically a missing,
diseased or otherwise incompetent part of the body,
either temporarily or permanently and which requires
a non-biologic material interface with the living
tissue. (Galleti, 1995)
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5. DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL
ORGANS
• Artificial organs can conveniently be classed into
four groups:
• (I)Bone/Joint Replacements (e.g. hip, knee,
finger, total limb),
• (II)Skin/Soft Tissue Replacements (e.g. skin,
breast, muscle),
• (III) Internal Organs (e.g. heart, kidney, blood
vessels, liver, pancreas)
• (IV) Sensory Organs (e.g. eye, ear).
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6. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
OF ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
 The various processes involved in the manufacturing of
artificial organs involve the following:
 Tissue Engineering: This is the use of a combination of cells,
engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical
and physico-chemical factors to improve or replace biological
functions.
 Bioprinting or 3D printing of tissues: Bioprinting, where living
cells are precisely printed in a certain pattern, has great
potential and promise for fabricating engineered living organs.
 Industrially by using biomaterials which includes metals,
ceramics, polymers and composites.
 In the laboratory by using stem cells under Regenerative
Medicine.
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7. AREAS OF APPLICATIONS
• Artificial Bone
• Artificial Skin
• Bionics
• Biomedical Engineering
• Cochlear Implant
• Ocular prosthetic
• Organ Anantomy
• Organ Transplant
• Plastic Surgery
• Prosthesis
• Tissue Scaffold
• Decellularization and others.
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8. PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL ORGAN
 PROS
 1. Artificial organs can replace diseased or damaged organs,
thereby, providing the ailing patient with an opportunity to lead
a healthy and normal life.
 2. Artificial organs can meet the huge demand of healthy donor
organs. There is a huge list of patients who are in urgent need
of healthy organs but are unable to find a suitable willing donor.
 3. A major stumbling block in the form of organ rejection can
be solved due to artificial organs. As artificial organs are
created by taking the stem cells of the same person and of the
same organ, the possibility of rejection has been reduced
significantly.
 4.With the help of regenerative medicine or artificial organ
therapy, burn victims can even have a new skin.
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9. PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL ORGAN
CONS
 A major concern is the possible presence of the disease in the
base tissue which is used to create the organ. Sometimes, even a
foreign body tissue is used to regenerate or reconstruct the
organ. In such cases, there is a possibility that the tissue is
already infected by other diseases.
 The entire cost of growing and transplanting an artificial organ
is prohibitive, and thus, limit the scope of its application to the
general public.
 There are high chances of organ failure, and the body may even
take some time to adapt to the new organ. How the body reacts
to the new organ may vary from person to person. If there is a
problem with the functioning of the organ, you might need to
go for another transplant.
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10. REFERENCES
• De Bakey, M.E. A simple continuous flow transfusion
instrument. New Orleans Med Surgery Journal. 1934; 87: 386
• Galletti, P. M. and C. K. Colton, 1995a, Artificial Lungs and
Blood-Gas Exchange Devices, in The Biomedical Engineering
Handbook, J. Bronzino, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp
1879-1897
• Gebelein, C.G.,"Prosthetic and Biomedical Devices,"in Kirk-
Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., 1982
;19,275-313 .
• Gebelein, C.G.;Koblitz,F.F.,editions.,"Biomedical and Dental
Applications of Polymers,"Plenum
Publication.Corporation.,New York,1981 .
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11. THANK YOU
FOR
GOOD LISTENING.
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