bone and cratilage tissue engineering in a few simple steps. pay emphasis on its methods as well as drwabacks.

1. BSC. BIOTECHNOLOGY
BONE AND CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Dr. Teena Agrawal Sanjana Pandey
Roll no. 7022

2. Introduction
• Tissue engineering of musculoskeletal tissues, particularly bone and cartilage,
is a rapidly advancing field. In bone, technology has centered on bone graft
substitute materials and the development of biodegradable scaffolds.
Recently, tissue engineering strategies have included cell and gene therapy.
The availability of growth factors and the expanding knowledge base
concerning the genetics and regulation of bone formation have generated new
materials for tissue-engineering applications.
• Numerous important developments in tissue engineering of new
bone during the last 10 years are reviewed. Early efforts to combine cells with
biocompatible materials are described and applications of this technology are
presented with particular focus on uses in orthopaedics and maxillofacial
surgery. Basic principles of tissue engineering focusing on cell biology and
materials science as used currently in the field are presented. Finally, future
challenges are outlined from the perspective of integrating technologies from
medicine, biology, and engineering in hopes of translating tissue engineering
to clinical applications.

3. Tissue engineering
• Tissue engineering of musculoskeletal tissues, notably bone and cartilage, may
be a rapidly advancing field. In bone, technology has focused on bone graft
substitute materials and also the development of biodegradable scaffolds.
Recently, tissue engineering strategies have included cell and gene therapy.

4. Need for tissue engineering
• A large number of reported efforts in tissue engineering to regenerate cartilage tissue have demonstrated the
success of these methods in growing chondrocytes or undifferentiated cells alone or in combination with
various types of three-dimensional scaffolds and hydrogels fabricated from natural or synthetic materials. While
in some cases initial formation of cartilage-like tissue is reported, no approach to date has produced a
regenerated tissue with long-term stabile. Therapies still , patient’s chondrocytes are expanded, injected into a
cartilage defect site, and held in place with a periosteal patch.

5. Kinds of cartilage
• The human body has various types of cartilage including hyaline cartilage (e.g., tracheal and articular),
elastic cartilage (e.g., ear) and fibrocartilage (e.g., meniscus and interverte-bral disc) [5]. Hyaline
cartilage is located in the joints and facilitates their articulation. It is mostly composed of collagen type
II fibers. The most flexible cartilage is elastic cartilage due to the more elastin fibers content. Its col-
lagen content is mostly of type I collagen, but it also contains type II collagen. Fibrocarti-lage is found in
the intervertebral discs. It at-taches the tendons and ligaments to the bones. It is located in high-stress
parts and guards the joints against shocks. Damaged hyaline carti-lage is commonly taken over by
fibrocartilage,whose rigidity does not let it bear the weight. The
scaffold
• The scaffold is a 3D construction whereupon the cells can attach properly, and grow poten-tially
• . Different kinds of biomaterial are used for constructing the scaffolds..
• The ideal bio-material should be biocompatible, non-toxic, non-attractive, non-stimulatory of
inflamma-tory cells, non-immunogenic.
• It should also have some particular features that aid adequate cell adhesion, proliferation,
differentiation into specific phenotype like the mechanical support of the cartilage engineered tissue.
• It should have porosities that permit diffusion of nutrients and waste products.

6. Requirements/Biomaterials
These biomaterials can be dividing into two classes: natural and synthetic
materials.
Natural materials such as. Synthetic materials such as
#collagen # poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
#chitosan. # polymer of lactic acid (PLA)
#alginate #polycaprolactone (PCL), etc.

7. Methods of graft preparation
Biochemical methods: To solve the problems of natural (the weakmechanical properties) or synthetic
materials (poor hydrophilicity andweak cell adhesive ability) the scaffolds were combined with
abiological modLfier. Once with the introduction of this modLfier in theoriginal material the sca ‫ٴ‬‫و‬olds will
present better tissue compatibility and provide an appropriate microenvironment for cell growth
andproliferation .
Physical methods: Physical modification of scaffolds occurs bymethods like filtration, UV light irradiation
and compression to improve the porosity and biomechanical property of materials which lead to the
cartilage repair. Also, the manipulation of sca ‫ٴ‬‫و‬olds canproduce a significant influence on the functions of
macrophages.

8. Recent researches
In the last years, due to the necessity to use an ideal sca ‫ٴ‬‫و‬old theresearchers have
combined a natural material which presents better biocompatibility and cell
content (than a synthetic material), with asynthetic material which presents good
mechanical properties, elastic modulus and degradation rate. In table 1 are
presented some of thisbiomaterials:-

9. Advantages
① Saves lives.
② Replace a inoperative structure with a completely living structure.
③ Improve or replace tissues such as skin, muscle and bone.
④ Improve or replace organs such as heart kidney and liver.
⑤ Engineering tissues can potentially help a person conquer a disease or illness.
⑥ Tissue engineering may even be able to cure extreme and mild arthritis in patients that
receive this sort of treatment.
Disadvantages
① Takes a lot of research and understanding of each organ and tissue.
② Presence of hidden diseases or illnesses in the base tissue.
③ Diseases are difficult to spot with current technology..
④ Many people oppose tissue engineering due to their belief that life begins at
conception, and artificial organs to save someone's life defies natural order.
⑤

10. Future Perspectives
Future studies are recommended to investigate methods that enhance collagen
content, which is highly essential for the proper mechanical functioning of the
tissue. Mean-while, most studies on cartilage tissue engineering take cells from
young adults and even fetal animals, not from elderly osteoarthritis patients.
There is a need for a comprehensive study on use of the cells from elderly
osteoarthritis patients to broaden the outcomes for treating human cartilage
defects.
References
1. Biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering/review article
2. Engineering projects.weebly.com
3. Bone and cartilage tissue/www.slideshare.net
4. Methods of tissue engineering/www.biologydisscussion.com
5. Advantages/www.google.com