Wood flooring is made from timber and designed for use as flooring. It is a common choice due to its environmental profile, durability, and ability to be restored. There are two main types: solid wood flooring made from a single piece of timber, and engineered wood flooring composed of two or more wood layers for increased stability. Wood flooring provides acoustic benefits, natural beauty, sustainability as a renewable material, and good insulation properties. It requires regular maintenance like polishing but can last a lifetime if properly cared for.
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
Different types of flooring and how are they installed.
This presentation gives you a brief description on floor finishes and its installation methods.
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Different types of flooring used in interiors and exteriors.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. WOOD FLOORING
is any product manufactured from timber that is designed for
use as flooring, either structural or aesthetic. Wood is a
common choice as a flooring material due to its environmental
profile, durability, and restorability.
Types
• 1.1 Solid
• 1.1.1 Hardwood flooring Solid hardwood floors are
made of planks milled from a single piece of timber.
• 1.1.2 Solid wood manufacturing Solid wood flooring is
milled from a single piece of timber that is kiln or air
dried before sawing.
3. PROPERTIES Of Timber Flooring
• Gives good reverberation and has better acoustic properties.
• Timber floors have natural beauty and character, providing a warm, stylish and
comfortable atmosphere.
• A natural, renewable and sustainable material, timber is carbon positive,
meaning that carbon is stored for the life of the timber.
• Timber also has very high insulation properties, and quite low energy levels are
required for its production.
• Different in the feel and the sound of timber flooring when walked on.
4. • Board Width
-Tongue and groove flooring is supplied in varying board widths, depending on the
species. --Wider boards are more susceptible to natural shrinkage or expansion, which
may result in cupping across the width of the board or slightly larger gaps between boards.
-Generally, these conditions occur during dry weather, or can be due to the use of heaters
and air conditioners, but usually disappear with time.
Tongue and groove flooring is usually 19mm thick, allowing the boards to be laid directly on
bearers, joists or battens, and to be strong enough to manage foot traffic immediately.
5. • Top Nail or Secret Nail
Some timber flooring is available in a choice of top nail or secret nail
profiles.
-Top nail boards are installed with nails through the top surface of
the board,
- and secret nail boards are installed with nails through the tongue,
resulting in a cleaner finish. Secret nailing is not recommended for
boards over 85mm wide.
6. • Feel
• Depending on the type of boards used and the sub-floor supporting system, there can be
a difference in the feel and the sound of timber flooring when walked on.
• Generally, tongue and groove flooring laid over joists or battens will have more 'spring',
which also means there may be some vertical movement at the edges of the boards
when walked upon. This can result in one board moving slightly against the edge of the
next board, causing squeaks. Squeaks are often more common during drier weather due
to loosening at the joints.
• Floors that are laid over a plywood or similar sub-floor will have a firmer feel. Flooring
that is glued directly to concrete will also feel firmer.
7. • Suspended Timber Ground Floors consist of
the finished timber floorboards being
attached to floor joists, which are suspended
above the subfloor of the foundation.
• floor joists are raised above the subfloor on
small supporting walls called tassel walls (or
sleeper walls).
• A wall plate is then attached to the top of the
tassel walls, on which the floor joists rests.
A damp proof course separates the wall plates
from the tassel walls, preventing decay from
any rising moisture.
• gap in the block work of the tassel walls,
ensures adequate air circulation.
.
Note the stepped DPC, installed
above the vent to prevent
moisture penetration.
8. • To ensure that the floor is thermally
insulated, either rigid or blanket
insulation is placed between the floor
joists.
• The quilted insulation is supported by
netting stapled to the joists, while the
rigid insulation can be supported on
battens between the joists.
Vents are installed in the external
wall to ensure that adequate
ventilation is given to the timbers,
ensuring the circulation of fresh air,
keeping the timbers dry and
preventing decay
9. • Wooden floors may be laid on concrete
or they may be suspended above the
ground. Traditionally wooden floors were
suspended, but today there are many
timber products that are manufactured so
that they can be laid onto a smooth level
screeded concrete surface or even simply
glued to the dry screed.
10. ENGINEERED WOOD
• Engineered wood flooring is composed of
two or more layers of wood in the form of a
plank.
• The top layer (lamella) is the wood that is
visible when the flooring is installed and is
adhered to the core.
• The increased stability of engineered wood is
achieved by running each layer at a 90° angle
to the layer above.
• This stability makes it a universal product that
can be installed over all types of subfloors
above, below or on grade.
Engineered wood is the most common type of
wood flooring used globally.
11. Advantages of Hardwood Floor:
• Hardwood flooring gives a rich look to your home interior.
• Hardwood floor improves it grace over a period of time due to ageing.
• Hardwood flooring is known to last for a lifetime. It has long shelf life.
• Hardwood floors are healthiest floors possible given its organic origin and non-
electromagnetic nature tend to attract less dust. Hence they do not attract
allergens, or molds that cause allergies which tend to travel with dust. It is
recommended to use by doctors all over the world.
• They are hard and are less prone to damage when compared to engineered and
laminated floors in the event any heavy object falls on the same.
• The laying of hardwood is easy and since the planks are reasonably thick it can
manage slight indifference in floor height compared to the less thick laminates.
• It’s very comfortable for small babies to play on it.
12. Disadvantages of Hardwood Floor:
• The hardwood floors require regular polishing every 3-4 years to maintain its finish
especially if it is high traffic area. The cost of polishing and labor tends to be INR 50 for
normal polish to 140 per sq/ft for Polyurethane coating.
• They also require regular maintenance to prevent termite attack if your house is located
in an area which is prone for termite attack.
• Hardwood flooring will be damaged in the event of any water seepage and hence
stagnant pools of water should not be allowed. While regular moping with wet cloth is
permitted but makes sure water is not dripping from the mop.
• Hardwood flooring is advised against for usage in Indian kitchen and bathroom.
Hardwood floor’s finish is susceptible to scratching from heavy traffic, high heeled foot .
13.
14. Floor finishes
The two most popular modern finishes for wood flooring are oil-modified urethane and water-based
polyurethane. Within both categories there are many variations and other names used to describe the
finish. Both have very different refinishing and maintenance regimes.
• Natural shellacs, lacquers, and varnishes were used in the past, as were waxes, often blended with oils.
• Oil - Oiled floors have existed for several thousand years and is the most common floor finish used globally.
Oil finished floors are made from naturally derived drying oils, and are not to be confused with petroleum
based oils. Pre-finished oil floors can be UV cured. Most vegetable based oils are 100% natural and contain
no VOCs.
• Brushed and oiled - Steel brushes are used in the direction of the grain which opens up the surface of the wood and
removes splinters. The wood is then oiled.
• Polyurethane - Polyurethane floor finishes were first introduced around 1942. Several types of polyurethane
finishes that exist, but the two most common are oil-modified polyurethane and water-based
polyurethane. A note to mention is water-base urethane is harder than OMU poly's and are much safer for
the user.
15. Buffing
• Generally Hardwood Floors need to be buffed every 3-5 years.
• The process usually takes about 1 day. Buffing refers to the process of
using a stand up floor buffer.
• The floor is abasied with 180 grit screen on the buffer. This allows for
the new coat of finish to mechanically adhere to the floor. This
process works with great results as long as the floor hasn't had any
waxes or synthetic cleaners.
16. Floor sanding
• Sanding provides a method for smoothing an installed floor, compensating for
unevenness of the subfloor.
• Additionally, sanding is used to renew the appearance of older floors. Sanding
using successively finer grades of sandpaper is required to ensure even stain
penetration when stains are used, as well as to eliminate visible scratches from
coarser sandpaper grades used initially.
• Prior to modern polyurethanes, oils and waxes were used in addition to stains to
provide finishes.
• Beeswax and linseed oil, for example, are both natural crosslinking polymers are
hardened over time.
17. Maintenance
• Proper use of vacuuming, sweeping, and damp mopping is usually all
that is required to maintain the cleanliness and appearance of a wood
floor.
• Oil soaps should not be used to clean the floors.
• The best suggestion is to use the manufacturer's recommended
cleaning products
• Excessive grit and foot traffic may affect appearance.
• A properly finished and maintained wood floor does not accumulate
hidden soil or odorous compounds.
18. • A lighter timber colour may help make a room appear lighter and bigger. Dark
floors tend to show dirt more than light floors.
• The higher grade will be more consistent and clear in appearance, and usually
suits a sleek and modern environment.
• A lower timber grade is likely to exhibit more natural characteristics such as gum
vein, knots, colour variation and insect markings, resulting in a more rustic, old
world charm
19. • Timbers with higher hardness levels are more durable,
showing less wear and tear. Consider the durability you
require from your timber floor, especially if you expect heavy
traffic, in particular by high heel or stiletto shoes.
20. Successful Installation against waterproofing
Requires proper knowledge of:
• the expected moisture content of wood flooring in a particular area
after acclimation;
• the moisture content of flooring at the time of installation;
• and the expected "in use" changes. Moisture is a large part of the
reason for how wood behaves, both during the machining process
and after installation. Installers would do well to understand
moisture's effect on wood in some detail.