Jitendra patel

1. FLOOR & FLOORING
Prof. Jitendra Patel

2. FLOOR FINISHES
O A floor finish is a general term for a permanentcovering of a floor. It is expected to
protect and extend thelife of the floor while providing an attractive appearance
and slip resistant surface.
INGREDIENTS
O Thereare five basic categories of floor finish
ingredients,
(1) Polymeremulsions,
(2) Film formers,
(3) Modifiers,
(4) Preservatives
(5) Water
TYPES
O TerrazzoFlooring
O Stone Flooring
O TimberFlooring
O Brick Flooring
O PCCFlooring
O PVC Flooring

3. FLOOR FINISHES
O A floor finish is a general term for a permanentcovering of a floor. It is expected to
protect and extend thelife of the floor while providing an attractive appearance
and slip resistant surface.
INGREDIENTS
O Thereare five basic categories of floor finish
ingredients,
(1) Polymeremulsions,
(2) Film formers,
(3) Modifiers,
(4) Preservatives
(5) Water
TYPES
O TerrazzoFlooring
O Stone Flooring
O TimberFlooring
O Brick Flooring
O PCCFlooring
O PVC Flooring

4. WHAT’S IN A FLOOR FINISH
O As manyas twenty-five ingredients. Some evaporate while others remainafter
drying.
O Thosethat evaporate are"volatile" and those that stay on thefloor are "non-
volatile" components.
O Ingredients areused to enhancefloor finish characteristics like hardness, gloss,
clarity,scuff resistance, slip resistance, water and detergent resistance, buff
ability, removability, recoatability, and toughness.

6. TERRAZO
FLOORING`
 Terrazzois a flooring material traditionally made by
exposing marblechips on the surface of concreteand
then polishing until smooth.
 However terrazzo is now available in tile form.
 It’s often usedin public buildings because it’s long-
lasting and can be refinishedrepeatedly.

7. COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS
CONCRETE + STONE,
GLASS, PLASTIC
AGGREGATES =
TERRAZO
The typical thickness for
terrazzo is between 2
1/2" and 3"
Best Use : Flooring, walls,
countertops, backsplashes
Installation Cost : minimum
30 to 50 INR per square
feet to a max 200 INR.

8. INSTALLATION PROCESS

9. DEFECTS
1. Cracks
2. Discoloration
3. Scratches
4. Sealant failure
5. Wear

10. WHY USE TERRAZO FLOORING?
• Extremely hard wearing
• Easy to clean and maintain
• Attractive in appearance
• Flexible – can be designed to be in
keeping with other architectural features
and colour schemes
• Hygienic – suitable for some areas of
food preparation and in hospitals
• Cost effective – will outlive most other
types of hard flooring

11. DECORATIVE TERRAZO FLOORING

12. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Unique beauty
2. Elegance
3. Longevity
4. Comfortable under feet
5. Controls noise
1.Terrazzo is quite slippery
2.Expensive
3.Need skills for installation
4.Polishing needed for
maintaining the look.

13. STONE
FLOORING

14. Stone flooring is a type of flooring in which the floor is covered with stone slabs or stone tiles
Used in public buildings because of it durability and hardness
STONE FLOORING
Thereare threebasic types of rock from which wecarveout stone floors:
Sedimentary rock
Igneous
Metamorphic

15. MARBLEFLOORING
Various colors depending on origin.
fine and prosperous looking floors.
Mainlyused inhomes for interior flooring reason
expensive flooring.
Available indifferent sizes
Price : 120-600Rs per sq.ft.
TYPES OF STONE FLOORING

16. SLATE FLOORING
can be used inhomesfor outdoor flooring reasons.
veryhardin nature.
varietyof colors.
extremelydurable.
slip-resistant .
Available indifferent sizes and shapes
Price : 15-80Rs per sq.ft

17. GRANITE FLOORING
graniteis composed of quartz and feldspar mixed with
particles of mica.
coarse-grained, light-colored
long life and easy to install
granitefloors are being used in areas whichare used
every day.
Available indifferent sizes
Price : 30-100Rs per sq.ft

18. INSTALLATION PROCESS
1. 2.
4.3.

19. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Disadvantages
Veryhard in nature
Extremelydurable
Variety of colours
Formation of cracks
Regularwashing and cleaning
Weight of material

20. TIMBER
FLOORING

21.  Timber flooring is any product
manufactured from timber that is
designed for use as flooring, either
structural or aesthetic.
 common choice as a flooring material
due to its environmental profile,
durability, and restorability.
 Used in interiors as well as exteriors.
 Divided into two categories:
1. SOLID
2. ENGINEERED
INTRODUCTION

22.  One of easiest ways to add value to a
home.
 Cost effective, durable and classy, solid
wood floors are one of the few long-
lasting home fixtures
 Made of planks milled from a single
piece of timber.
 Many genuine timber floors are
immediately distinctive by the width of
the planking, weathered patina and
distinctive grain.
 Can be self installed without calling the
professional.
 Sizes:125x600x15mm,150x700x16mm
SOLID/HARDWOOD

23.  most common type of wood flooring used
globally.
 composed of two or more layers of wood in
the form of a plank where
TOP LAYER :Aluminum oxide and is specially
treated to achieve high wear resistance.
SECOND LAYER :Real hardwood veneer.
CORE LAYER : stacked layers of plywood,
HDF (high density fiberboard) or MDF
(medium density fiberboard) lay at 90 degree
angles to each other.
 This gives the flooring better structural
stability and bonded together under heat
and pressure.
 More suitable in high moisture areas or in
areas of frequent temperature changes.
 It does not warp or cup during climatic
changes.
 Sizes:24{T}X180{W}X1830{L},24{T}X190{W
}X1200-2400{L}
ENGINEERE
D
ENGINEERED

24. LAYING
Over the finished floor,wooden planks with tongue and groove are placed.
The tongue and groove are jotted into each othersimilarly the whole flooring is laid.

25. APPLICATIONS
 Usually layed in interiors(bedroom, living
area, dining area, kitchen)and bathroom
excluding the wet areas.
 Used in skirting.
 Nowadays, Timber planks are widely
used in exteriors.
COST
 Ranges from Rs 60-Rs 600 per
square feet.

26.  Wood Floor Finishes are very popular as they
are durable, water-resistant, and require minimal
maintenance. These are blends of synthetic
resins.
 Most popular modern finishes for wood flooring
are oil-modified Urethane and water-based
polyurethane.
 WATER BASED:Appear clear and will resist
turning yellow over time.
1. They have a mild odor when applied, and will dry
in two to three hours.
2. Water-based finishes are very durable.
 OIL BASED:
1. appear amber in color.
2. They have a moderate odor when applied, and
will dry in about eight hours.
3. Produces sheen appearance of the floor.
FINISHES

27. O Major distributers of wooden flooring includes
China,germany,malaysia.
O The cheapest of them all is from china naming SPAN
dealing in oak and Merbau.
MANUFACTURERS

28. EASY MAINTAINENCE:
 If taken care of,it lasts for many years,despite of much traffic and use.
 Easier to clean & get harder as they age, which makes them even easier to
clean.
 Does’nt dust mites
DURABILITY
 Solid hardwood is among the longest lasting of all flooring types. With today’s
flooring finishes, these floors are also water resistant.
VARIETY:
 These are also easy to match to nearly any home style and design. There are a
lot of styles, colours and species of timber flooring available than ever before.
 Hardwood timber floors will always look good both in contemporary and
traditional interior design.
ADVANTAGES

29. MAY SCRATCH
 A hardwood floor's finish is susceptible to scratching
from traffic or pet nails.
FULL BATH INSTALLATION NOT RECOMMENDED
 it is sensitive to humidity and the potential for pooling
water.
 Water from tubs and showers can cause hardwood
floors to buckle or warp.
LIMITED BELOW GRADE INSTALLATION
 not recommended for below grade installation due to
sensitive to humidity. These floors perform better in
humidity controlled environments.
DISADVANTAGES

30. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING

31. •Plain cement concrete composition 1:2:4 (cement : sand : stone )
by volume
•The mixture of cement, sand and
aggregate is called plain cement concrete
(PCC)
INTRODUCTION
Types of cement concrete floors:
Non-Monolithic or bonded floor finish floor
Monolithic floor finish floor
INTRODUCTIO
N

32. COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS
CEMENT SAND AGGREGATE

33. WHY USE PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING?
They are economical as they require
negligible maintenance cost
They can be finished with a pleasing
appearance.
Provide a smooth & non absorbent surface

34. INSTALLATION PROCESS
Preparation of sub base:-
•filling of earth is done
•10-15 cm thick coarse sand
Laying of base concrete:-
•Usually of cement concrete or
lime concrete
•Thickness is 7.5-10 cmLaying the topping:-
•Area is divided into rectangular or
square sections
•Finally a layer of cement concrete is
applied on the top

35. STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION

36. Freeze-Thaw Effect
•Concrete is very strong in compression
but relatively weak in tension.
• It can and often does crack.
Chemical Attack
Chemical attack can occur because
concrete is alkaline and chemically
reactive.
Crazing
This is a network of very small surface
cracks usually spreading out over large
areas or the entire surface.
thin flakes of concrete come loose and
flake or peel off the surface
Scaling
DEFECTS

37. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
They are hard & Durable Defect once developed cannot be
easily rectified
Provide a smooth & non absorbent
surface
Does not provide heat and sound
insulation
They are more fire resistant It cannot be satisfactorily repaired
by patch work
They provide more sanitary surface
as they can be cleaned & washed
easily.
They are economical as they
require negligible maintenance cost

38. BRICK FLOORING
Floor that has brick /brick tile as its covering.
The flooring is done with laying bricks down in a
bed of mortar and arranged in a pattern.
Commonly used in alluvial places, where stone is
scarce and well burnt bricks of good quality are
readily available
• Warehouses
• Stores
• Godowns
• Places where heavy articles are stored

39. PATTERNS IN BRICK FLOORING
O The brick flooring may be done with bricks laid flat, or on
edge arranged in hearing-bone pattern, or set at right
angles to the walls.
O Brick-on edge is preferred to bricks laid flat, because the
former being less liable to crack under pressure than the
latter and also having the higher depth gives a greater
thickness in the former case to resist the moisture
penetration.

40. CHARACTERISTICS
Thelow maintenancerequirementsof brickflooring make it
verypopular in kitchens.
Durability: Brick is oneof the hardest and most durable
flooring materials available. It requireslittle to no
maintenance,and an installation can last for years
This picturemakesit clearthat brick flooring is not confined to
squares and rectangles.
Thetile is set insuch a way that whenit is installed it is very
difficult to detect a repeating pattern inthe surface.

41. Promenade Brick Flooring Pattern on a Porch
Brick Kitchen Flooring With Inlaid Pine Beams
Thin brick veneer as flooring
Other
propertie
s Color
 Texture
 Heat
 Slip
Resistan
t
 Hardnes
s
 Replace
ment
 Weight
• Bricks are available in a range of
thicknesses,40mm to 100mm.
• For domestic use ,the 50mm -60mm
units are suitable.
• Road construction -80 mm thick units.
• Airports, ports and freight yard-100mm
thick units.
SIZES

42. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
 The earth fillling is properlyconsolidated.
 10cm thick layer ofdryclean sandis evenly laid.
 10cm thick layer ofLIMECONCRETE (1:4:8) or LEAN CEMENT
CONCRETE (1:8:16) is laid,compacted and cured toform a base
concrete.
 Well soaked bricks arelaid in CEMENTMORTAR (1:4) in any
desired bond pattern e.g. Herring Bond,Diagonal Bond orany
other suitable bond.
 In case the pointing is nottobe done , the thickness ofjoints
should not exceed 2mm and the mortarin joints is struck off flush
with a trowel.
 In case the pointing is tobe done, the minimum thickness of
joints is kept 6mm andthe pointing may be done as specified.

43. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

44. APPLICATIONS
O Primarily used for architectural
purposes. But, now used in commercial
complexes, parking area and
community centres. These pavers are
offered in various designs and sizes.
DEFECTS
Cracks can occur as defect in brickwork, that can occur in due to:
Ground movement
Accident
Thermal movement
Brick Rot

45. MERITS AND DEMERITS
MERITS
O Cheaper than Cement
concrete, wooden, mosaic
flooring.
O Provides a non slippery and
fire resistant surface.
O Easily repairable.
O Tough ,durable and
sufficiently hard.
O Easy in maintenance.
O Easy to construct.
DEMERITS
• Slightly Uneven when
laid.
• The resulting surface
is not smooth and is
rough.
• Water absorbent.
• Installation requires
use of toxic materials.

46. VINYL FLOORING

47. SOMEBASIC VINYL FLOORING
1.THEROTILE
•
THISISA TYPEOF VINYLTILE.
THISCANBE FIXED ON ANYAREAOF YOURHOME.
THISCOSTSAROUNDRS.60/SQ.FT.
2.BASIC VINYL SHEET
•
THISISA PLAINVINYLSHEET, MOSTLY USED INHOSPITALS
ANDINDUSTRIES.
•ONE CANSELECT THEBASIC COLOUROF SHEET AND
CHOOSE SOME PRINTINGIMAGESOF ONE’SOWN
CHOICE.
THISCOSTSAROUNDRS.30/SQ.FT.

48. EMBOSSED
EMBOSSED VINYLFLOORING CAN BE USEDINTHE
LIVING ROOM.
•UNLIKEOTHER EMBOSSED DESIGNS,THISISEASY
TOCLEANAND MAINTAIN.
THISCOSTSAROUND RS.52 – RS.120/ SQ.FT.
PRINTED
PRINTEDVINYLFLOORING WILLBE AWESOMETO
LOOK. THEDESIGNSYOU GET INVINYLWILL NOT
EVENBE AVAILABLEIN TILES, MARBLESAND
GRANITES.
THISWILL COST YOUAROUND RS.20 –RS. 40/SQ.
FT.
.

49. 3.PVC VINYL FLOORING
•
CHOOSE PVC VINYLFLOORING FOR A CLASSICLOOK.
THISWILL COST YOUAROUND RS.80 –RS. 100/SQ.FT.
4.ANTI – SKIP
THISFLOORING ISUSEDINBATHROOMS
THOUGHITIS CHEAP ANDGOOD TOLOOK
ITIS VINYLIT TENDSTOPEEL WHEN ITISPRONE TOWET.
5.TRANSPORTFLOORING
ONE CANUSE TRANSPORTVINYLFLOORING IN YOURPARKING
AREA ASITISMANUFACTUREDSPECIALLY FOR BARINGTHE
WEIGHTOF THEVEHICLE.

50. AVAILABILITY:
VINYLSHEETSAREAVAILABLEINROLLS ,HAVINGWIDTH 6’TO 12’WIDTH.
TYPICALVINYLTILESAREAVAILABLEINSIZESOF 1 SQFT.
VINYLPLANKSAREAVAILABLEINSIZESRANGINGFROM 0.25’BY 3’ OR LONGER
THEY GENERALLY HAVETHICKNESSOF 1MM,1.3MM,2MM AND3MM.
PRICERANGEVARIESFROM RS20TORS120/SQFT.
USES:
GENERALLYUSEDINHOSPITALS WHERE MUCHOF CLEANLINESSIS REQUIRED.
ITIS INSTALLEDINCHILDRENROOMS TO AVOIDACCIDENTS.
ITIS INSTALLEDINBLOOD BANKS.
IT ISALSOINSTALLEDINHOTELS OF HOMES ,WHEREEVER DESIRED.

51. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
•FREEDOM OF AESTHETICEFFECTS –
AVAILABLEINA WIDERANGEOF COLOURS
ANDPATTERNS
•EASE OF INSTALLATION,EASY TOCLEAN
•EASILY RECYCLABLE
•VARIABLETHICKNESS
•LIGHT WEIGHT.
•DURABLE
•PROVIDESUSWITHRANGEOF CHOICE.
•VINYLLFLOORING WITHNONWAX COATINGHAS
AN EASY TENDENCYOF WEARINGOUT.
•VINYLFLOORING CANNOTWITHSTANDMUCHOF
WATEROF CHEMICAL CLEANSERS
•VINYLFLOORING TENDTODIS COLOUROR FADE
AWAY WHEN EXPOSED TOTOOMUCHOF SUNLIGHT.
•TYPICALVINYLFLOORING CANNOTWITHSTAND
MUCHPULLINGOR PUSHINGOF OBJECTSOR SHARP
OBJECTS.

52. THEREARETWOTYPESOF CONSTRUCTIONFOR VINYLFLOORS.
ROTOGRAVUREVINYL:
THECOLOR ANDPATTERNAREPRINTEDON THESURFACELEVEL OF THEVINYLONLY.
THISISA LOWER COSTANDMORE POPULARMETHOD OF PRODUCTIONTHATLEAVESTHECOLOR
ANDPATTERNSUSCEPTIBLETOWEARINGAWAYOVER TIME.
INLAIDVINYL:
THECOLOR ANDPATTERNGO ALL THEWAY THROUGHTHEVINYL.
THISMAKESTHECOLOR ANDPATTERNVERY WEAR–RESISTANT.
ROTOGRAVU
RE
INLAID VINYL

53. VINYL FLOORING CONSTRUCTION
VINYLFLOORING ISCREATEDINONE OFTHEFOLLOWINGWAYS:
HOMOGENOUSOR SOLID:
HOMOGENOUS (SOLID) VINYLIS UNIFORMIN STRUCTUREANDCOMPOSITIONTHROUGHOUT,WITHNO
ADDED BACKING.
INLAID:
•INLAIDVINYLISMADEBY ADDINGGRANULESOF VINYLTOA VINYLBACKING.HEATINGTHEM WITHTHE
WEAR(SURFACE)LAYER.
•THISCREATESCOLORS PATTERNSTHATWILL LASTEVENIFTHESURFACELAYERBEGINSTOWEAR DOWN

54. LAYEREDCOMPOSITE
•LAYEREDCOMPOSITE VINYLIS THEMOST
COMMON TYPEOF VINYLFLOORING.
•ITCONSISTSOF FOUR DISTINCTLAYERS.
•THEBACKING(BOTTOM) LAYERIS VINYL,
FIBERGLASSOR FELT.
•THISLAYERISCOVEREDWITHA CORELAYER
OF LIQUIDPOLYVINYLCHLORIDE(PVC) AND
FILLER,
•WHICHISTOPPED WITHADECORATIVE
LAYER
•A WEARLAYEROF PROTECTIVE,CLEARVINYL

55. VINYLFLOORING WEAR LAYERS
VINYL NO–WAX:
THELEASTDURABLEOF THETHREE, YOURFLOOR WILL NONETHELESSRESIST
SCRAPES, SCUFFS, ANDSOME STAINS.
REQUIREDMAINTENANCEINCLUDESREGULARWASHING
A GOOD POLISHINGFROM TIMETO TIMETO RESTORESHINE.
URETHANE (PVC):
URETHANESURFACESWILL KEEP THEIR"LIKENEW"APPEARANCELONGERTHAN
MOST VINYLNO–WAX SURFACES, ASWELL ASRESIST STAINS,SCRAPES, SCUFFS,
ANDHEEL MARKS.
ITHASA MORETEXTUREDSURFACE,WHICHSOMETIMESSIMULATESTILEOR
STONEPATTERNS.
ENHANCEDURETHANE:
THISMOST DURABLEOF WEAR LAYERSRESISTSSTAININGFROM MANY
COMMON HOUSEHOLD ELEMENTS.
SINCEGRIMEANDDIRTWILL NOT STICKTOTHISTYPE OFSURFACE.
THEONLY MAINTENANCENEEDED IS AN OCCASIONALSWEEP OR MOPPING.

56. INSTALLATION OF VINLY FLOORING

57. APPLICATION ON THE FLOOR

58. MAINTAINANCE
•THE VINYL FLOORS SHOULD FIRST BE DUSTEDAND THEN
DAMP-MOPPED.
• MICROFIBERCLOTHS AND MOPSARE ABLE TO SOAK 7 TO 10
TIMESTHEIR WEIGHT IN LIQUIDAND ARE EXCELLENT AT
TRAPPING DEBRIS AND DUST
•ONE SHOULD NOT "DRENCH" THEVINYL. WATER CAN WORK
ITS WAY INTO CRACKSAND SEAMS WHEN AMOP ISTOO WET,
DESTROYING THEGLUE.
• THIS CAUSESTHEVINYL TO COMELOOSEAND/OR CORNERS
TO CURLUP.
•OVER-USEOF CLEANING CHEMICALSON NO-WAX VINYL WILL
CAUSEAFILM OVER THE SURFACE.
"IT GETS STICKYAND ACTUALLY ATTRACTS THEDIRT,"