Abstract The liquid state is intermediate in its properties of solid and gas. There are many attempt to develop a theory of liquid state are based on simple consideration of molecular behaving like hard sphere having attractive forces as perturbative forces. The equation of state for Lenard Jones fluid has been derived in the formation an expression for work, obtained from partition function through perturbation approach and found faithful reproduction of ultrasonic velocity and density data , theoretically at the given temperature. It has been applied to the binary liquid mixtures of tetrahydrofuron in p-dioxane methylcyclohexane and cyclohexanol. There is a close agreement with experimental values. The thermodynamic picture build up in this formulation could be considered as a good representation of molecular cluster in liquid state. Keywords: Ultrasonic velocity, tetrahydrofuron, p-dioxane, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexanol, adiabatic compressibility, molar volume
This is a PRESENTATION just to help students to easily understand one of the method of drug designing i.e. QSAR.. this is a combination of many slides and books..this is not my personal.
SAR versus QSAR, History and development of QSAR, Types of physicochemical
parameters, experimental and theoretical approaches for the determination of
physicochemical parameters such as Partition coefficient, Hammet’s substituent
constant and Taft’s steric constant. Hansch analysis, Free Wilson analysis, 3D-QSAR
approaches like COMFA and COMSIA.
A quantitative structure-activity relationship
(QSAR) correlates measurable or calculable
physical or molecular properties to some
specific biological activity in terms of an
equation.
This is a PRESENTATION just to help students to easily understand one of the method of drug designing i.e. QSAR.. this is a combination of many slides and books..this is not my personal.
SAR versus QSAR, History and development of QSAR, Types of physicochemical
parameters, experimental and theoretical approaches for the determination of
physicochemical parameters such as Partition coefficient, Hammet’s substituent
constant and Taft’s steric constant. Hansch analysis, Free Wilson analysis, 3D-QSAR
approaches like COMFA and COMSIA.
A quantitative structure-activity relationship
(QSAR) correlates measurable or calculable
physical or molecular properties to some
specific biological activity in terms of an
equation.
The manipulation and analysis of chemical structural information is made possible through the use of molecular descriptors.
These are numerical values that characterise properties of molecules.
For example, they may represent the physicochemical properties of a molecule or they may be values that are derived by applying algorithmic techniques to the molecular structures.
Many different molecular descriptors have been described and used for a wide variety of purposes.
They vary in the complexity of the information they encode and in the time required to calculate them.
In general, the computational requirements increase with the level of discrimination that is achieved. For For example, the molecular weight does not convey much about a molecule’s properties but it is very rapid to compute.
By contrast, descriptors that are based on quantum mechanics may provide accurate representations of properties, but they are much more time consuming to compute.
Some descriptors have an experimental counterpart (e.g.the octanol–water partition coefficient), whereas others are purely algorithmic constructs (e.g. 2D fingerprints).
Course Outline:
The need for predictive methods
Basic terminology in QSAR development
Selecting biological endpoints for modeling
Using trends to define chemical categories
Chemical categories for filling data gaps
Overview of the QSAR Toolbox
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
BACAT2: Valeria suggested that we discussed some old work on linear type theory to get up to date with newer work. Here are some slides for a background talk on linear type theory, based on Term Assignment for Intuitionistic Linear Logic. (Benton, Bierman, de Paiva and Hyland). Technical Report 262, University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory 1992.
The manipulation and analysis of chemical structural information is made possible through the use of molecular descriptors.
These are numerical values that characterise properties of molecules.
For example, they may represent the physicochemical properties of a molecule or they may be values that are derived by applying algorithmic techniques to the molecular structures.
Many different molecular descriptors have been described and used for a wide variety of purposes.
They vary in the complexity of the information they encode and in the time required to calculate them.
In general, the computational requirements increase with the level of discrimination that is achieved. For For example, the molecular weight does not convey much about a molecule’s properties but it is very rapid to compute.
By contrast, descriptors that are based on quantum mechanics may provide accurate representations of properties, but they are much more time consuming to compute.
Some descriptors have an experimental counterpart (e.g.the octanol–water partition coefficient), whereas others are purely algorithmic constructs (e.g. 2D fingerprints).
Course Outline:
The need for predictive methods
Basic terminology in QSAR development
Selecting biological endpoints for modeling
Using trends to define chemical categories
Chemical categories for filling data gaps
Overview of the QSAR Toolbox
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
BACAT2: Valeria suggested that we discussed some old work on linear type theory to get up to date with newer work. Here are some slides for a background talk on linear type theory, based on Term Assignment for Intuitionistic Linear Logic. (Benton, Bierman, de Paiva and Hyland). Technical Report 262, University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory 1992.
Abstract The study of dielectric liquid behaviour under different exposure is one of the most fascinating frontiers in solid state physics. It has undoubtedly render considerable service to every physicist doing research in this field. The increasing desire to understand the molecular interactions have led to conduct the present study, which deals with a certain group of polar compounds such as (i) Acetonitrile (AN), (ii) Acetophenone (AP) and (iii) 2-Propanol (2-P) with a non-polar compound benzene. The dielectric behaviour of individual compound, binary mixtures and their ratios have been studied at microwave frequency of 21.68GHz in non-polar solvent (benzene) at constant temperature 300K. Different dielectric parameters like dielectric constant ε’ and dielectric loss ε” at microwave frequency, static dielectric constant εs at 1 KHz frequency, dielectric constant ε∞ at optical frequency have been determined. Using these dielectric data, dipole moment μ, various relaxation time viz (i) molecular relaxation time τ(1) (ii) overall relaxation time of a molecule τ(2) and (iii) average relaxation time τ(υ), distribution parameter (α) of individual compound, binary mixtures and their ratios in dilute solutions of benzene also have been determined experimentally. Weight fraction method is used for changing the concentration of solute in solvent. The observed results are discussed on the basis of various types if relaxation processes, which change with the size, shape and type of interaction. Key Words: Molecular Iteraction, Relaxation Time and Dielectric Constant
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
CYCLOHEXANE – PHENOL BINARY LIQUID MIXTURE: BEHAVIOR AND PARAMETERS AT CRITIC...ijrap
A new liquid binary cyclohexane - phenol mixture was prepared. The dynamic shear viscosity coefficients of this liquid mixture, for different phenol concentrations and temperatures, were investigated by capillary viscometer made from glass. The dynamic shear viscosity showed an anomaly close to the critical temperature 푇푐 = 17.0 ℃. The anomaly behavior was observed at critical weight concentration of phenol, 푥푐 = 2.70 %. At temperatures above critical one, the experimental data were fitted using mode Coupling Theory. It was found that the dynamic shear viscosity non-critical background had a value of 휂0 = 0.8174 cP. Also, using a pycnometer of 10 ml, density measurements were performed. The expected law for mass density above critical temperature was the power law. The noncritical mass density part was found to have a value of 휌0 = 0.7357 푔푚 푐푚3 . In addition, The isobaric thermal expansion coefficient at critical temperature (훼푝푐) was also deduced and found to have a value of 2.07 × 10−6 ℃−1 . Finally, the derivative of critical temperature with respect to pressure (푇푐 ′ ) was found to have a value 1.22 × 10−4 퐾 푃푎 .
CYCLOHEXANE – PHENOL BINARY LIQUID MIXTURE: BEHAVIOR AND PARAMETERS AT CRITIC...ijrap
A new liquid binary cyclohexane - phenol mixture was prepared. The dynamic shear viscosity coefficients
of this liquid mixture, for different phenol concentrations and temperatures, were investigated by capillary
viscometer made from glass. The dynamic shear viscosity showed an anomaly close to the critical
temperature 푇푐 = 17.0 ℃. The anomaly behavior was observed at critical weight concentration of phenol,
푥푐 = 2.70 %. At temperatures above critical one, the experimental data were fitted using mode Coupling
Theory. It was found that the dynamic shear viscosity non-critical background had a value of 휂0 = 0.8174
cP. Also, using a pycnometer of 10 ml, density measurements were performed. The expected law for mass
density above critical temperature was the power law. The noncritical mass density part was found to have
a value of 휌0 = 0.7357 푔푚
푐푚3
. In addition, The isobaric thermal expansion coefficient at critical temperature
(훼푝푐) was also deduced and found to have a value of 2.07 × 10−6 ℃−1
. Finally, the derivative of critical
temperature with respect to pressure (푇푐
′
) was found to have a value 1.22 × 10−4 퐾
푃푎
.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Viscosities and deviations in viscosity for binary mixtures of tetrahydrofura...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The viscosities, η of pure tetrahydrofuran, propanol-1 and butanol-1and some of their binary mixtures covering the whole
composition range have been measured at temperatures 303.15 K. From the experimental η, the deviations in viscosity (Δη) have
been calculated. Excess free energy for viscous flow, ΔG#E has also been evaluated. The concentration dependences of η were
correlated to polynomial expressions, whereas, Δη and ΔG#E were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. For all systems, Δη were
found to be negative in the whole range of composition with a single lobe.
Keywords: Viscosity, Tetrahydrofuran, Propanol-1, Butanol-1.
Quark Model Three Body Calculations for the Hypertriton Bound StateIOSR Journals
Hyperspherical three body calculations are performed to study and review the various properties of
the hypertriton bound state nucleus
3H in the quark model using -N potentials. In these calculations we study
the different effects of the -N potentials on the hypertriton bound states as well as the separation energy B. A
combination of realistic two body N-N potentials with various - N potentials are considered. Complete
symmetric and mixed symmetric wave functions are introduced. using the renormalized Numerov method. The
agreement between the calculated
3H binding energies and the available experimental data basically depends
on the type of the -N interactions used in the calculations. It was found that the -N potentials are the most
effective part in the hypertriton binding energy as well as the separation energy B where the -N potentials is
very effective to bound or unbound the
3H hyper nucleus
Pacs numbers: 21.30. + y, 21.10.+dr,27.20.+n
Biomass is considered as a potential source of energy production.Gasification can be employed to convert
dilute biomass energy source in to gaseous products holding concentrated form of energy. A steady state model for fluidized
bed biomass gasifier is developed based on reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic aspects of fluidization. The presence of
sorbent for absorption of carbon dioxide from the product gas is also incorporated in the model.The developed model
predicts the variation of syngas composition, temperature, pressure and velocity along the height of gasifier. Experiments
were carried out in a lab scale fluidized bed biomass gasifier and the results were used to validate the model.An increase of
50.35% in H2 mole fraction and a decrease of 50.88 % in CO2 mole fraction were observed when CaO was used as the
sorbent.
An Offshore Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Model and Analysis for the Pred...IOSRJAC
The purpose of this paper is to model and analyze an existing natural gas transmission pipeline – the 24-inch, 5km gas export pipeline of the Amenam-Kpono field, Niger Delta, Nigeria – to determine properties such as pressure, temperature, density, flow velocity and, in particular, dew point, occurring at different segments of the pipeline, and to compare these with normal pipeline conditions in order to identify the segments most susceptible to condensation/hydrate formation so that cost-effective and efficient preventive/remedial actions can be taken. The analysis shows that high pressure and low temperature favor condensation/hydrate formation, and that because these conditions are more likely in the lower half of the pipeline system, remedial/preventive measures such as heating/insulation and inhibition injection should be channeled into that segment for cost optimization..
Method development and validation of simultaneous estimation of paracetamol &...SriramNagarajan19
A drug may be defined as a substance meant for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, prevention or treatment of diseases in human beings or animals or for alternating any structure or function of the body of human being or animals. Pharmaceutical chemistry is a science that makes use of general laws of chemistry to study drugs i.e. their preparation, chemical natures, composition, structure, influence on an organism and studies the physical and chemical properties of drugs, the methods of quality control and the conditions of their storage etc. the family of drugs may be broadly classified as.
1. Pharmacodynamic agents.
2. Chemotherapeutic agents.
It is necessary to find the content of each drug either in pure or single, combined dosage forms for purity testing. It is also essential to know the concentration of the drug and it’s metabolites in biological fluids after taking the dosage form for treatment.
The scope of developing and validating analytical methods is to ensure a suitable method for a particular analyte more specific, accurate and precise. The main objective for that is to improve the conditions and parameters, which should be followed in the development and validation.
To Study The Viscometric Measurement Of Substituted-2-Diphenylbutanamide And ...IOSR Journals
Recently in this laboratory the viscometric measurement of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl]-4-hydroxy piperidin-1-yl]-N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylbutanamide[CPHDD] and (2S, 6R)-7-chloro -2, 4, 6-trimethoxy-6'-methyl-3H, 4'H-spiro[1-benzofuran 2, 1’-] cychohex-2-ene]-3,4'-dione[CTMBCD] were carried out at different percentage compositions of solvent to investigate the solute-solvent interactions of drugs with solvent and the effect of dilution of the solvent. The effects of various substituents were also investigated. The results obtained during this investigation gave detail information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Similar to Thermodynamic behavior of tetrahydrofuron in p dioxane, methylcyclohexane and cyclohexanol (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
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Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Thermodynamic behavior of tetrahydrofuron in p dioxane, methylcyclohexane and cyclohexanol
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 48
THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF TETRAHYDROFURON IN
P-DIOXANE, METHYLCYCLOHEXANE AND CYCLOHEXANOL
S.G.Goswami1
, O.P.Chimankar2
1
Department of Physics, S.M.M College of science Nagpur
2
Department of Physics, RTM Nagpur university, Nagpur 440033
Abstract
The liquid state is intermediate in its properties of solid and gas. There are many attempt to develop a theory of liquid state are
based on simple consideration of molecular behaving like hard sphere having attractive forces as perturbative forces. The
equation of state for Lenard Jones fluid has been derived in the formation an expression for work, obtained from partition
function through perturbation approach and found faithful reproduction of ultrasonic velocity and density data , theoretically at
the given temperature. It has been applied to the binary liquid mixtures of tetrahydrofuron in p-dioxane methylcyclohexane and
cyclohexanol. There is a close agreement with experimental values. The thermodynamic picture build up in this formulation could
be considered as a good representation of molecular cluster in liquid state.
Keywords: Ultrasonic velocity, tetrahydrofuron, p-dioxane, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexanol, adiabatic
compressibility, molar volume
--------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
A large majority of liquid is complex and consists of
polyatomic nonsperical molecule in which same additional
molecular forces exist. Various equation of state [1-3] for
hard sphere fluids have came forward. Bhatti [4] has
reported ultrasonic investigation on acoustical parameters of
liquid on a hard sphere model; Sharma [5] tested the validity
of an equation of state for real fluids and several expressions
for the various acoustical parameters to relate them with
Gruneisen parameters. Gopalrao [6] formulate and equation
of state for square well fluid and derive same
thermodynamic parameters for it by extending Flory’s [7]
equation to mixture of unrelated type of molecules. Khasare
[8-9] modified an equation of state; it has been observed that
Khasare’s theory is the extension perturbation theories of
the past. The equation of state for Lenard Jones fluid has
been derived in the formation an expression for work,
obtained from partition function through perturbation
approach and found faithful reproduction of ultrasonic
velocity and density data, theoretically at the given
temperature. The thermodynamic properties of liquids are
intimately related to the intermolecular forces [10-11]. This
dependence can be used for precise understanding of
molecular cluster in the light of Lennard-Jones potential
parameters. These parameters shows the attractive and
repulsive forces resulting in strong and weak association
[12]. The present paper report the results for application of
the approach based on Khasare’s model equation of state to
the binary liquid mixture of tetrahydrofuron in p-dioxane,
methylcyclohexane and cyclohexanol.
2. THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL
APPROACH
Khasare’s theory is two scaling parameter model i.e.hard
core diameter and depth of potential, the choice of the
perturbing potential decides the nature of molecular
interaction in binary liquid mixture. The earlier partition
theories used an approach on obtaining expression of free
energy functions. This faced with different problems
divergency and convergency and as such could not give
better result. Better result could only be obtained when
second order perturbation were applied. The deciding factor
has been the level at which perturbation is applied.
Khasare’s [13-15] approach deals with the work done
defined in scaled particle theory reference frame and
expanding the work function using perturbation technique.
The single order perturbation is found to be suitable for
obtaining best result. The most important aspect of
Khasare’s theory is its provision of concentration
dependence effect on basic parameter and therefore it is
capable of predicting thermodynamic parameter i.e.
ultrasonic velocity and density simultaneously for logical
input parameter. The relation outlined are found to give
transformation of thermodynamic data to interaction
potential energy parameter, this transformation could be
considered as applicable to construct of molecule cluster.
Using describe model of equation of state corresponding to
an assumed potential. The experimental data , i.e. Ultrasonic
velocity, density and thermal expansion coefficient bare
used with a suitable choice for the hard sphere diameter of a
molecule or molecule aggregates in a pure liquid and a
binary liquid mixture. Starting with a one mole of a real
fluid as working substance the equation of state is written as,
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 49
𝛽𝑃
𝜌
=
1
(1−𝑛)
+
3𝐸𝑛
(1−𝑛)²
+
3𝐹𝑛²
(1−𝑛)³
+
𝑊
𝑛
[n +log(1- n)]
And thermodynamic relation yield the following set of
equation,
𝑀𝑢²
𝛶𝑅𝑇
=
{1+6𝐸
𝑛
1−𝑛
+9𝐹
𝑛
1−𝑛
2
}
(1−𝑛)
-
𝑊𝑁
(1−𝑛)
αt =
1
1−𝑛
+
3𝐸𝑛
(1−𝑛)²
+
3𝐹𝑛 ²
(1−𝑛)²
𝑀𝑢 ²
𝛶𝑅𝑇
Where
𝚼=1+
𝑅
𝐶𝘗
(αt)²
𝑀𝑢²
𝑅𝑇
, α=
1
𝑉
{
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑇
}
E=
3𝑦₁𝑦₂
𝑦₃
, F=
3𝑦³₂
𝑦²₃
, G= 𝑋𝑗(4𝛽𝜀𝑗)
4𝜋𝑅𝑗 ³
3
3
𝑗=1
W=
𝐺
𝑔𝑦₃
, yn= 𝑋𝑗𝑅𝑗ⁿ2
𝑗=1 , g=
4𝜋
3
, 𝛔=Rj ,
n= g𝛒y₃ , 𝛒=
𝑁
𝑉
, Xj=
𝑁𝑗
𝑁
= mole fraction ,
For calculating the molecular cluster size, one has to assume
that, 𝜆-monomers from homomolecular cluster. These may
be assumed, in a first order of approximation to have
analogues. Molecular weight which is 𝜆-times the molar
volume for a cluster, and thus 𝜆-times the specific heat at
constant pressure at monomer. However the density does not
depend upon the scaling factor 𝜆 as,
Density=
𝝀 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓
𝝀 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓
The observed thermodynamic parameters such as
𝑀𝑢²
𝛶𝑅𝑇
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑀𝑢²𝛼𝑇
𝛶𝑅𝑇
of two components in the binary mixture has
been given as input data to calculate the value of potential
parameter 𝛔₁,𝛆₁,and 𝛔₂,𝛆₂ for the two component liquids .
The only variable factor is the assumed molecular weight in
the liquid state. In case the value of 𝛆 turns out to be
negative, then one has to use an integral
value of molecular weight such that 𝛆 become positive . In a
liquid mixture the parameters for one component liquid
molecule are perturbed in the presence of other component.
Hence the corrections are applied in the form of the
following set of equations, employing minimum number of
interaction parameter .
V₁ͨ=V₁[1+α₁X(1-X)] , [Cͨ P ]₁ = [CP ]₁[1+d₂x(1-x)]
𝛔ͨ₁=𝛔₁[1+b₁x(1-x)], 𝛆ͨ₁=𝛆₁[1+c₁x(1-x)]
V₂ͨ=V₂[1+α₂X(1-X)], [Cͨ P ]₂= [CP ] [1+d₂x(1-x)]
𝛔₂ͨ= 𝛔₂[1+b₂x(1-x)], 𝛆ͨ₂=𝛆₂[1+c₂x(1-x)]
And, V=x₁V₁ͨ+X₂V₂ͨ
V= (1-X)V₁+X₂V₂+(1-X)x[A+Bx]
x₁=1-x ; X₂=x ; q₂=
𝐴
𝑉₁
; a₁=
(𝐴+𝐵)
𝑉₂
Where the subscript 1,2 denote the component molecules in
the binary liquid mixtures ,and a, b, c and d are the
minimum numbers of interaction parameters in the mixture
corresponding to molar volume V, a hard core diameter 𝛔 , a
depth of minimum potential 𝛆, and specific heat CP
respectively while x is the mole fraction .These corrected
values of interaction parameters have been used to generate
thermodynamic parameters in pure liquids & binary liquid
mixture .In case the calculated value do not match with
those of experimental ones , then one had to change the
value of molecular weight by selecting the value of scaling
factor 𝜆 in equation (A) the integral value of 𝜆 denote the
state of molecule , namely monomeric , dimeric , trimetric
etc. A computer program developed to generate theoretical
thermodynamic parameters for very small concentration
ranges to 0.1 to 0.2, 0.2 to 0.3, 0.3 to 0.4,…0.9 to 1.0 of the
two pure liquid component in a given binary liquid mixture
of the two liquids.
3. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The experimental data evolved in the laboratory was used
for the present theoretical investigation. The liquid of
tetrahydrofuron, cyclohexane , methylcyclohexane and
methyl alcohol were analar grade & redistilled before use
The binary mixture of different mole fraction of two
components in system tetrahydrofuron -p-dioxane, ,
tetrahydrofuron – methylcyclohexane, tetrahydrofuron-
cyclohexanol where prepared Immediately before use. The
velocity of ultrasonic waves (u) at a frequency of 2MHz and
density (𝛒) in these binary liquids mixtures were measured
by employing Ultrasonic interferometer and the hydrostatic
sinker method in the temperature range 10-40⁰C and ultra
Thermostate U-10 min of the samples constant to 0.1⁰C.
The accuracy of one part in 10⁴ in the velocity and one part
in 10⁴ in the density measurement is achieved.The variation
of u and 𝛒 in this mixtures were found to be linear with the
temperature and hence method of least squares was applied
and the values of u and 𝛒 at different temperatures were
calculated from the equation
u=u₀+[𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑇] T=0 .T, =𝛒₀+ 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑇 T=0 .T
The Cp value used for the calculation were taken from the
literature [16-19]
4. RESULTS OF THEORETICAL
INVESTIGATION
The result of ultrasonic velocity(U) density(𝛒) depth of
minimum potential for the mixture (β𝛆AB) the depth of
minimum potential of liquid component A presence of
liquid component B (β𝛆AA) , the depth of minimum potential
of liquid component B in presence of liquid component A
(β𝛆BB) the hard sphere diameter of liquid component A in
presence of liquid component B (𝛔AA) the hard sphere
diameter of component B in presence of liquid A(𝛔BB) and
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 50
the packing fraction (n) at temperature 303.15⁰K employing
the Khasare’s theory on the basis of model equation of state
for fluid mixture have been presented in table 1,2,and 3 for
the respective binary liquid mixture system the value of
experimental velocities and densities of these binary liquid
mixture system have also been presented in table 1,2,and 3
for comparison with theoretically evaluate values at same
temperature while the value of u & 𝛒 are obtained at mole
fraction ratio of 0.1,0.2,0.3……1.0 the value parameter
β𝛆AB, β𝛆AA, 𝛔AA , 𝛔BB have been obtained at mole fraction
0.05 ,0.15,0.25………..0.95 respectively the input parameter
required for evaluating above thermodynamic data has been
given in table 4.The variation of β𝛆AB ,β𝛆AA, 𝛔AA , 𝛔BB
verses molar concentration of two liquid component (Cm) in
binary liquid mixture has been graphically presented in Fig
1 to 9.
4.1 Tetrahydrofuron + p-dioxane
In the system tetrehydrofuron +p-dioxane through THF is
known to be more associative , the variation of potential
parameter ( Fig1-3) versus Cm in this mixture shows almost
negligible molecular interaction between two molecules, this
may be due to strength of homomolecular i.e. AA,BB and
heteromolecular AB interaction being almost equal . A peak
in β𝛆AA , 𝛔AA and deep in β𝛆BB , 𝛔BB would therefore
indicate a partial loosening of p-dioxane cluster and THF
molecules being consoled in the enlarge p-dioxane clusters.
4.2 Tetrahyderofuron+ methylcyclohexane and
Tetrahyderofuron + cyclohexanol
The variation of potential parameter versus Cm ( Fig 4-9)
shows the presence of homomolecular AB interaction in this
mixture. It appears that the volumes of the mixtures are
mainly controlled by the volumes of the methylcyclohexane
and cyclohexanol molecules which are appreciably larger as
compared to those of tetrahyderofuron molecules it is worth
while noting that the charge density in the ring decreases in
the order methylcyclohexane and cyclohyexanol . Thus this
shows that AB interaction may be due to a ring –ring
interaction only.
Fig 1: variation of β𝛆AA & β𝛆BB versus Cm in
Tetrahydrofuron+p-dioxane
Fig 2: variation of 𝛔AA & 𝛔BB versus Cm in
Tetrahydrofuron+p-dioxane
Fig 3: variation of β𝛆AB & η versus Cm in
Tetrahydrofuron+p-dioxane
Fig 4: variation of β𝛆AA & β𝛆BB versus Cm in
Tetrahydrofuron+methylcyclohexane
Fig 5: variation of 𝛔AA & 𝛔BB versus Cm in
Tetrahydrofuron+methylcyclohexane
4.98
5.04
5.1
5.16
5.22
5.28
5.34
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
σAA
σBB
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
βεAB
ηX10¯²
33
35
37
39
41
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
βεAA
βεBB
4.7
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.7
5.9
6.1
6.3
6.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
σAA
σBB37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
βεAA
βεBB
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 51
Fig 6: variation of β𝛆AB & η versus Cm in
Tetrahydrofuron+methylcyclohexane
Fig 7: variation of β𝛆AA & β𝛆BB versus Cm in
Tetrahydrofuron+cyclohexane
Fig 8: variation of 𝛔AA & 𝛔BB versus Cm in
Tetrahydrofuron+cyclohexane
Fig 9: variation of β𝛆AB & η versus Cm in
Tetrahydrofuron+cyclohexane
Table 1: the values of experimentally measured u.s.velocity
[uexpt] and density [𝛒expt] and theoretically calculated
parameters USBK , 𝛒SBK and corresponding reduced depth of
potential, for mixture [β𝛆AB] and individual liquid
component in presence of the other [β𝛆AA, β𝛆BB], hard
sphere diameter for the individual liquid component
molecules in presence of the other [𝛔AA, 𝛔BB] at temperature
303.15⁰K. {u x cm.sec̄ ¹;𝛒 x gm.cc̄ ¹;𝛔 x 10̄⁸cm}
Table1: Tetrahydrofuron+p-dioxane
Cm uexpt uSBK 𝛒expt 𝛒SBK β𝛆AB β𝛆AA β𝛆BB 𝛔AA 𝛔BB η
0.00 1255.2 1255.29 0.8759 0.8759
0.05 38.906 41.680 38.906 5.184 5.128 0.517
0.10 1255.2 1255.18 0.8932 0.8932
0.15 39.157 42.303 38.824 5.264 5.120 0.518
0.20 1260.4 1260.39 0.9130 0.9130
0.25 39.620 42.530 38.736 5.290 5.112 0.521
0.30 1265.6 1265.60 0.9261 0.9261
0.35 39.996 43.234 38.381 5.292 5.110 0.524
0.40 1275.9 1275.91 0.9410 0.9410
0.45 40.507 42.701 38.811 5.286 5.116 0.526
0.50 1280.3 1280.25 0.9529 0.9529
0.55 40.841 42.972 38.482 5.296 5.106 0.528
0.60 1287.6 1287.57 0.9661 0.9661
0.65 41.295 43.139 38.345 5.270 5.146 0.531
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
βεAB
ηX10¯²
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
βεAA
βεBB
4.9
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6
6.1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
σAA
σBB
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
βεAB
ηx10̄¯²
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 53
0.90 1416.9 1416.85 0.9333 0.9333
0.95 48.682 27.480 48.682 4.962 5.794 0.566
1.00 1451.5 1451.51 0.9338 0.9338
Table 4: some physical parameters (input data) for pure liquids at 303.15K
Liquids Molecular Weight Density
�Kg-m̄ ³
U.S. Velocity
m/s
β� �A⁰
Tetrahydrofuron 72.00 0.8759 1255.2 39.16 5.146
p-dioxane 88.11 1.0145 1324.0 42.85 5.291
Methylcyclohexane 98.00 0.7560 1189.0 41.41 5.575
Cyclohexanol 101.16 0.9338 1451.5 48.68 5.782
5. CONCLUSIONS
In the system tetrehydrofuron +p-dioxane shows almost
negligible molecular interaction between two molecules, this
may be due to strength of homomolecular i.e. AA, BB and
heteromolecular AB interaction being almost equal. In the
systems tetrahyderofuron+ methylcyclohexane and
Tetrahyderofuron + cyclohexanol shows the presence of
homomolecular AB interaction in this mixture may be due
to a ring –ring interaction only. The Khasare’s theory is
capable of predicting thermodynamic parameters i.e.
ultrasonic velocity and density simultaneously for logical
input parameters at different concentration in variety of
binary liquid mixtures having weak as well as strong
intermolecular AB interaction to high degree of accuracy at
a given temperature.
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