The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
CYCLOHEXANE – PHENOL BINARY LIQUID MIXTURE: BEHAVIOR AND PARAMETERS AT CRITIC...ijrap
A new liquid binary cyclohexane - phenol mixture was prepared. The dynamic shear viscosity coefficients of this liquid mixture, for different phenol concentrations and temperatures, were investigated by capillary viscometer made from glass. The dynamic shear viscosity showed an anomaly close to the critical temperature 푇푐 = 17.0 ℃. The anomaly behavior was observed at critical weight concentration of phenol, 푥푐 = 2.70 %. At temperatures above critical one, the experimental data were fitted using mode Coupling Theory. It was found that the dynamic shear viscosity non-critical background had a value of 휂0 = 0.8174 cP. Also, using a pycnometer of 10 ml, density measurements were performed. The expected law for mass density above critical temperature was the power law. The noncritical mass density part was found to have a value of 휌0 = 0.7357 푔푚 푐푚3 . In addition, The isobaric thermal expansion coefficient at critical temperature (훼푝푐) was also deduced and found to have a value of 2.07 × 10−6 ℃−1 . Finally, the derivative of critical temperature with respect to pressure (푇푐 ′ ) was found to have a value 1.22 × 10−4 퐾 푃푎 .
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
CYCLOHEXANE – PHENOL BINARY LIQUID MIXTURE: BEHAVIOR AND PARAMETERS AT CRITIC...ijrap
A new liquid binary cyclohexane - phenol mixture was prepared. The dynamic shear viscosity coefficients of this liquid mixture, for different phenol concentrations and temperatures, were investigated by capillary viscometer made from glass. The dynamic shear viscosity showed an anomaly close to the critical temperature 푇푐 = 17.0 ℃. The anomaly behavior was observed at critical weight concentration of phenol, 푥푐 = 2.70 %. At temperatures above critical one, the experimental data were fitted using mode Coupling Theory. It was found that the dynamic shear viscosity non-critical background had a value of 휂0 = 0.8174 cP. Also, using a pycnometer of 10 ml, density measurements were performed. The expected law for mass density above critical temperature was the power law. The noncritical mass density part was found to have a value of 휌0 = 0.7357 푔푚 푐푚3 . In addition, The isobaric thermal expansion coefficient at critical temperature (훼푝푐) was also deduced and found to have a value of 2.07 × 10−6 ℃−1 . Finally, the derivative of critical temperature with respect to pressure (푇푐 ′ ) was found to have a value 1.22 × 10−4 퐾 푃푎 .
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
This set of powerpoint slides revolves around the topic of chemical kinetics. Are you looking for notes on factors affecting speed of reaction? Looking for foolproof ways to calculate the rate of reaction? You have come to the right place!
Excellent as a chemistry study material and as an examination revision tool :) A short and sweet O level topic guide with the things you need to ace in chemical kinetics!
Thermodynamic, Microscopic and Surface Properties of Zn-In Liquid Alloy at 700 KIOSRJAP
The alloying behaviour of Zn-In liquid alloys at 700K has been studied by using Flory’s model which is a statistical mechanical model. In this model we assume the role of interchange energy (ω) and size factor ф, 훷 = 휗퐵/휗퐴, where 휗퐵 > 휗퐴, 휗푖 (i=A,B) represent the atomic volume of the constituent species of the atomic volume of the alloys. The thermodynamic properties and microscopic properties have been computed. Surface property is studied with the help of Butler’s model while viscosity is computed from Kaptay equation, and the Moelwyn-Hughes equation. Both the viscosity and surface tension of the alloy increase with increase in concentration of Zn, and computed viscosity show small negative deviation. In this work, the value of interchange energy(ω) is found to be positive which suggests that there is a tendency of like atoms pairing (ZnZn and In-In),as the nearest neighbours indicating the phase separation or segregation in Zn-In liquid alloys. The temperature dependence of interchange energy (ω) has been found during the computation of energy of mixing(SM) and heat of mixing (HM)
Ultrasonic and Volumetric Investigations of -Butyrolactone with Aliphatic Al...IJERA Editor
Densities () and speeds of sound (u) have been determined for the binary liquid mixtures of -butyrolactone (GBL) with 1-propanol (1-Pro), 2-propanol (2-Pro), 1-butanol (1-But) and 2-butanol (2-But) at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and entire composition range. From the experimental results, the excess molar volume (VE), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (s) were calculated. The computed properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and standard deviations.
The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time.
On the molecular level, there is frantic activity. Equilibrium is not static, but is a highly dynamic situation.
law of mass action-
jA + kB lC + mD
where A, B, C, and D represents chemical species and j, k, l, and m are their coefficient in the balanced equation.
The law of mass action is represented by the equilibrium expression:
The square brackets indicate the concentrations of the chemical species at equilibrium, and K is a constant called the equilibrium constant.
Some Excess Properties of Ternary Liquid Mixture of Water, Methanol, Ethanol ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Densities and viscosities of ternary liquid mixtures of water, methanol, ethanol of volume by volume ratio of 1:1:1 have been measured at 308.15, 313.15., 318.15, 323.15, 328.15, K .From the density and viscosity data the values of various properties, Excess volume (VE) Excess viscosity (µE) and Excess Gibb’s free energy of activation of flow (ΔGE) have been determined. On the basis of the values of interaction parameters and various excess properties, the nature of molecular interactions between the components of mixtures has been explained.
Keywords: Viscosity, Liquids, Density, Ternary Mixture, Water, Methanol and Ethanol, Excess Volume, Excess Viscosity, Gibb’s Free Energy.
Volumetric analysis is a quantitative analytical method which is used widely. As the name suggests, this method involves measurement of the volume of a solution whose concentration is known and applied to determine the concentration of the analyte.
1)order of reactions
2)second order of reaction
3)units of 2nd order reaction
4) rate equation of second order reaction
5) 2nd order reaction with different initial concentration and equal concentration of reactant
This unit includes: rate of a chemical reaction, graphs,, unit of rate, average rate& instantaneous rate,. factors influuncing rate of a reaction, Rate expression & rate constant, Order & molecularity of a reaction,, initiall rate method & integrated rate law equations, numerical problems,, Half life period, Pseudo first order reaction, Temperature of rate of reaction, Activation energy, collision frequency & effective collision, Collision theory, Arrhenius equation,, effect of catalyst on rate of reaction, numerical problems
Stress of Environmental Pollution on Zooplanktons and theirComparative Studi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This set of powerpoint slides revolves around the topic of chemical kinetics. Are you looking for notes on factors affecting speed of reaction? Looking for foolproof ways to calculate the rate of reaction? You have come to the right place!
Excellent as a chemistry study material and as an examination revision tool :) A short and sweet O level topic guide with the things you need to ace in chemical kinetics!
Thermodynamic, Microscopic and Surface Properties of Zn-In Liquid Alloy at 700 KIOSRJAP
The alloying behaviour of Zn-In liquid alloys at 700K has been studied by using Flory’s model which is a statistical mechanical model. In this model we assume the role of interchange energy (ω) and size factor ф, 훷 = 휗퐵/휗퐴, where 휗퐵 > 휗퐴, 휗푖 (i=A,B) represent the atomic volume of the constituent species of the atomic volume of the alloys. The thermodynamic properties and microscopic properties have been computed. Surface property is studied with the help of Butler’s model while viscosity is computed from Kaptay equation, and the Moelwyn-Hughes equation. Both the viscosity and surface tension of the alloy increase with increase in concentration of Zn, and computed viscosity show small negative deviation. In this work, the value of interchange energy(ω) is found to be positive which suggests that there is a tendency of like atoms pairing (ZnZn and In-In),as the nearest neighbours indicating the phase separation or segregation in Zn-In liquid alloys. The temperature dependence of interchange energy (ω) has been found during the computation of energy of mixing(SM) and heat of mixing (HM)
Ultrasonic and Volumetric Investigations of -Butyrolactone with Aliphatic Al...IJERA Editor
Densities () and speeds of sound (u) have been determined for the binary liquid mixtures of -butyrolactone (GBL) with 1-propanol (1-Pro), 2-propanol (2-Pro), 1-butanol (1-But) and 2-butanol (2-But) at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and entire composition range. From the experimental results, the excess molar volume (VE), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (s) were calculated. The computed properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and standard deviations.
The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time.
On the molecular level, there is frantic activity. Equilibrium is not static, but is a highly dynamic situation.
law of mass action-
jA + kB lC + mD
where A, B, C, and D represents chemical species and j, k, l, and m are their coefficient in the balanced equation.
The law of mass action is represented by the equilibrium expression:
The square brackets indicate the concentrations of the chemical species at equilibrium, and K is a constant called the equilibrium constant.
Some Excess Properties of Ternary Liquid Mixture of Water, Methanol, Ethanol ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Densities and viscosities of ternary liquid mixtures of water, methanol, ethanol of volume by volume ratio of 1:1:1 have been measured at 308.15, 313.15., 318.15, 323.15, 328.15, K .From the density and viscosity data the values of various properties, Excess volume (VE) Excess viscosity (µE) and Excess Gibb’s free energy of activation of flow (ΔGE) have been determined. On the basis of the values of interaction parameters and various excess properties, the nature of molecular interactions between the components of mixtures has been explained.
Keywords: Viscosity, Liquids, Density, Ternary Mixture, Water, Methanol and Ethanol, Excess Volume, Excess Viscosity, Gibb’s Free Energy.
Volumetric analysis is a quantitative analytical method which is used widely. As the name suggests, this method involves measurement of the volume of a solution whose concentration is known and applied to determine the concentration of the analyte.
1)order of reactions
2)second order of reaction
3)units of 2nd order reaction
4) rate equation of second order reaction
5) 2nd order reaction with different initial concentration and equal concentration of reactant
This unit includes: rate of a chemical reaction, graphs,, unit of rate, average rate& instantaneous rate,. factors influuncing rate of a reaction, Rate expression & rate constant, Order & molecularity of a reaction,, initiall rate method & integrated rate law equations, numerical problems,, Half life period, Pseudo first order reaction, Temperature of rate of reaction, Activation energy, collision frequency & effective collision, Collision theory, Arrhenius equation,, effect of catalyst on rate of reaction, numerical problems
Stress of Environmental Pollution on Zooplanktons and theirComparative Studi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Disturbance Observer And Optimal Fuzzy Controllers Used In Controlling Force ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Model based Spatial for Monitoring Surveillance of Fisheries to Ward Illegal ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
On Communicative Competence and Students' Performance in English Languagetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analysis of Performance of Jack Hammer to Determine the Penetration Rate on D...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Radiofrequency Dielectric Dispersion P...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Experimental assessment of bitumen coat-resistance to impact strength corrosi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
CYCLOHEXANE – PHENOL BINARY LIQUID MIXTURE: BEHAVIOR AND PARAMETERS AT CRITIC...ijrap
A new liquid binary cyclohexane - phenol mixture was prepared. The dynamic shear viscosity coefficients
of this liquid mixture, for different phenol concentrations and temperatures, were investigated by capillary
viscometer made from glass. The dynamic shear viscosity showed an anomaly close to the critical
temperature 푇푐 = 17.0 ℃. The anomaly behavior was observed at critical weight concentration of phenol,
푥푐 = 2.70 %. At temperatures above critical one, the experimental data were fitted using mode Coupling
Theory. It was found that the dynamic shear viscosity non-critical background had a value of 휂0 = 0.8174
cP. Also, using a pycnometer of 10 ml, density measurements were performed. The expected law for mass
density above critical temperature was the power law. The noncritical mass density part was found to have
a value of 휌0 = 0.7357 푔푚
푐푚3
. In addition, The isobaric thermal expansion coefficient at critical temperature
(훼푝푐) was also deduced and found to have a value of 2.07 × 10−6 ℃−1
. Finally, the derivative of critical
temperature with respect to pressure (푇푐
′
) was found to have a value 1.22 × 10−4 퐾
푃푎
.
Thermodynamic behavior of tetrahydrofuron in p dioxane, methylcyclohexane and...eSAT Journals
Abstract The liquid state is intermediate in its properties of solid and gas. There are many attempt to develop a theory of liquid state are based on simple consideration of molecular behaving like hard sphere having attractive forces as perturbative forces. The equation of state for Lenard Jones fluid has been derived in the formation an expression for work, obtained from partition function through perturbation approach and found faithful reproduction of ultrasonic velocity and density data , theoretically at the given temperature. It has been applied to the binary liquid mixtures of tetrahydrofuron in p-dioxane methylcyclohexane and cyclohexanol. There is a close agreement with experimental values. The thermodynamic picture build up in this formulation could be considered as a good representation of molecular cluster in liquid state. Keywords: Ultrasonic velocity, tetrahydrofuron, p-dioxane, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexanol, adiabatic compressibility, molar volume
Some Excess Properties of Ternary Liquid Mixture of Water, Methanol, Ethanol ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Densities and viscosities of ternary liquid mixtures of water, methanol, ethanol of volume by volume ratio of 1:1:1 have been measured at 308.15, 313.15., 318.15, 323.15, 328.15, K .From the density and viscosity data the values of various properties, Excess volume (VE) Excess viscosity (µE) and Excess Gibb’s free energy of activation of flow (ΔGE) have been determined. On the basis of the values of interaction parameters and various excess properties, the nature of molecular interactions between the components of mixtures has been explained.
Some physicochemical properties such as density, refractive index, solubility, conductance, dissociation constant etc. have been studied for some newly synthesized chalcones in different solvents at 308.15 K.
Viscosities and deviations in viscosity for binary mixtures of tetrahydrofura...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The viscosities, η of pure tetrahydrofuran, propanol-1 and butanol-1and some of their binary mixtures covering the whole
composition range have been measured at temperatures 303.15 K. From the experimental η, the deviations in viscosity (Δη) have
been calculated. Excess free energy for viscous flow, ΔG#E has also been evaluated. The concentration dependences of η were
correlated to polynomial expressions, whereas, Δη and ΔG#E were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. For all systems, Δη were
found to be negative in the whole range of composition with a single lobe.
Keywords: Viscosity, Tetrahydrofuran, Propanol-1, Butanol-1.
Abstract The study of dielectric liquid behaviour under different exposure is one of the most fascinating frontiers in solid state physics. It has undoubtedly render considerable service to every physicist doing research in this field. The increasing desire to understand the molecular interactions have led to conduct the present study, which deals with a certain group of polar compounds such as (i) Acetonitrile (AN), (ii) Acetophenone (AP) and (iii) 2-Propanol (2-P) with a non-polar compound benzene. The dielectric behaviour of individual compound, binary mixtures and their ratios have been studied at microwave frequency of 21.68GHz in non-polar solvent (benzene) at constant temperature 300K. Different dielectric parameters like dielectric constant ε’ and dielectric loss ε” at microwave frequency, static dielectric constant εs at 1 KHz frequency, dielectric constant ε∞ at optical frequency have been determined. Using these dielectric data, dipole moment μ, various relaxation time viz (i) molecular relaxation time τ(1) (ii) overall relaxation time of a molecule τ(2) and (iii) average relaxation time τ(υ), distribution parameter (α) of individual compound, binary mixtures and their ratios in dilute solutions of benzene also have been determined experimentally. Weight fraction method is used for changing the concentration of solute in solvent. The observed results are discussed on the basis of various types if relaxation processes, which change with the size, shape and type of interaction. Key Words: Molecular Iteraction, Relaxation Time and Dielectric Constant
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
1. Determination of viscosity of pure liquids such as glycerin, alcohol and nitrobenzene using Ostwald viscometer.
2. Determination of viscosity coefficient of a liquid at two different temperatures and finding out the temperature coefficient for the given liquid.
3. Determination of viscosity coefficient of the water-alcohol mixtures and comment on the structure of the solutions.
4. Determination of viscosity coefficient of a liquid at different temperatures and estimation of the activation parameters of viscous flow.
5. Determination of partition coefficient of (i) salicyclic acid between water and chloroform, (ii) benzoic acid between toluene and water, (iii) iodine between methylene chloride and water
6. Determination of velocity constant of the hydrolysis of methyl/ethyl acetate catalyzed by HCl.
7. Determination of absorption isotherm of oxalic (or acetic) acid from aqueous solution by charcoal and calculation of the constant in Freundlich’s equation.
8. Determination of the equilibrium constant of the reaction Kl +I2= KI3.
9. Determination of titration curve for the titration of a weak base with a strong acid and a strong base with a weak acid pH metrically and hence finding their strengths.
10. Determination of solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water by conductance measurement.
11. Determination of velocity constant for the hydrolysis of an ester in the basic medium by conductance measurement.
12. Determination of the molecular weight of an organic solid like camphor by cryoscopy.
13. Determination of the molecular weight of a solid like naphthalene by ebullioscopy.
14. Determination of dissociation constants of some organic weak acids by potentiometric method.
15. Determination of heat of solution by solubility methods
Structure and transport coefficients of liquid Argon and neon using molecular...IOSR Journals
Molecular dynamics simulation was employed to deduce the dynamics property distribution function of Argon
and Neon liquid. With the use of a Lennnard-Jones pair potential model, an inter-atomic interaction function was observed
between pair of particles in a system of many particles, which indicates that the pair distribution function determines the
structures of liquid Argon. This distribution effect regarding the liquid structure of Lennard-Jones potential was strongly
affected such that its viscosity depends on density distribution of the model. The radial distribution function, g(r) agrees well
with the experimental data used. Our results regarding Argon and Neon show that their signatures are quite different at
each temperature, such that their corresponding viscosity is not consistent. Two sharps turning points are more
prominent in Argon, one at temperature of 83.88 Kelvin (K) with viscosity of -0.548 Pascal second (Pa-s) and the
other at temperature of 215.64 K with viscosity of -0.228 Pa-s.
In Argon and Neon liquid, temperature and density are inversely and directly proportional to diffusion
coefficient, in that order. This characteristic suggests that the observed non linearity could result from the non
uniform thermal expansion in liquid Argon and Neon, which are between the temperature range of 21.98 K and
239.52 K.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
J0381057059
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 8 || Pages || 57-59 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 57
Quantum Analysis of Viscosity Coefficient of Multi-Components Liquid
Mixtures
1, Dikko A. B., 2, De D. K., 3, Alkasim A., 4, Ahmed A. D.
1, 3,4, Department of Physics, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Modibbo Adama University of Technology,
Yola, Nigeria
2 Staff of Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
-------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------
A liquid mixture viscosity as a function of composition is extremely complex. Theoretical considerations have
offered little help in explaining these complexities. Attempts made so far to derive a generalized expression for
viscosities of all mixtures resulted in equations with many undetermined constants, and no method allows a
reliable prior prediction of these constants. These methods, therefore, are purely descriptive. In this paper, we
made an attempt to analyse the viscosity of liquid mixtures employing Schrödinger equation. We came up with a
model
i i n ni ni ni B( r ) ( r ) ( r ) ( r ) exp E K T
* *
that should account for the viscosity coefficient
of a liquid mixture when the knowledge of the potential Un(r) + ΣU1-n(r) would be available for the molecules of
the liquid mixture.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 09 July 2014 Date of Publication: 10 August 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Some pairs of liquids are miscible in all proportions and complete series of mixed crystals are formed
by certain pairs of crystalline solids. Other pairs of liquids and solid substances are practically immiscible. A
third group is formed by pairs which are miscible in limited proportions. Miscibility depends upon the
temperature, and in general is favoured by the chemical similarity of the substances concerned. Water does not
mix with hydrocarbons, is miscible with methyl and ethyl alcohols, partially miscible with butyl and amyl
alcohols, but practically immiscible with higher members of the alcohol series. When two partially miscible
liquid substances A and B are brought together, then, in general, two layers are formed which contain different
proportions of A and B. The composition of these layers so-called conjugate pairs, (Wohlfarth, 2009) depends
on the temperature. As a rule, the difference between the conjugates diminishes with rise of temperature and in
some cases may ultimately disappear. The temperature at which this occurs is the critical solution temperature
and above this the two substances are miscible in all proportions. Increased miscibility is sometimes produced
by a fall of temperature and a few pairs of substances are known for which both upper and lower critical
temperatures can be observed. Nicotine and water, for example, are completely miscible below 61° C and above
210° C; between these limits they are only partially miscible.
Since the properties of pure liquids are largely dependent on the attractive forces between the molecules, it is
extremely unlikely that the relations connecting the properties of liquid mixtures with those of their components can be of
the same simple nature as those which characterize the corresponding gaseous systems. In some cases the mixing of two
liquids is accompanied by very pronounced changes in volume, by a rise or fall of temperature and by other effects. For
other liquid pairs, such effects are so small as to be scarcely measurable. The relations between the properties of liquid
mixtures and those of their components may be conveniently shown by plotting the measured property against the
composition of the mixture. The property–composition curves obtained in this way sometimes deviate but little from the
straight line which corresponds with the simple mixture rule, but for other mixtures large deviations are found, and
frequently the curves show a maximum or a minimum, (Hulya, 2000). These deviations result to the excess values which are
the differences between the experimental and the theoretical values.
II. METHOD
For a temperature range from the freezing point to somewhere around the normal boiling temperature, it is often a
good approximation to assume that the logarithm of the viscosity of liquids is linear in the reciprocal absolute temperature.
In general, pure liquid viscosities at high reduced temperatures are usually correlated with some variation of the law of
corresponding states, such as the model by Sastri (1992). At low temperatures, most methods are empirical and involve a
group contribution approach. Current liquid mixture correlations are essentially mixing rules relating pure component
viscosities to composition. Little theory has been shown to be applicable to estimating liquid viscosities within a reasonable
accuracy.
2. Quantum Analysis of Viscosity Coefficient of Multi-Components Liquid Mixtures
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 58
Almost all methods to estimate or correlate liquid mixture viscosities assume that values of the pure
component viscosities are available. Thus the methods are, in reality, interpolative. Nevertheless, there is no
agreement on the best way to carry out the interpolation. Irving (1977) surveyed more than 50 equations for
binary liquid viscosities and classified them by type. He pointed out that only very few do not have some
adjustable constant that must be determined by experimental data and the few that do not require such a
parameter are applicable only to systems of similar components with comparable viscosities. He recommended
the one-constant Grunberg-Nissan equation as being widely applicable with reasonable accuracy except for
aqueous solutions (Grunberg and Nissan, 1949
The predictive methods for viscosity of liquid mixtures include semi-theoretical and empirical models.
Most semi-theoretical models (Shuai et al,1984; Barrufet and Setiadarma, 2003; Al-Besharah et al,1987; Liu et
al,1999 and Li, 1992) for petroleum fractions, which have a theoretical framework but parameters determined
from experimental data, are based on either the corresponding-states approach or the modified Chapman-Enskog
theory. A wide variety of liquid-mixture viscosity prediction formulas (Irving, 1977) use the simple-mixing-rule
equation based on calculations of the weighted average of the component viscosities. In order to also contribute
by different approaches to get reasonable theoretical model for the analysis of viscosity coefficient of liquid
mixtures, we decided to do our approach from the quantum point of view.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The viscosity coefficient, μ of a liquid, (De and Dikko, 2012) is given by
B E k T B
exp a / (1)
For a multi component liquid mixtures
n n n n p p p P 1 1 2 2 (2)
where μn is the viscosity coefficient of the liquid component n, whose mole fraction in the mixture is Pn, and Pn
is related to V1,V2 ----- Vn by the equation
n n n
n n n
n
V M V M V M
V M
P
1 1 1 2 2 2
(3)
where ρn and Mn are the densities and molecular weights of the components respectively. The experimentally
determined, μex will differ from μ of equation (2) by
E
ex (4) μE is the
excess viscosity which is a correction to equation (2) arising out of interaction that include clusters formation,
caging, etc, (Nagasawa et al, 2003) among the molecules of different components of the liquid mixture.
Assuming that the interaction between molecules are of a pair wise nature accomplished by central forces
having a potential U(r) and a radial distribution G(r). These two important parameters determine the equation of
state of the liquid. If the liquid is assumed to consist of spherically symmetric molecules the equation of state is
given by the following equation:
G r r dr
dr
dU r
K T VK T
PV
B B
0
2
( )
( )
3
2
1
(5)
where P is the pressure, Temperature, KB is the Boltzmann constant and V is the average volume per particle of
liquid.
In a pure liquid, the distribution function Gn(r) may be written as
*
G ( r ) P ( r ) ( r ) n i ni n n (6)
Ψn is the quantum mechanical wave function of a molecule of the liquid type n at position r and the Schrödinger
equation for the molecule of nth component liquid may be expressed as
( ) ( ) ( )
8
2
2 2
U r r E r
m
n n n n
(7)
Ρn is expressed in average number of molecules of the nth type per unit volume of the liquid.In a multi-component
liquid mixture,
n
n n n
n
G r G r U r U r U r
1
1
1
( ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) ( ) (8)
Where
3. Quantum Analysis of Viscosity Coefficient of Multi-Components Liquid Mixtures
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 59
i n
n
n r p
1
( ) ( ) (9)
The overall Schrödinger equation for the mixture of liquids may be written as
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
U r r E r
m
(10)
U(r) is the potential at a point r arising out of interaction between molecules in the liquid mixture. The exponent
n
1
of pn in the expression for Ψ(r) in equation (9) is based on the assumption that the probability of finding a
molecule of the nth type liquid in a small volume ΔV of the liquid mixture about the position r should be
proportional to pnV and not to any other power of pnV. The average energy per particle can then be written as:
U r G r r dr
V
T
E k B
0
2
( ) ( )
2
3
(11)
Gn(r) depends on Pn of equation (2). Ideally it is expected to have also an implicit dependence on temperature also, at least
through the term P. E is the activation energy embedded in the second term of the above equation (11) for the average
energy. Once Ea can be evaluated, the μ of the resulting liquid mixture and hence μE can be evaluated from equations (1) and
(11). This correction of μE is obviously a function of Pn, true nature of which is not yet theoretically known but expected to
be obtained from above equations.
The detailed explanation for this very interesting observation from the molecular physics point of view is left for
future work including the theoretical computation of μE from above model. Once μE can be understood theoretically then
equations (2) - (4) can form the basis of a new emerging technology of analyzing the concentration of the liquid components
of any liquid mixture which does not contain dissolved solid materials.
From equation (11) the temperature variation of activation energy Ea can be accounted for in the first order by
considering the thermal expansion of the volume and consequently the thermal variation of G(r) through the term P. It may
be mentioned that the thermal expansion coefficients (Cutnell et al, 1995) for methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and water
respectively: 1240, 1200 and 207 times 10-6. From above theory it is expected that –δEa/δT for ethyl alcohol would be about
six times than for alcohol-water mixtures. This latter theoretical conjecture yet remains to be validated by experiments. One
thing that is clear from the above model is that it can clearly account for the decrease of μ of liquid with temperature.
Another dependence on temperature may also come from the Boltzmann population of the different eigen energy levels E of
equation (6) in which case Ψ(r)Ψi(r)* in equation (6) may be replaced as
i i n ni ni ni B( r ) ( r ) ( r ) ( r ) exp E K T
* *
(12)
When the knowledge of Un(r) + ΣU1-n(r) would be available for the molecules of the liquid mixture, the above
model together with equation (1) should account for the viscosity coefficient of a liquid mixture.
IV. CONCLUSION
The model developed in this paper reveals that with further studies and the knowledge of the potential
for the molecules of the liquid mixture, a better theoretical model can be developed for the analysis of multi-component
liquid mixtures.
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