Define personality Describe types of personality Elaborate different theories of personality Learn psychosexual stages of personality Describe structure of personality Understand the Erickson’s theory Understand piaget’s theory of cognition Assess personality of an individual Learn methods to assess personality Know importance of personality in nursing

1. Presented by :
N/C Saira Riazs
5th Semester
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2. At the end of the presentation learner will
be able to:
 Define personality
 Describe types of personality
 Elaborate different theories of personality
 Learn psychosexual stages of personality
 Describe structure of personality
 Understand the Erickson’s theory
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3.  Understand piaget’s theory of cognition
 Assess personality of an individual
 Learn methods to assess personality
 Know importance of personality in nursing
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4.  The study of personality has a broad
and varied history in psychology with an
abundance of theoretical traditions.
 The term personality express the physical
and the mental characteristics of a
person.
 personality and human behavior are
interrelated.
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5. “The integration of those system of habits
that represents one individual’s
adjustment to his environment.”
(Kemph)
”Personality is a set or system of those
habits of social importance which are
stable and resist change.”
(Gutheire)
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6. “ Attractive qualities that make something
unusual or interesting.”
(Merriam-Webster's)
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7. There are different types of personality
according to four fundamental classification
of personality.
Hippocrate’s classification:
 Sanguine
 Choleric
 Melancholic
 Phlegmatic
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8. Jung Classification:
 Extroverts
 Introverts
 Ambivert
 Endomorph
 Mesomorph
 Ectomorph
Physiological or Kreshmer’s Classification:
 Schizoid
 Cycloid
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9.  Temperaental or Sheldon’s Classification:
 Viscerotonic
 Somatotonic
 Cerebrotonic
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10. Personality is influenced by many factors.
Biological Factors:
 Endocrine Glands and Hormones
 Physique
 Relation with family members
 Financial and educational standard of
family
Genetic Factors:
 Influence of sex
 Influence of intellect
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11.  Influence on embryo
Influence of school and friends:
 Influence of school and classmates
 Influence of environment of school
Social and culture factors:
 Influence of religious belief
 Influence of social satisfaction
 Influence of social tabbos
 Influence of political system
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12. Consistent or distinctive tendencies to
behave in a certain way. Implies some
consistency across situations.
 Psychoanalytic theory
 Social cognitive theory
 Humanistic theory
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13.  First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the
late 19th century,
 theory of personality organization
 dynamics of personality development
 a clinical method for treating
psychopathology.
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14.  Id:
– Unconscious drives and instincts
– Follows the pleasure principle, instant
gratification
 Ego:
– Follows the reality principle
– Balancing id’s demands with social
approval
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15.  Superego:
– Moral guardian, conscience
– May impose self-punishment, guilt, shame
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16.  Oral: birth to 12-18 months old
– Pleasure through sucking, mouthing,
chewing
 Anal: 18-36 months
– Ability to control elimination
 Phallic: ages 3-6
– Masturbation of penis or clitoris
– Boys: Oedipus complex, castration anxiety
– Girls: Electra complex, penis envy
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17.  Latent: ages 6-12
– Sexual impulses remain dormant
 Genital: puberty
– Attraction to opposite gender
– Sexual intercourse, marriage, child
bearing
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19.  Ego prevents anxiety by keeping troubling
desires, memories from consciousness
Defense Mechanisms/Examples
• Repression
• Denial
• Reaction formation
• Displacement
• Projection
• Sublimation
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21.  The theory emphasizes the importance of
childhood experiences.
 It initiated and addressed the importance
of the unconscious, sexual and aggressive
drives that make up the majority of all
human beings' personalities.
 The approach also explains defense
mechanisms and why every individual
reacts differently to similar situations.
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22.  Laid by Carl Rogers in(1961).
 He emphasized the importance of the
self-actualizing tendency
 In shaping human personalities.
 Humans are constantly reacting
to stimuli with their subjective reality
(phenomenal field), which changes
continuously.
 Over time, a person develops a self-
concept based on the feedback from this
field of reality.
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23. 2/19/2017Theories of Personality 23
self
People
Object
Behavior
Thought
Images
Individ
ual
Enviro
nment

24.  In the development of self-concept,
positive regard is key.
 Unconditional positive regard is an
environment that is free of preconceived
notions of value.
 Conditional positive regard is full of
conditions of worth that must be achieved
to be considered successful.
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24

25.  Human beings develop an ideal self and a
real self based on the conditional status
of positive regard.
 How closely one's real self matches up
with their ideal self is called congruity.
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26.  Rogers believed that fully functioning
people could achieve "the good life," in
which they constantly aim to fulfill their
potential and allow their personalities to
emanate from their experiences.
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27.  Like Maslow's theories, Roger were
criticized for their lack
of empirical evidence in research.
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28.  In psychology, it explains personality in
terms of how a person thinks about and
responds to one's social environment.
 in the 1960s Albert Bandura argued that
when people see someone else awarded
for behavior, they tend to behave the
same way to attain an award.
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29.  Walter Mischel's theory states that an
individual's behavior is influenced by two
things- the specific attributes of a given
situation and the manner in which he
perceives the situation.
 Mischel argued that a person only
behaves in a similar manner whenever
these actions are highly probable to yield
into the same results..
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30.  He emphasized we have individual
differences, so our values and
expectancies must be consider in
predicting a person's behavior and
personality
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31.  According to Mischel, there are five
person variables that contribute to the
conditions of a specific situation.
 Competencies - our intellectual
capabilities as well as social skills.
 Cognitive Strategies - the different
perceptions of a specific event. For
instance, what may be "threatening" for
you may be "challenging" to another
person.
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32.  Expectancies - the expected results of
different behaviors that are realized by
the person inside his mind.
 Subjective Values - the respective value
of each possible outcomes of various
behaviors.
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33.  Self-regulatory systems - the groups of
rules and standards that people adopt in
order to regulate their behavior.
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34.  This theory was developed by Eric
Erickson(1902-1994).
 He challenged the freud’s theory that
personality is developed in first six years
of life and said that personality continues
to develop over the entire life cycle.
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37. Personality Assessment is a proficiency in
professional psychology that involves the
administration, scoring, and interpretation of
empirically supported measures of personality
traits and styles in order to:
• Refine clinical diagnoses.
• Structure and inform psychological
interventions.
• Increase the accuracy of behavioral prediction
in a variety of contexts and settings.
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38. 1. Observational Methods:
These methods are designed to assess outward
manifestations through observations.
some obserbational skill to assess personality
are;
o Rating scale
o Interview
o Behavioral tests
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39. a. Rating scales:
Rating scale is simply a device for recording
the extent to which a person is perceived to
have a defined attribute.
b. Interview:
It is a very popular method of observation.
Interview is a situation in which there is a
face to face contact between the interviewer
and the interviewee.
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40. c. Behavioural tests:
Several types of behavioural tests are used to
assess the personality. In these tests a
particular challenging situation is created
artificially, but resembles almost the original
one.
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41. 2. Personality Inventories:
Psychologists have developed many
questionnaires, tests, inventories to study
personality. The inventories will contain a set of
questions or statements meticulously prepared
on the problem under study.
3. Projective Techniques:
Projection is a compensatory mechanism in
which the person reads own thoughts and
feelings into others.
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42.  Some popular protective techniques are;
a. Rorschach’s Ink blot test:
Developed by Swiss psychiatrist Herman
Rorschach (1884-1922) in the year 1921.
The test consists of ten symmetrical ink
blots. All the cards will be presented one by
one in a serial order and in the prescribed
position.
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45.  b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT):
 This test was developed by Henry Murray
of Harvard University and psychologist
Christina Morgan in 1938.
 It is a method of revealing the
unconscious dominant drives, emotions,
sentiments, complexes and conflicts of
personality to the trained interpreter. The
test contains 19 pictures of different
situations of life and one blank card.
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47.  An understanding of personality will help
the nurse to predict her behavior as well
as behavior of patients and co-workers.
 A successful nurse will have a strong and
pleasing personality.
 Beside professional skills a nurse must
have personal qualities like friendliness
and adaptability.
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48.  The nurse must have will power, moral
values, sense of humor, teaching capabilities,
self control and friendly interpersonal
relationship.
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