Gordon Allport's theory of personality emphasized the uniqueness of each individual. He believed traits formed the basic building blocks of personality and developed from habits gained through experience. Allport defined personality as the dynamic organization within a person of psychophysical systems that determine their characteristic behaviors and thoughts. He saw both conscious and unconscious factors as influencing personality. The theory focused on traits, intentions, and the proprium (personal values and identity) to describe individual personalities. While influential, critics found the theory too philosophical and not empirically validated.
Allport's personality Theory separates all traits into three basic subcategories: Cardinal, Central, and Secondary traits. This trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed of broad dispositions. It is also based mainly on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits form a personality that is unique to each individual, this theory focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics.
personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts." A trait is what we call a characteristic way in which an individual perceives, feels, believes, or acts.
Trait theories are the following
Three trait theory
16 personality factor theory
Universal trait theory
Big five model
HEXACO model
Allport's personality Theory separates all traits into three basic subcategories: Cardinal, Central, and Secondary traits. This trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed of broad dispositions. It is also based mainly on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits form a personality that is unique to each individual, this theory focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics.
personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts." A trait is what we call a characteristic way in which an individual perceives, feels, believes, or acts.
Trait theories are the following
Three trait theory
16 personality factor theory
Universal trait theory
Big five model
HEXACO model
The document aims to provide a comprehensive view of psycho-dynamic model, its assumptions, historical background, Freud's contribution, causes of abnormality, and role and contribution of other contributors
Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) broke personality traits into 16 categories using a statistical measure known as factor analysis to calculate the relationships among traits. Cattell hoped to determine how each trait influenced other traits in the same individual. For each of the 16 categories, Cattell measured a high end and a low end along a spectrum. For example, you might measure high on the cheerful - serious spectrum and low on the practical - imaginative spectrum.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
This power point presentation is on Carl Rogers theory of personality. This ppt would be helpful for both UG and PG students and is developed to fulfill the objective of curriculum.
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
The document aims to provide a comprehensive view of psycho-dynamic model, its assumptions, historical background, Freud's contribution, causes of abnormality, and role and contribution of other contributors
Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) broke personality traits into 16 categories using a statistical measure known as factor analysis to calculate the relationships among traits. Cattell hoped to determine how each trait influenced other traits in the same individual. For each of the 16 categories, Cattell measured a high end and a low end along a spectrum. For example, you might measure high on the cheerful - serious spectrum and low on the practical - imaginative spectrum.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
This power point presentation is on Carl Rogers theory of personality. This ppt would be helpful for both UG and PG students and is developed to fulfill the objective of curriculum.
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Running head PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTPERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.docxglendar3
Running head: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 6
Personality development
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to explain the concepts and theories of personality development. People tend to think widely about personality at the workplace, in schools, and in other social events. People place immediate focus on the personality and make judgments about shyness, helpful people. (Davis & Panksepp 2018) Personality makes each individual the way they are. Researchers in psychology and other fields have overtime in history researched how the personality of individuals developed. The development of personality refers to the organization of human behavior patterns, which brings uniqueness amongst various individuals. Many factors can result in personality changes such as the genetic factors, the environment one is living, styles of parenting, and other very important variables. The development of personality allows individuals to adopt an impressive personality and makes one be unique. Various psychologists have developed various theories that explain the development of human personality. Some of the theories of personality development include the psychodynamic theory, neural biological theory, the traits theory, and cognitive theory. (Rohsenow & Pinkston-Camp 2016)
Psychodynamic theory
The development of personality takes place through a certain series of stages. Each of these stages has unique conflict features in psychology. The development of human personality is developed from a number of components of the human mind. Feud believed that the three components include the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is concerned with the question "want to do that now," it is characterized by the gratification of certain basic needs and has an aspect of urgency. The superego places focus on some essential rules and morals in society. This is closely related to the commonly referred to as the human conscience. The development happens as individuals grow from childhoods to adulthood. The ego is mainly rational and part of our inner personality. A number of psychologists have criticized the feuds ideas about personality development and have rather applied the effect that the child's environment and their culture affect the development of their personality. (Rohsenow & Pinkston-Camp 2016)Alfred explored and developed a very comprehensive theory of psychodynamic personality.
The psychologists focused on the strong drive, which compensates for inferiority feelings. He developed the idea of an inferiority complex which described a situation where an individual lacks their worth and perceive themselves below the standards of other people in the society. Erickson was another psychologist who was very instrumental in the development of psychological development theory. (Brandes 2019) He argued that the development of the human personality was based on t.
Running head PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTPERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.docxtodd581
Running head: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 6
Personality development
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to explain the concepts and theories of personality development. People tend to think widely about personality at the workplace, in schools, and in other social events. People place immediate focus on the personality and make judgments about shyness, helpful people. (Davis & Panksepp 2018) Personality makes each individual the way they are. Researchers in psychology and other fields have overtime in history researched how the personality of individuals developed. The development of personality refers to the organization of human behavior patterns, which brings uniqueness amongst various individuals. Many factors can result in personality changes such as the genetic factors, the environment one is living, styles of parenting, and other very important variables. The development of personality allows individuals to adopt an impressive personality and makes one be unique. Various psychologists have developed various theories that explain the development of human personality. Some of the theories of personality development include the psychodynamic theory, neural biological theory, the traits theory, and cognitive theory. (Rohsenow & Pinkston-Camp 2016)
Psychodynamic theory
The development of personality takes place through a certain series of stages. Each of these stages has unique conflict features in psychology. The development of human personality is developed from a number of components of the human mind. Feud believed that the three components include the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is concerned with the question "want to do that now," it is characterized by the gratification of certain basic needs and has an aspect of urgency. The superego places focus on some essential rules and morals in society. This is closely related to the commonly referred to as the human conscience. The development happens as individuals grow from childhoods to adulthood. The ego is mainly rational and part of our inner personality. A number of psychologists have criticized the feuds ideas about personality development and have rather applied the effect that the child's environment and their culture affect the development of their personality. (Rohsenow & Pinkston-Camp 2016)Alfred explored and developed a very comprehensive theory of psychodynamic personality.
The psychologists focused on the strong drive, which compensates for inferiority feelings. He developed the idea of an inferiority complex which described a situation where an individual lacks their worth and perceive themselves below the standards of other people in the society. Erickson was another psychologist who was very instrumental in the development of psychological development theory. (Brandes 2019) He argued that the development of the human personality was based on t.
Running Head Traditional Psychodynamic Theories 1Traditional P.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: Traditional Psychodynamic Theories 1
Traditional Psychodynamic Theories 6
Name of the student:
Course:
Date:
Psychodynamic theories are views that describe personality based on conscious and unconscious forces. Personality is the difference in an individual that makes the person have distinctive behavior, patterns of thought and feeling. Personality lends consistency to the character of an individual. The character of a person is shaped by both the environmental and hereditary forces (Matthews, G. et al., 2009). Personality mostly focuses on two broad area. These are understanding discrete differences in a particular trait of a personality such as sociability or irritability, and understanding the way different parts of an individual are joined as a whole.
Famous theorists did work on the psychodynamic theories where they tried to explain the concept of personality. The leading theorists were Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Erik Erikson. Every theory focuses on explaining nature and the process of a character. The Object Relations Theory is also included in the group of personality theories. The theories perform psychoanalysis, a therapy that tries to disclose unconscious desires and thoughts. All psychologists do not accept psychodynamic theories. The theories have been criticized because of their lack of scientific data to support them.
Freud’s theory:
In this theory, Freud points out that personality includes ego, id, and the super-ego. He said that these three parts worked with each other to create the human character. The id makes a person to be responsible for seeking pleasure and instincts. The superego makes an individual to try to obey the rules of the elders and the society while the ego acts as a mediator between the id and superego on the basis of the demands of reality (Borden, W., 2009). For example, id makes people want food, the ego assists people in looking for a reasonable way to get food, and the superego holds the individual’s morality. According to Freud, the personality of a person is driven by id, superego, and ego.
Strengths and weaknesses:
The theory had both strengths and limitations. Let’s start with the advantages. One, the theory provides a broad framework for the description of the personality of persons. This approach was considered to have power in its explanation. However, it had limitations. Its major problem was that it was not scientifically valid. For example, the theory can help in explaining causes of an abnormality like a child trauma; however, it lacks research evidence to support it. The ideas of Freud were based mostly on his subjective analysis.
Adler’s theory:
Adler came up with the first holistic personality theory. His theory was connected to a humanistic philosophy of living. In his worker, he revealed an uncommon understanding of mental disorders and a big inspiration for.
The Psychodynamic perspective of psychology is significant to study human behaviour and personality. This theory gives detailed description on the dynamics of mind and it also includes the core concepts.
Theory TablesPSYCH645 Version 27University of Phoenix Mat.docxsusannr
Theory Tables
PSYCH/645 Version 2
7
University of Phoenix Material
Theory Tables
Complete the tables as a Learning Team. Each table should be completed for its respective week, starting with Week Two. Submit the completed tables to your instructor in Week Five.
Week Two
Theory
Key figures: Jonathan
Key concepts of personality formation: Larry
Explanation of the disordered personality: Amber
Scientific credibility: Diane
Comprehensiveness
Applicability
Psychodynamic
Freud, Jung, Adler, Erickson
Freud believed that the adult personality was the end result of accumulated childhood experiences, and how they were processed. ("Freudian Theory of Personality | Journal Psyche," 2018) Jung gave us concepts like (extroversion and introversion, archetypes, collective unconscious, and modern dream analysis. ("Jungian Model of the Psyche | Journal Psyche," 2018) Alder gave us (“striving for perfection, or self-actualization”) ("Alfred Adler’s Personality Theory and Personality Types | Journal Psyche," 2018) Erickson gave us the (“8 Stages of Identity and psychosocial development. (McLeod, 2018)
Psychodynamic theory discuss an individual need to fulfill their basic desires or urges; people cannot help but act the way they do because it’s primal. While Freud, Jung, Adler and Erickson have some differences in what they believe drive human basic instinct; we are motivated by human instinct nonetheless.
Research isn’t able to be replicated and thus not scientific
In dealing with comprehensiveness, a theorist question should be whether or not all aspects of personality is covered or does it just focus on particular subjects that are easily explained by their system of theories. Freud’s theory of personality was described as exceptional in comprehensiveness as it addressed a wide range of issues such as, “literature, of mind, the relationship between persons and society, dreams, sexuality, symbolism, the nature of human development, therapies for psychological change” (Cervone & Pervin 2013, p. 157).
The whole psychodynamic approach was based on Freud's ideas. The human behavior and feelings are greatly affected by motives which are unconscious. Freud once said that the unconscious mind of the human being is the primary source of their behaviors (Kroger, 2006). Adult behaviors are rooted in their childhood experiences. According to psychodynamic theory, "events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. Events that occur in childhood can remain in the unconscious, and cause problems as adults.” Psychodynamic theory views that the human behavior is greatly influenced by the unconscious factors which human beings have no control over.
Attachment
Freud, Bowlby, Robertson
In Bowlby’s (Attachment theory) he tells us of the importance of a secure (mother and infant bond)
The attachment theory personality is dependent on the relationship that a child has with its mother. The bond that is created in infancy determine.
DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
It is the handbook used by health care professionals as an authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
Allport's Theory of Personality
1. Department of Psychology, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya
www.dsvv.ac.in
“ALLPORT’S
THEORY
OF
PERSONALITY”
Presented By:
Anvesh Chauhan
M.Sc Clinical Psychology
2nd Sem
3. He takes the biological approach to an extent and mentions
about how children are born with reflexes and as they use
the reflexes continuously, how in course of time these
reflexes become a habit and how habits by indulging in
them continuously turn into traits, which are relatively
permanent entities in the individual and which are reflected
in the individual’s many behaviours in many different
situations.
Gordon Willard Allport was born on November 11, 1897, in
Montezuma,Indiana, the fourth and youngest son of John E. Allport
and Nellie Wise Allport.
Concept of Personality:
Allport emphasized the
uniqueness of the
individual. He believed
that attempts to
describe people in terms
of general traits rob
them of their unique
individuality.
Gordon Allport put forward the concept of traits in
understanding personality.
4. Structure of Personality:
The structure of
personality refers to
its basic units or
building blocks. It is
primarily
represented in terms
of traits, and at the
same time, behavior
is motivated or
driven by traits. Intentions
TraitThe Propium 04
03
02
Structure
of
Personality
01
Personality,
Character,
Temperament
5. CharacteristicDeterminePsychophysicalDynamic
Organization
An integration
or
interrelatedness
of the various
aspects of
personality.
“Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those
psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought.”
Behavior &
thought
Emphasizes the
importance of
both the
psychological
and the physical
aspects of
personality.
All facets of
personality
activate or
direct specific
behaviors and
thoughts.
Refer to
anything the
person does
Marked with a
unique
engraving, a
stamp or
marking, that
no one else can
duplicate.
(Allport, 1961, p. 28).
Definition of Personality:
6. 01
02
03
What is Personality:
Personality is both physical and psychological; it includes both overt behaviors and
covert thoughts; it not only is something, but it does something.
Personality is both substance and change, both product and process, both structure and
growth. Thus, each person is unique.
Character:
Character implied some code of behavior in terms of which individuals or their acts
are appraised. It is an ethical concept. For describing the character of individual the
word good or bad is employed.
Temperament:
Temperament means those dispositions that are closely linked to biological or
physiological determinants and that consequently show relatively little modification
with development. It is the raw material along with intelligence and physique out of
which personality is fashioned.
7. Cardinal
Some people possess
ruling passion so
outstanding that it
dominates their lives.
Central
5 to 10 outstanding
characteristics around
which a person’s life
focuses.
Secondary
Less conspicuous but
far greater in number
than central
dispositions
Personality
Trait
Trait
Motivational
and
Stylistic
Dispositions
Personality
Dispositions
Motivational
Initiate action.
Stylistic
Guide a action
8. 2.3 Intentions
Allport concluded that human behavior is not determined by prior causes,
instead it is guided by our intentions. It involves both an emotional want and a
plan to satisfy it that is directed toward some future goal.
2.4 Proprium
The proprium includes a person’s values as well as that part of the
conscience that is personal and consistent with one’s adult beliefs.
Eight different aspects of the proprium:
03
Sense of
bodily self
Self
Identity
Self
Extension
Self
Image
Self
Coping
Unifying
Sense
Propriate
Strivings
Self
Esteem
9. Dynamics of Personality:
1 2 3
Functional
Autonomy
Conscious and
Unconscious
Motivation
Psychological
Maturity
There are various factors that underlying the functioning of an
individual’s personality. In order to understand the personality of an
individual there are three basic concepts as underlying dynamics of
personality and these are :
10. 3.1 Functional Autonomy
“Functional autonomy regards adult motives as varied and as self-
sustaining, contemporary systems growing out of antecedent systems but
functionally independent of them.”
(Allport, 1961, p. 227)
Functional
Autonomy
Perseverative
Propriate
Organizing
the energy
level-
Mastery and
competence
Propriate
patterning
11. Infact all the conscious motivations are somehow influenced by
desires hidden in the unconscious.
Allport claimed that a mature normal adult’s personality is fully in
control of the conscious.
He refuted Freud’s claim that ego does not have energy of its own and
personality is controlled by the unconscious.
Allport in his theory laid emphasis on conscious motivation stating
that an adult individual is fully aware of what he is doing. But he also
gave due recognition to the concept of unconscious motivation.
3.2 Conscious and Unconscious Motivation
12. 3.3 Psychological Maturity
Warm
Relating of
Self to Others
Realistic
Perception
of Their
Environment
Unifying
Philosophy
of Life
Extension of
The Sense of
Self
Emotional
Security or
Self-acceptance
Self-
objectification
13. 3.4 Study of Values
1. Theoretical:
2. Economic:
3. Aesthetic:
4. Social:
5. Political:
Focus on the discovery of truth, and interests.
Focus on usefulness and being practical.
Focus on form and harmony.
Focus on the altruistic love of others.
Focus on power over others and social recognition.
Focus on unity.6. Religious:
14. Evaluation Of Theory :
It is grounded more in
philosophical speculations and
common sense than in scientific
research.
Allport attributed too much credit to
what goes on inside the organism
and not enough credit to the
seductive and constraining impact
of external forces.
Critics also point to the
idiographic approach taken to the
personality taken by allport.
“The fallacy of the unique personality”
represents a major disagreement
between allport’s beliefs and those of
most contemporary social scientists.
This theory does not mention how
an original motive develops into a
functionally autonomous motive.
Functional autonomy is a concept
that can’t be manipulated in
experimental conditions.
6
5
43
2
1
4.1 Critics of The Theory
Critics
15. 4.2 Relevance of The Theory
Allport’s view that people are
shaped more by future
expectations than by past events
is congenial with a hopeful and
humanistic philosophy.
It emphasis on uniqueness, and
focus on the importance of
goals are reflected in the work
of the humanistic psychologists.
Making the study of personality
academically respectable and
emphasizing the role of genetic
factors within a trait approach to
personality.
The role of individual traits in
an adequate theory of
personality remains highly
relevant and provocative to the
present day for personality
psychologists.
Allport presented an optimistic
image of human nature and
emphasized the uniqueness of
the individual.
Allport’s theory is
comprehensive in the sense
that it is incredibly eclectic.
.
Allport’s approach to
personality is both stimulating
and enlightening
Relevance
16. Allport’s theory is considered humanistic in one
sense and personalistic in another sense. He combines
the opposites in his theory such as objectivity and
subjectivity, rationality and irrationality etc.
Allport's approach to human psychology combined
the empirical influence of the behaviorists with the
acknowledgment that unconscious influences could
also play a role in human behavior.
. So this theory of personality is considered
pioneering work in the personality field. It relied on
statistical data rather than on the personal experience
of the individuals.
Conclusion:
17. References:
Burger, J.M.(7th Eds,2008) Personality , Belmont, USA, Wadsworth Cengage
Learning
Dan, P. McAdams (2008). The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality
Psychology. John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey.
Ewen, R.B.(2013) Personality: A Topical Approach: Theories, Research, Major
Controversies, and Emerging Findings
Feist J. & Feist G.J.(7th Eds,2008) Theories of Personality, McGraw-Hill Primis
Online
Hall, C.S., Lindzey G. & Campbell J.B.(4th Eds,2002) Theories of
Hogen, R., Johnson J. & Briggs S.(1997) Handbook of Personality Psychology,
California,
Long, L. M. K. (1952). Alfred Adler and Gordon W. Allport: a comparison on certain
topics in personality theory. American Journal of Individual Psychology, 10, 43–53.
Ryckman R.M. (9th Eds,2008) Theories of Personality, Belmont, USA
Schultz D.P. & Schultz S.E.(8th Eds,2005) Theories of Personality, Belmont, USA
http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/23525/1/Unit-2.pdf
https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/allport.html