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Psychodynamic approach
- 1. Psychodynamic Approach Freud
- 2. Main Ideas Abnormalities are the result of Things you’re not aware of unconscious processes
- 3.
- 4. The Psyche The ID The SUPEREGO •Pleasure principle •Moral principle •Born with it •Develops around 5/6 •Libido – sexual •Child internalises energy moral of society •Fights with the •Fights with the ID Superego ID SUPEREGO EGO The EGO •Reality principle •Develops in childhood •Balances the demands of the ID and the moral rules of the SUPEREGO
- 5. Main Assumptions Abnormalities are caused by... 1. Intra-psychic conflict (ego failing to balance ID and SUPEREGO) 2. Overuse of defence mechanisms 3. Fixation during psychosexual development
- 6. 1. Intra-psychic conflict Ifwithin the psyche, the ego fails to balance the demands of the ID and the SUPEREGO, conflicts may arise and this can result in the development of psychological disorders If the SUPEREGO is not If the ID is not kept in kept in check by the EGO – check by the EGO – then the then a person deprives person acts on their themselves of any sort of immediate desires/impulses, desires (even socially whatever they may be. accepted ones). Can result in destructive Can result in anxious behaviour, pleasurable acts behaviour, for example and uninhibited sexual Obsessive Compulsive behaviour Disorder
- 7. 2. Overuse ofdefence mechanisms If intra-psychic conflict occurs anxiety can occur. In order to protect itself against this anxiety, the EGO tries to balance the ID and the SUPEREGO – to do this the EGO uses defence mechanisms Can you think of any defence mechanisms?
- 8. Defence Mechanisms Repression • Threateningimpulses are pushed into the unconscious Displacement • Unacceptable drive is displaced from its primary target to a more acceptable target Denial • Refusal to accept that a particular event has occurred
- 9. Defence Mechanisms Defence Mechanismsprotect our conscious self from the anxiety produced by the unconscious intra-psychic conflict – it this is unsuccessful, the anxiety may reveal itself through clinical disorders e.g. Phobias, anxiety disorders
- 10. 3. Fixation duringPsychosexual Development Freud believed that children goes through a series of stages where the instinctive energy of the ID looks for gratification from different areas of the body – erogenous zones. If a child is under or over gratified at any stage the child may become ‘fixated’ and this could affect their adult behaviour
- 11. Oral Stage • Birthto 18 months • Pleasure from mouth (via eating and drinking) Anal Stage • 18 months to 3 years • Pleasure from anus (via withholding or expelling faeces) Phallic Stage • 18 months to 4/5 years • Gender differences are noticed – child relates to same sex parent Latency Stage • 4/5 years to adolescence • Sexual drives lay dormant Genital Stage • Adolescence • Sexual urges reawaken, interest turns to relationships
- 12. How would thepsychodynamic approach investigate abnormality? Case Studies Much of Freudian theory of psychoanalysis was based on case studies What is a case study? An in-depth, detailed investigation of an individual or group. It would usually include biographical details, as well as details of behaviours or experiences of interest to the researcher. What is the problem with using case studies? Difficult to generalise Often uses retrospective data
- 13. Influential The Psychodynamic approach to psychopathology has influenced many treatments, e.g. Dream analysis, free association This is a strength because many therapies/treatments based on the psychodynamic approach are still used today to help people
- 14. Deterministic Forexample, according to this approach, if someone was overindulged or deprived at a psychosexual stage of development than they would develop an abnormality This is a weakness because the approach suggests our behaviour is ruled by our unconscious processes only and ignores free will
- 15. Reductionist For example,it suggests that the complex mental disorders are caused solely by our experience as a child This is a weakness because it ignores the role of other factors in the development of mental illness, such as adult experience
- 16. Unscientific For example,concepts such as the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO and processes such as repression etc cannot be scientifically tested This is a weakness because it means that many concepts proposed cannot be directly observed and measured and the theory proven or disproven
- 17. Key terms /Buzz words Deterministic Retrospective Defence Mechanism Unconscious Repression The Psyche Conflict Fixation ID Reductionist Psychosexual Childhood Case Studies stages EGO Unscientific SUPEREGO Little Hans Influential Anna O