This document discusses different types of logical fallacies. It begins by defining logic and fallacies. There are two types of fallacies discussed - formal fallacies which can be identified by examining the structure of an argument, and informal fallacies which require examining the content. Several examples of informal fallacies are then described in detail, including appeals to force/pity, red herrings, hasty generalizations, straw man arguments, appeals to inappropriate authority, the fallacies of composition and division.

2. LOGIC MBA(3.5)
S.NO GROUP
MEMBERS
ROLL No's
01 Izat Ali 67
02 Abid Ali 55
03 Khayam Ullah 82
04 Khalil Ullah 49

3. LOGIC:
Logic may be defined as the
organized body of knowledge, or science,
that evaluates arguments
Fallacy:
A fallacy is a defect in an argument
that consists in something other than false
premises alone.
IA KHAN

4. TYPES OF FALLACIES
1: formal:
A formal fallacy is one that may be identified by
merely examining the form or structure of an
argument.
2: informal:
Informal fallacies are those that can be
detected only by examining the content of the
argument.
IA KHAN

5. Example(Informal Fallacy):
Consider that,
The IMS building is made of atoms.
Atoms are invisible.
Therefore, the IMS building is invisible.
IA KHAN

6. Explanation:
To detect this fallacy one must know
something about IMS building—namely,
that they are large visible objects, and even
though their atomic components are
invisible, this does not mean that the
building themselves are invisible.
IA KHAN

7. Types Of Informal Fallacy
(a) Sophism:
When arguer deceives
someone intentionally.
(b) Paralogism:
When arguer deceives
someone unintentionally(misunderstanding)
IA KHAN

8. THE FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE:
The fallacies of relevance means ”when
premises of an argument are irrelevant to
the conclusion”
OR
“When premises are not irrelevant to the
reality and having no relation with claiming
point(conclusion)”
Lets go back to the example discussed
earlier…
IA KHAN

9. 1. Appeal to Force
(Argumentum ad Baculum:
Appeal to the “Stick”):
The fallacy of appeal to force occurs
whenever an argument relies on threat
rather than reason.
Threat may be DIRECT(unvieled) or
INDIRECT(vieled) that’s why it categorized
by logician into the above two types.
IA KHAN

10. Example
(a) When our Logic teacher told us always
to do your work on time e.g
assignment,presentation etc otherwise you
will not get enough marks in my subject.
(b) When we enter IMS the gatekeeper told
us that put on your ID cards otherwise Chief
proctor sir Hashim will fine you.
IA KHAN

11. 2. Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad
Misericordiam):
When an argument relies on generosity ,
pity,sympathy, and altruism(sacrifice
oneself for the sake of other) OR If some
body prouduce pity or kindness in your
heart by saying some terms e.g Orphen
Association etc.
NOTE:
This pity may be directed toward the
arguer or toward some third party.
IA KHAN

12. Example:
When the thalassemia foundation’s
members came previous week to our
department and told us to donate blood for
the patient of thalassemia,a sympathy,pity
came in my and some of my friend’s heart
for those who are the patient of this type of
disease and we donated the blood for
thalassemia patients.
IA KHAN

13. Red herring
When an arguer divert someone attention from the
real issue or
When an arguer introduce a new topic which is not
relevant to the real issue
Example:
In government, arguing for raising taxes -
“We need more revenue to support the programs
that we have. Children are our future. Let’s support
children.”
Here increasing tax is totally diferent issue from the
youth or their future but they are diverting the
attention from the tax issue’

14. Hasty generalization
When a person moves from a particular case to
a general case. OR
when a person generalize a particular case or
event.
Example
Katrina is good actress and she wear
iron ring.
so all actress wearing iron ring are good
actress.

15. Example:
when a specific car do accident then you
considered that all car’s of that type have
done accident .

16. Tip: Don’t base decisions on small sample
sizes when much more reliable data exists.
Variation: The hasty conclusion is
leaping to a conclusion without carefully
considering the alternatives .

17. Straw man fallacy
“When a person misrepresent someone
argument or exaggerated by some one the
argument of giver”

18. Example
This is every where in politics
Romany speaks out about Obama's first
term failures.
He exaggerates Obama's administration by
comparing it to carter’s which was
remembered for inflation, energy crises, war
in Afghanistan, and hostages in Iran. This
emotional appeal tries to worsen Obama’s
image by exaggerating his position

19. Appeal to in appropriate
authority:
When we concerned with the person who is
not the right authority in that field are area
or when we concern with the person who
has not the expertise in that area.

20. Example:
01): My chemistry teacher said that Iqbal is
a good poet.
02): Army chief says that Imran khan will be
the next prime minister.

21. Composition
The fallacy of composition is committed when the
conclusion of an arrgument depends on the
erronous transference of an attribute from the part
of something onto the whole.
This fallacy arrise when the attributes of
the parts assign to the whole.

22. Example:
Some players of Pakistan team are playing
excellent, therefore the team as a whole is playing
excellent.

23. Division
The fallacy of the division is the exact
reverse of composition,
As composition is goes from parts to whole.
Division goes from whole to part.
The fallacy is committed when the
conclusion of an argument depends on
the erroneous transference of an attribute
from a whole (or a class) on to its parts (or
members).

24. Example;
Water is liquid and it is made up of H2 and
O, therefore H2 and O are liquid.

25. THANK YOU