The Fischer projection does not accurately describe the shape of the cyclic hemiacetal form of D – Glucose (as shown in figure A).
A formulation suggested by the English chemist W.N. Haworth in which ring are written as flat or, planar hexagons is more correct
A simple way of drawing Haworth projection is to omit the ring carbon. Thus α – D – glucose and β – D – glucose may be represented as shown;
Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules. These molecules have different configurations due to which various isomeric forms are formed. The structure of monosaccharides help to understand the positions of H and OH in the structure and the aldehyde and keto groups.
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
Chemistry in our daily life and its importanceAMIR HASSAN
Chemistry in our daily life and its importance
A Short Introduction to Chemistry and its branches.
There are five main branches of Chemistry:
1)Organic Chemistry
2)Inorganic Chemistry
3)Analytical Chemistry
4)Physical Chemistry
5)Biochemistry
Presented By: Amir Hassan Chemistry Department, Government Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
Difference Between Environmental Science and Environmental ChemistryAMIR HASSAN
Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places.
Environmental science deals with ecosystem maintenance; by using the combined knowledge of the science fields that include the area of physics, geography, astro, biology and chemistry.
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
Contamination and Pollution
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
The Atmosphere
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
The water
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
The Soil and Rocks
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
The Trace Toxics
Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules. These molecules have different configurations due to which various isomeric forms are formed. The structure of monosaccharides help to understand the positions of H and OH in the structure and the aldehyde and keto groups.
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
Chemistry in our daily life and its importanceAMIR HASSAN
Chemistry in our daily life and its importance
A Short Introduction to Chemistry and its branches.
There are five main branches of Chemistry:
1)Organic Chemistry
2)Inorganic Chemistry
3)Analytical Chemistry
4)Physical Chemistry
5)Biochemistry
Presented By: Amir Hassan Chemistry Department, Government Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
Difference Between Environmental Science and Environmental ChemistryAMIR HASSAN
Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places.
Environmental science deals with ecosystem maintenance; by using the combined knowledge of the science fields that include the area of physics, geography, astro, biology and chemistry.
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
Contamination and Pollution
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
The Atmosphere
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
The water
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
The Soil and Rocks
Environmental Science & Environmental Chemistry in
The Trace Toxics
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Detection Of Free Radical By Different Methods
1. Magnetic Susceptibility Measurement.
2. ESR ( Electron Spin Resonance) Technique.
3. Spin Trapping Technique.
4. NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) Spectra by CIDNP effect.
5. X-Ray Technique
Soil,Soil Pollution, Sources of Soil Pollution,
Effects Of Soil Pollution,
Control Of Soil Pollution,
Physically Control of Soil Pollution,
Chemically Control of Soil Pollution,
Thermally Control of Soil Pollution ,
Biologically Control of Soil Pollution
Introducation to organo metallic compund or grignard reagentAMIR HASSAN
Introducation to organo metallic compund or grignard reagent, structure, prepration, physical and chemical properties, types of chemical reaction, applications, by AMIR HASSAN FROM GPGC MARDAN, KPK, PAKISTAN.
Neighboring group participation, mechanism, groups, consequencesAMIR HASSAN
Neighboring group participation, mechanism, groups, consequences (FROM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY) by AMIR HASSAN OF GOVT. POST GRADUATE COLLAGE MARDAN, KPK, PAKISTAN.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. The Haworth Representation
Written By: Amir Hassan Govt. Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
The Haworth Projection or, Representation:
The Fischer projection does not accurately describe the shape of the cyclic hemiacetal form of D
– Glucose (as shown in figure A).
A formulation suggested by the English chemist W.N. Haworth in which ring are written as flat
or, planar hexagons is more correct.
Haworth taught that these structures are awkward and spatial relations are confused.
When a cyclic form of glucose is represented in this way the lower thickened edge of the ring is
assumed to be nearest the reader.
The groups projected to the right in the Fishcer projection go below the plane of the ring, those to
the left go above.
The following series of formula should explain the relation between two the two conventions without
further comments.
Figure A
2. The Haworth Representation
Written By: Amir Hassan Govt. Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
A simple way of drawing Haworth projection is to omit the ring carbon. Thus α – D – glucose
and β – D – glucose may be represented as shown;
actually the cyclic form of glucose preferentially exists in the non planar chair conformation like
those of cyclohexanes. This has been confirmed by X – ray studies.
Since it is inconvenient to draw such non planer projection we will use the planar Haworth
projections.
3. The Haworth Representation
Written By: Amir Hassan Govt. Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
Haworth introduced the hexagonal representation resembling the heterocyclic pyran which
consists of five carbons and one oxygen in the ring. Thus claimed the names α-D-glucopyranose
and β-D-glucopyranose for α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose. In Haworth formula all the OH groups
on the right in the Fischer Formula are directed below the plane of the ring while those on the
left go above the plane.
Conformation. Studies of the structure of the cyclic hemiacetal form of D-(+)-GLUCOSE using X-
ray analysis have shown that actual conformation of the ring are the chair form with the oxygen atom at
the upper right represented by conformational formula, 3 and 6. It is interesting to that in the β-anomer of
D-glucose all the large substituent –OH or –CH2OH are equatorial. In the α-anomer the only bulky axial
substituent is the –OH at C -1.
4. Written By
Amir Hassan
Govt Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
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Email: amirhassan741@gmail.com
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